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Background: There is definite evidence for the involvement of retina in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, a specific pattern has not been clear due to the cross-sectional nature of the majority of the previous studies.Objective: The aim of this work was to study the pattern of changes in the retinal layers in patients with PD on longitudinal follow-up.Materials and Methods: Twelve patients with PD (23 eyes) were evaluated at baseline with complete history, clinical examination, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor part, visual acuity, and retinal imaging with spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography. After a mean duration of 3.7 ± 0.46 years, patients were re-evaluated.Results: The Central Macular Thickness (CMT) of the right eye was found to be significantly thicker during the follow-up (P = 0.002). The outer retinal layer in the temporal quadrant at 0.5 centimeters from the fovea of the left eye was found to be significantly thinner (P = 0.001).Conclusion: The serial evaluation of the retinal layers in patients with PD suggests a progressive loss of thickness of the outer retinal layer. The involvement of non-dopaminergic mechanisms, especially glutamatergic pathways, may be responsible for these changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wilson's disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism. We aimed to study the abnormalities in the retinal layers in patients with WD using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: The study is a chart review of 16 patients with WD (six females) who underwent OCT at our hospital during follow-up visits. Spectral-domain OCT was performed in all subjects to assess the thickness of macula and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and the data was compared with 14 healthy controls (three females). Results: The mean age of the patients was 20.81 ± 7.47 years and controls was 26.86 ± 9.95 years. The mean age at the onset of the illness was 16.25 ± 5.57 years (range 11–28 years) with the mean duration of illness being 4.81 ± 3.31 years at the final follow-up examination. The mean macular thickness was found to be significantly reduced in patients (232.13 ± 19.39) when compared to controls (271.30 ± 17.32 μm; P = 0.01). There was a significant difference in the ganglion cell and inner plexiform (GCIP) layer between the patients (86.83 ± 8.20 μm) and controls (97.72 ± 5.31 μm; P = 0.01). In addition, the outer nuclear layer with the photoreceptor layer (ONL + PRL) thickness was also reduced in WD (93.90 ± 10.23 μm vs. 108.43 ± 10.00 μm; P = 0.01) There was no change in the RNFL thickness, between the two groups (P = 0.53). Conclusions: Abnormalities of the retinal layers were observed in the patients with WD. OCT is a non-invasive tool to identify and quantify the abnormalities of the retinal layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]