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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a memory-related neurodegenerative disease that affects individuals as they grow older. AD is highly devastating; beginning with memory problems and progressing to total dependency and failure to perform daily activities. Several trials have been conducted in order to discover therapeutic approaches for AD, however, the proper cure is still unavailable. Late initiation of AD drugs is argued to decrease their efficacy. While AD has no cure, symptomatic therapy can help with memory and other dementia-related issues. Due to the complexities of the underlying pathologies, the lack of diseasemodifying medications necessitates the production of newer medicinal agents and various target-based techniques. Many herbs and herbal formulations have been used for memory and cognitive enhancement in the past, and many of them have been researched thoroughly in the last few years for therapeutic efficacy in AD. The effectiveness of most herbs and plants has been confirmed in clinical trials and has been chemically tested. This study will concentrate on recent scientific results on the effectiveness of different plants in the management of AD based on their memory boosting, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, Neurodegenerative disease, Medicinal plants, Therapeutic efficacy.

Vitamin D is one of the essential nutrients to sustain the human health. Vitamin D functions in the body through both an endocrine mechanism (regulation of calcium absorption) and an autocrine mechanism (facilitation of gene expression). The role of Vitamin D deficiency in increasing the risk factor of many common and serious chronic diseases, including cancers, type 1 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Numerous epidemiologic studies suggest that exposure to sunlight, which enhances the production of Vitamin D₃ in the skin, is important in preventing many chronic diseases. 25(OH)D (25-hydrovitamin D) is the metabolite that should be measured in the blood to determine Vitamin D status. 25(OH)D deficiency is prevalent in infants who are solely breastfed and who do not receive Vitamin D₃ supplementation and in adults of all ages who have increased skin pigmentation or who always wear sun protection or limit their outdoor activities. It is therefore necessary to know the adverse health effects of 25(OH)D deficiency and to design intervention and early treatments for those who are likely to have low levels of 25(OH)D.

We have learned over the last several decades that the brain is an important target for insulin action. In central nervous system (CNS) it mainly affects feeding behaviour and various aspects of memory and cognition. Insulin signalling in CNS has emerged as a novel field of research since decreases brain insulin levels and signalling were associated to impaired learning, memory and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Alterations of these functional activities may contribute to the manifestation of several clinical entities, such as central insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A close alliance between T2DM and AD has been reported, to the extent that AD is twice more frequent in diabetic patients. There are links between T2DM and AD through mitochondrial alterations and oxidative stress, altered energy and glucose metabolism, cholesterol modifications, dysfunctional protein O-GlcNAcylation, formation of amyloid plaques, altered Aβ metabolism and tau hyperphosphorylation. Herewith, we aim to integrate the metabolic, neuromodulatory, and neuroprotective roles of insulin in two age-related pathologies: T2DM and AD, both in terms of intracellular signalling and potential therapeutic approach.