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Background Whether pediatric rotavirus infection is associated with extraintestinal complications remains unknown. Methods We conducted a case-control study to investigate the incidences and risks of rotavirus-associated extraintestinal complications in hospitalized newborns, infants, and children younger than 5 years. Results A total of 1325 young inpatients with rotavirus infection (754 male and 539 newborns) and 1840 controls without rotavirus infection (1035 male and 836 newborns) were included. The incidences of neurological disease were higher among rotavirus individuals compared with controls: newborns, 7.24% (39/539) versus 2.87% (24/836), P <.001; infants and young children, 19.59% (154/786) versus 12.35% (124/1004), P <.001. The associated odd ratios (ORs) for neurological disease frequency following rotavirus infection was 2.64 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57–4.44) for newborns and 1.73 (95% CI, 1.34–2.24) for infants and young children, which increased to 2.56 (95% CI, 1.57–4.18) in case-control (1:1) matching analysis and 1.85 (95% CI, 1.41–2.42) in confounder adjustment. Rotavirus infection was associated with other extraintestinal complications, depending on study population and disease severity. Outcome analysis revealed rotavirus infection and its consequences had a significant impact on hospitalization and discharge. Conclusions Rotavirus exposure was associated with a spectrum of extraintestinal complications, particularly neurological disease. Rotavirus infection and subsequent consequences resulted in poor clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After vaccination with enterovirus 71 (EV-A71), the prevalence of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) remained high, and the spatial–temporal distribution of enteroviruses changed. Therefore, it is essential to define the temporal features, spatial distributions, and epidemiological and etiological characteristics of HFMD in Kunming. Between 2017 and 2020, a total of 36,540 children were diagnosed with HFMD in Kunming, including 32,754 children with enterovirus-positive clinical samples. Demographic, geographical, epidemiological and etiological data of the cases were acquired and analyzed. Other enteroviruses replaced EV-A71, and the incidence of EV-A71 decreased dramatically, whereas coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) had substantial outbreaks in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The major and minor peaks all extended for 2–4 months compared to before vaccination with the EV-A71 vaccine. From 2019 to 2020, CV-A6, as the predominant serotype, showed only a single peak. Although a high incidence of HFMD was observed in Guandu, Chenggong and Xishan, the annual incidence of different enterovirus serotypes was different in different regions. In 2017, other enteroviruses were most prevalent in Shilin. In 2018, CV-A16 and CV-A6 were most prevalent in Luquan and Shilin, respectively. In 2019, CV-A16 was most prevalent in Jinning. In 2020, CV-A6 and coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) were most prevalent in Luquan and Shilin, respectively. Meanwhile, the epidemic cycle of CV-A6 and CV-A16 was only 1 year, and CV-A10 and other enteroviruses were potential risk pathogens. The spatial and temporal distribution of HFMD varies at different scales, and the incidence of HFMD associated with different pathogens has obvious regional differences and seasonal trends. Therefore, research on multivalent combined vaccines is urgently needed, and proper preventive and protective measures could effectively control the incidence of HFMD-like diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]