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Background: While many human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) studies have been performed in Liangshan, most were focused only on HIV infection and based on a sampling survey. In order to fully understand HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence and related risk factors in this region, this study implemented in 2009, included a survey, physical examination, HIV and HCV test in two towns. Methods: All residents in two towns of the Butuo county were provided a physical examination and blood tests for HIV and HCV, and then followed by an interview for questionnaire. Results: In total, 10,104 residents (92.4%) were enrolled and 9,179 blood samples were collected for HIV and HCV testing, 6,072 were from individuals >14 years old. The rates of HIV, HCV, and HIV/HCV co-infection were 11.4%, 14.0%, and 7.7%, respectively for >14-year-old residents. The 25–34 yr age group had the highest prevalence of HIV, HCV, and HIV/HCV co-infections, reaching 24.4%, 26.2% and 16.0%, respectively. Overall, males had a much higher prevalence of all infections than females (HIV: 16.3% vs. 6.8%, HCV: 24.6% vs. 3.9%, HIV/HCV co-infected: 14.7% vs. 1.1%, respectively; P = 0.000). Approximately half of intravenous drug users tested positive for HIV (48.7%) and 68.4% tested positive for HCV. Logistic regression analysis showed that five factors were significantly associated with HIV and HCV infection: gender (odds ratio [OR]  = 5.8), education (OR = 2.29); occupation (student as reference; farmer: OR = 5.02, migrant worker: OR = 6.12); drug abuse (OR = 18.0); and multiple sexual partners (OR = 2.92). Knowledge of HIV was not associated with infection. Conclusion: HIV and HCV prevalence in the Liangshan region is very serious and drug use, multiple sexual partners, and low education levels were the three main risk factors. The government should focus on improving education and personal health awareness while enhancing drug control programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There are scant data on serum lipid profile in the Yi people in China. The Yi farmers and migrants provide an unusual opportunity to estimate effects of environmental factors on serum lipid levels. We conducted a cross-sectional study in the Yi people to estimate prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated factors. It was found that prevalence of high total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), abnormal ratio of TC/HDL-C and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) were 1.82%, 5.07%, 1.56%, 9.30% and 39.47%, respectively in the Yi farmers. And those in the Yi migrants were 4.81%, 22.21%, 3.24%, 26.56% and 40.53%. Prevalence of dyslipidemia increased with time period in the Yi farmers after their emigrating to urban areas for less than 25 years, except high TC. It was also found that prevalence of dyslipidemia of the Yi migrants increased with time period before their emigration, including hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C and high ratio of TC/HDL-C. Their body mass index (BMI), history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), gender, ever alcohol drinking and physical activity all were associated with dyslipidemia, but no factors associated with high LDL-C was found. In conclusion, all these results suggest that the Yi migrants have a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia than the Yi farmers do, which possibly can attribute to their urbanized lifestyles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate trends of overweight and obesity prevalence between 1996 and 2007 in Yi farmers and Yi migrants. Methods: An Yi migrant study was conducted in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China from 1996 to 2007. Data were collected with identical methods, including standardized questionnaire and body measurements. Results: Age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) significantly increased from 20.02 in 1996 to 22.36 in 2007, among Yi farmers, which was significantly different from those among Yi migrants (23.67 in 2007 and 20.90 in 1996) (P<0.05). Prevalence of obesity rose from 1.21 % in 1996 to 4.55 % in 2007 (OR=1.15, P<0.001) in Yi migrants, while that in Yi farmers from none in 1996 to 0.12 % in 2007 (P>0.05). Prevalence of overweight rose significantly to 26.24 % in 2007 from 17.24 % in 1996 (OR=1.06, P<0.001) in Yi migrants, while that in Yi farmers from 1.29 % in 1996 to 4.45 % in 2007 (OR=1.14, P>0.001). Yi migrants appeared to have a 5.52-fold higher risk on developing overweight and obesity than Yi farmers have. Conclusion: The Yi migrants had a steeper increase of overweight with year and consequently caused more obesity. Change in lifestyle may contribute most likely to higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in Yi migrants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]