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For a long time, the indigenous Sami of northern Sweden have had little influence within planning processes. This problem have in recent years been highlighted both in legal terms and through practices for developing Impact Assessments (IA), and has led to increasing conflict between reindeer herders and mining corporations. This thesis uses Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to examine the IA documents for three mining concessions within Sami Reindeer Herding Communities (samebyar). The discourse analysis found that there were some differences in methodology and language between the documents, especially relating to if the assessments evaluated impacts to reindeer husbandry using a quantitative or a qualitative approach. The documents would also tend to downplay the impacts of the mines on reindeer husbandry, while highlighting the benefits of the mines for the local economy, and dispute the concerns of the affected reindeer herders. The thesis concludes by stating that an increased awareness of positionality among IA authors would be beneficial to promote transparency when indigenous or other vulnerable stakeholders are likely to be negatively affected. Den samiska ursprungsbefolkningen i norra Sverige har under lång tid haft enbart lite inflytande inom planprocessen. Detta problem har under senare år belysts både i lagliga kretsar och genom metoder för att framställa miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar (MKB), och har lett till en ökad mängd konflikter mellan renskötare och gruvbolag. Denna uppsats använder kritisk diskursanalys för att undersöka MKB:na för tre gruvkoncessioner i samebyars renskötselområden. Resultaten pekade på att det fanns vissa skillnader i metodik och språk mellan dokumenten, särskilt när det gällde om bedömningarna utvärderade konsekvenserna på rennäringen genom en kvantitativ eller ett kvalitativ vetenskaplig metod. MKB:na tenderade även att tona ned gruvornas inverkan på renskötseln, samtidigt som de lyfte fram gruvornas fördelar för den lokala ekonomin, och ifrågasatte de berörda renskötarnas bekymran. Avslutningsvis konstateras att en ökad medvetenhet bland MKB-författare om hur deras subjektiva tillhörighet kan påverka deras bedömningar skulle vara fördelaktigt för att öka transparensen när ursprungsinvånare eller andra berörda sannolikt kommer att påverkas negativt.

During the last 20 years there has been an international shift in contingency crisis politics. Different governments are increasingly emphasizing the importance of household preparedness as a strategy for civil crisis preparedness. Studies on these campaigns have analysed the language used to justify the importance of household preparedness and have revealed an ongoing change in the discourse which affects the power relations between the state and citizens. However, a large amount of research has been centred towards Anglo-Saxon countries leaving a scientific gap in our understanding of other contexts. This thesis aims to contribute to filling that gap by exploring the Swedish discourse on household preparedness, a country which has received less attention despite the unique integration of crisis and conflict management into the same policy. The study also aims to contribute to a wider scientific dialog discussing the views of crisis management strategies aimed at civilians. The analysis is based on poststructuralist theory and specifically Foucault’s tools for qualitative text analysis, here used as both theory and a method. The study concludes that the central concepts for the discourse are “household preparedness”, “resistance power” and “robustness”. The discourse is shaped by ideas based on decentralization, individual responsibility, and securitization as well as recent events such as the covid-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The study identifies two main citizen roles; The first is the “ideal citizen” who has prepared their household for one week without additional aid from the government, is generous in helping others, and has an ability to collect and process information with critical reasoning. The other citizen role is the “help needing citizen” who struggles with achieving household preparedness and requires help from others. Lastly, this essay conclude that local civil society plays a traditionally larger role than earlier since it is expected to help citizens in need and share the responsibility for some of the crisis management with the government. Overall, the thesis fulfils its purpose, and acknowledges that future research could benefit from including alternative methods which capture how citizens perceive and justify household preparedness practices.

This study aims to investigate the representation of the region Tornedalen and tornedalians, a Swedish minority, in national news media through a critical discourse analysis. Despite being recognized as a national minority, tornedalians have reported a lack of media coverage, which can lead to feelings of invisibility and discrimination. News media has a significant impact on what we discuss and think about, and they have the responsibility to provide a broad representation of society, including its diversity. However, historically, minority groups have been overlooked or devalued in news media, which can have consequences for marginalized groups lacking significant power, including minorities. Therefore, this study seeks to deepen the understanding of the media’s impact on society’s perception of the minority. The study analyzes how power structures and ideologies shape their representation, interpreted from a post-structuralist perspective, using concepts such as producers/consumers, positioning, otherness, subaltern, and cultural identity. The study’s findings suggest that Tornedalen is often represented as a peripheral and exoticized place, reinforcing the idea of a homogeneous Swedish identity. Tornedalians are often positioned as “the other” with their cultural practices and language being portrayed as inferior or irrelevant. Journalistic practices play a crucial role in shaping knowledge and understanding of minority groups such as tornedalians, and the study highlights the need for news media to provide a more diverse and accurate representation of society. The study also suggests areas for further research, such as investigating how different audiences interpret and react to news articles, and how Tornedalen and tornedalians are represented in public service media. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of how news media shapes society’s perception of minorities and highlights the importance of providing a diverse and accurate representation of society.

Although the Swedish compulsory school’s mission is inclusive, there are segregated settings available for students in need of special needs education. The special teaching group is such a setting, and according to the Education Act (SFS 2010:800, 3 chap. 11§) possible to apply when there are special reasons. This thesis aims to understand how the special teaching group is constructed in relation to the inclusive mission of school. To achieve this aim, four questions are answered: (1) How is the organization of the work with special teaching groups described? (2) How is the image constructed of the students placed in special teaching groups? (3) What expectations are made visible in the school staff's talk about support in special teaching groups? (4) How do the school staff talk about the considerations made when placing students in special teaching groups to receive support? The material analysed is derived from four collections of empirical material: one material consisting of data from 30 Swedish municipalities’ organisation of special teaching groups, one consisting of 48 action programs belonging to students placed in special teaching groups, one consisting of data from focus group interviews in which 14 teachers, special need teachers and principals participated, and one consisting of data from individual interviews with 30 principals. The focus of the thesis is the school staff's way of speaking and reasoning about the special teaching group, both in talk and in writing. The material has been analysed discursively: in a first step to show how discourses on an individual level are activated when school staff talk about the special teaching group, and in a second step to understand how talk at an individual level is enabled by various community level discourses linked to inclusion. The analysis shows that three societal discourses compete to fixate the meaning of inclusion. The three discourses offer different ways in which inclusion can be understood, and relate to knowledge, values or health. The analysis shows that school staff activates all three discourses, but they prioritize students’ health. The study contributes to an understanding of how the special teaching group offers an opportunity to meet the educational needs of students by opening an informal back door from the regular but unsatisfactory educational situation. At the same time, the study highlights the issue of how placement in a special teaching group does not contribute to creating an understanding of how mainstream teaching can meet the diverse needs of students in general. Nor does the placement generate the resources needed realizing it.

Kriget i Ukraina har nu pågått i mer än ett år och medfört stort lidande, framför allt för den ukrainska civilbefolkningen. Detta krig orsakar även omfattande skador på miljön och olika icke-mänskliga aktörer inom denna. Vilket övervakas och rapporteras av både ukrainska myndigheter och internationella forskare. Kriget är mycket välbevakat av internationell massmedia, vars rapporter gällande kriget och effekterna av det utgör det grundläggande materialet för denna kritiska diskursanalys. Syftet med denna analys var att identifiera vilka värden som diskuterades av media och om krigets miljöpåverkan inkluderades i denna diskussion. Vidare syftade en fördjupning inom analysen till att undersöka om det fanns kunskapsluckor i mediediskursen gällande krigets miljöpåverkans potentiella effekter på de värden som bedömdes som centrala i diskursen. Analysen genomfördes på ett material bestående av 10 texter som hämtats från Svenska Dagbladets ledarsida. Inom analysen identifierades 10 värden; Hälsa, Ekonomi, Kultur, Politik, Internationell handel, Miljö, Religion, Samhällsfunktioner, Mänskliga rättigheter och Krigsförbrytelser. Analysen gjordes utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk baserat på politisk ekologi, posthumanism samt teorier kring diskurs respektive ecocide som begrepp. Detta pekade på att samtliga 10 värden diskuterades ur ett rent antropocentriskt och humanistiskt perspektiv. I den fördjupade analysen diskuteras det faktum att det förekommer kunskapsluckor i diskursen, och att potentiella miljörelaterade hot har identifierats som relevanta gällande diskursen för 7 av de 10 värdena. Hälsa, Mänskliga rättigheter, Ekonomi, Internationell handel, Politik, Miljö och Krigsförbrytelser. Hoten förekommer främst i form av omfattande kemiska föroreningar samt topografiska och hydrologiska störningar. Vidare diskuteras även möjligheterna för lagföring av krigsförbrytelser i form av grova miljöbrott via den juridiska definitionen av ecocide. The war in Ukraine have now been waged for over a year and caused great suffering, especially for the civilian population. But it also causes great damage to the en-vironment and non-human actors within it. Which is being monitored and reported by both Ukrainian authorities and international researchers. The war is well covered by international media, whose reports regarding the war and its effects is the material for this Critical Discourse Analysis. The objective of this study was to identify what values were being discussed by the media, and if the environmental ef-fects were portrayed. The analysis further explored the more in-depth question regarding if the environmental effects of the war could pose a risk to the values that were deemed central within the media discourse. The analysis was conducted upon a material consisting of 10 texts, collected from the editorial pages of the newspaper Svenska Dagbladet. During the analysis 10 values were identified: Health, Econ-omy, Culture, Politics, International Trade, Environment, Religion, Community func-tions, Human rights, and War crimes. The analysis was conducted using a theoretical framework consisting of political ecology, posthumanism and theories regarding the terms discourse and ecocide. The analysis pointed to the fact that all 10 values were discussed from a purely anthropocentric and humanism-based perspective. Within the in-depth analysis the discussion states that there are knowledge gaps in the discourse, and that potential environmental threats can be identified as relevant to the discourse regarding 7 of the 10 values. Health, Human rights, Economy, International Trade, Politics, Environment, and War crimes. The threats mainly consist of extensive chemical pollution and topographic and hydrological disturbances. Furthermore, the discussion also includes the possibilities of prosecution of war crimes in the form of large scale environmental crime, through the juridic definition of ecocide.

The aim of this study is to examine the political debate regarding the private school reform and school segregation and distinguish any eventual associations with criminality by conducting a policy analysis. The background and previous research of the study exhibited an increasing trend in criminality in Sweden concentrated in the socially vulnerable areas which are characterized by a high number of migrants. The private school reform has led to school segregation in which students with similar ethnic backgrounds are aggregated in the same schools causing homogenous groups of students in the schools. State-owned schools are affected poorly by this as the private-owned schools can choose their students and tend to choose the cost-effective students with good grades leaving the other students to the state-owned schools. The theoretical frameworks for the study were: social constructionism, discourse theory, stigmatisation, moral panic, and othering. The study was conducted with Carol Bacchi’s “What’s the problem represented to be?” discourse method which was used on eight parliamentary procedures each authored by the eight political parties in the Swedish parliament. The results of the study showed two main discourses that could be distinguished in the empiricism: safety and equality thus the problem being unsafety and inequality. All the political parties used these concepts with different implications although commonly as an ambition for the school system. Unsafety in the school system was connected to crime, socially vulnerable areas and the students linked to the areas. All the documents, with exception of one, mentioned school segregation as a problem. Many parties argued that criminality was a result of the school system and segregation. The consequences of the results include stigmatisation and othering of the students associated with the socially vulnerable areas and thus causing moral panic amongst the readers.

This study describes and analyses the Swedish ecclesiastical heritage as well as the structures and systems that provide conditions and frameworks for how it is perceived and managed. One purpose is to explain today’s situation concerning the 3,000 historic church buildings and sites protected by national heritage legislation and owned by the Church of Sweden. Furthermore, the study analyses how the approaches, paradigms or discourses, which define that ecclesiastical heritage, have changed over the past two centuries. The study aims to bridge the gaps between antiquarian, art history and conservation discourses, where churches are mainly seen as material historic objects and other discourses that regard churches as living heritage, intangible heritage, or as resources for human rights and sustainable development. The analyses are based on theories such as the concepts of Authorized Heritage Discourse, heritagisation, secularisation, and research methods as discourse analysis and self-reflexivity. The study defines and discusses the Church Antiquarian System, which includes the State-Church agreement, the Historic Environment Act and the State financial compensation. The analyses show that the system is based on a partly outdated conservation approach, with origins in an even older nineteenth-century antiquarian discourse, that is not consistent with the national heritage policy adopted by the Swedish parliament. Thus, it blocks a necessary development where many redundant churches could be revitalised as resources for society. The current approach, as well as the Church’s use of its heritage and history, contribute to a deliberately created positive image, avoiding dark or controversial heritage that illustrates abuse of groups of people such as “witches” in the seventeenth century. To achieve the desired development towards a holistic and inclusive approach to ecclesiastical heritage, several recommendations are given. These include identification of heritage discourses in heritage practices and policies, tolerance of many existing heritage approaches, a review and update of the Church Antiquarian System, and finally the need for developing the competence of heritage officers in the adapted reuse of heritage as a resource for sustainable societal development.

I detta examensarbete undersöks hur teknikämnet ter sig när det undervisas i en slöjdsal sett utifrån aktörerna elever, lärare och Skolverket. Följande frågeställningar har formulerats inom ramen för denna studie:1. Hur framträder teknikämnet hos elever och hos lärare när undervisningen sker i en slöjdsal? 2. Hur framträder teknikämnet i relation till slöjdämnet? 3. Vad framkommer när Skolverkets styrdokument som kursplaner och kommentarmaterial i ämnena teknik och slöjd jämförs? Som huvudsaklig analysmetod valdes en diskursanalys. Datainsamlingen gjordes med hjälp av tre typer av aktörer; elever, lärare och styrdokument. Utifrån datainsamling från de valda aktörerna har fem olika diskursanalyser genererats. Fyra frågor har ställts till varje diskurs: Vad lyfts fram i ämnet?, Hur talas det om ämnet?, Vad uteslöts och tonas ner?, Hur framträder ämnet Hur framträder teknikämnet hos elever och hos lärare när undervisningen sker i en slödjsal? Utifrån diskurs "Elevernas röster" framträder teknikämnet för eleverna i en kombination av olika ämnen som: samhällskunskap (SO), naturvetenskap (NO), matematik (Ma) och slöjd. Teknik är också en kombination av praktiskt och lösningstänkande (tekniska lösningar) samt att förstå hur vårt samhälle fungerar och hur det är uppbyggt av olika tekniska system. Diskursen har visat också att eleverna kände stor lust och värde genom projektarbete (görande), där de lärde sig att ta egna beslut samt såg nyttan med detta inför framtiden. Resultaten har visat att projektarbete av praktisk karaktärär bra för elevinlärning och att kunskapen stannar längre än vid teoretiska (tänkande) moment. Detta gynnar i synnerhet de svaga eleverna. Utifrån diskursen "Terminsplanering teknik" framkom det att lärare väljer ett undervisningsinnehåll med tekniska lösningar och tekniska processer (centralt innehåll: arbetssätt för utveckling av tekniska lösningar) som viktiga inslag för elever att behärska, när teknik undervisas i en slöjdsal. Utifrån diskurserna "Elevernas röster" och "Terminsplanering teknik" framkom det att elevernas uppfattning av ämnet stämmer väl överens med lärarens planering och detta har betydelse när lärare ska välja undervisningsinnehåll och det är här slöjdsalens betydelse kommer in som har en viktig roll vid utförande av praktiskt problemlösande arbetssätt. Förmågor som tränas är: kreativitet, handlingskraft, självtillit, att värdera lösningar och samarbete och kommunikation. Hur framträder teknikämnet i relation till slöjdämnet? Jämfört med slöjdämnet framträder teknikämnet både praktiskt och teoretiskt genom undervisningen som undervisas samma dag där tekniklektionen delas in i ett praktiskt och ett teoretiskt lektionsmoment. I det praktiska lektionsmomentet arbetar eleverna med sina projektarbete, och i det teoretiska lektionsmoment går läraren igenom sidor i kurslitteraturen och häftet som eleverna senare har har prov i. Teknikämnet likställs även med tekniska lösningar. Viktiga förmågor som lyfts i båda ämnena är: nyfikenhet, kreativitet, självtillit, självkännedom, handlingsberedskap samt samarbets- och kommunikationsförmåga. Vad framkommer när Skolverkets styrdokument som kursplaner och kommentarmaterial i ämnena teknik och slöjd jämförs? I kommentarmaterial till kursplaneni slöjd nämns personlig utveckling och förmågor som nyfikenhet, kreativitet, självtillit, självkännedom, handlingsberedskap samt samarbets- och kommunikationsförmåga som centralt i kursplan, medan i teknikämnet lyfts tekniska lösningar som förenklar livet för oss människor som ofta har en samhällskoppling. In this degree project, it is examined how the technology subject looks when it is taught in a crafts room from the perspective of the various stakeholders: students, teachers and the school system at large. The following questions have been formulated within the framework of this study: ● How does the subject of technology appear to students and teachers when the teaching takes place in a handicraft hall? ● How does the subject of technology appear in relation to the subject of craftsmanship? ● What emerges when the Swedish National Agency for Education's governing documents such as course plans and commentary material in the subjects of technology and craftsmanship are compared? How does the subject of technology appear to students and teachers when the teachingtakes place in a craft room? Based on the discourse "Students' voices", the subject of technology appears for students in a combination of different subjects such as: social studies, natural sciences, mathematics and crafts. Technology is also a combination of practical and solution thinking (technical solutions) as well as understanding how our society works and how it is made up of different technicalsystems. The discourse has also shown that the students also felt great desire and value through project work (doing), where they learned to make their own decisions and saw the benefit of this for the future. Results have shown that project work of a practical nature is good for student learning and that the knowledge stays longer than with theoretical (thinking) moments. This particularly benefits the weak students. From the discourse "Scheduling technology" it emerged that teachers choose a teaching content with technical solutions and technical processes (central content: working methods for developing technical solutions) as important elements for students to master, when technology is taught in a crafts room. Based on the discourses "Voices of the students" and "Term planning technology" it emerged that the students' perception of the subject matches well with the teacher's planning and this is important when teachers have to choose teaching content and this is where the importance of the craft room comes in, which has an important role in carrying out practical problem-solving approach. Abilities trained: creativity, action, self-confidence, valuing solutions as well as cooperation and communication. How does the subject of technology appear in relation to the subject of craftsmanship? Compared to the crafts subject, the technology subject appears both practical and theoretical throughthe teaching that is taught on the same day, where the technology lesson is divided into a practical and a theoretical lesson. In the practical part of the lesson, the students work on their project work, and in the theoretical part of the lesson, the teacher goes through pages in the course literature and the booklet that the students later have tests in. The technology subject is also equated with technical solutions. Important abilities that are highlighted in both subjects are: curiosity, creativity, self-confidence, self-awareness, readiness for action and cooperation and communication skills. What emerges when the Swedish National Agency for Education's governing documents such as curriculum and commentary material in the subjects of technology and craft sare compared? Commentary material on the curriculum in handicrafts mentions personal development and abilities such as curiosity, creativity, self-confidence, self-awareness, readiness for action as well as cooperation and communication skills as central to the curriculum, while in the topic of technology technical solutions are highlighted that simplify life for us people who often have a social connection.

Since 2017, new significant political investments have been made within the Swedish government to eliminate intimate partner violence and violence against women, on a national level. Despite these efforts, studies have shown that violence in some cases is being made invisible, and even administrated by the legal system and social services. This study aim is to analyze the discourse on post-separation violence within policy documents produced by the social services in Sweden, to clarify in what ways knowledge and understanding of postseparation violence is being portrayed. The result presents two distinct and conflicting discourses. One portrays separation as the risk for an increase in, severe or lethal violence. The other tends to transform violence into partner conflict. This results in a grey area, in which other forms of violence are being overlooked, and where there is a silence regarding the role of the social services in noticing and handling violence. Sedan 2017 finns i Sverige nya politiska satsningar och bestämmelser som syftar till att, på nationell nivå, mäns våld mot kvinnor ska upphöra. Trots satsningarna visar studier på situationer då våld inte bara osynliggörs, utan till och med administreras av maktapparaten, framför allt i juridiska vårdnadstvister och frågor om vårdnad, boende och umgänge hos socialtjänsten. I denna studie analyseras rådande diskurser om våld efter separation i aktuella styrdokument riktade mot socialtjänsten, för att klarlägga på vilket sätt kunskap om och förståelse för våld som sker efter en separation kommer till uttryck och styr det sociala arbetet. Resultatet visar på en diskursiv kamp mellan två tydliga diskurser. Den ena diskursen innehåller risken för ökat, allvarligare och dödligt våld. Den andra diskursen tenderar att omvandla våld till konflikt mellan partners. Detta skapar en diskursiv gråzon där andra typer av våld inte inryms, och där socialtjänstens roll i uppmärksammandet och hanteringen av våldet faller bort.

A frequent news feature today deals with gang crime. The problem of gang crime has emerged as one of the biggest societal challenges to deal with in modern times. News reporting can many times be received by the recipient casually without questioning the content of what is presented. The purpose of this study is to study how gang crime and the areas associated with it are presented in the newspaper media, as well as what effects this may have for residents in the areas that are often associated with gang crime. In this study, the newspaper media will be represented by Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet. The research questions answered in the study are "How is gang crime presented in Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet?" and "How are identities for areas and residents reproduced through this representation?". In order to answer the questions, discourse analysis has been used as a method for the study's approach. Discourse analysis has also been used as a theoretical approach together with the concepts of stigma and stereotypes. The study is based on Michael Foucault's (1993) view of discourse analysis.A majority of the newspaper articles that write about the phenomenon of gang crime showed a strong connection between drug trafficking, violence and shootings, as well as the relationship between gang crime and socioeconomically disadvantaged areas. Power is expressed in several different ways, in this study the portrayal of gang crime in the media has contributed to a stereotypical image of gang criminals and gang crime that spreads like rings on the water to others around who look or talk a certain way, or live in a certain area. The results of the study show that stigmatization of criminals and crime contributes to people of a certain ethnicity, gender and age who come from socio-economically vulnerable areas often being associated with gang criminals and gang crime. This is done through the mass media's creation and recreation of stereotypical images that come with news reporting which the majority of people accept without question.

The purpose of the study was to examine preschool teacher's perceptions in their speech when talking about stereotypes and norm critical literature in read alouds. The theory used in this study was discourse analysis, which here also uses some concepts from the discourse theory by Laclau and Mouffe. Some of these concepts were contextualization, sign and equivalence chain. The speech was later catagorized and analyzed. This study used interviews to gather information, where six preschool teachers from three different preschools were interviewed. The information resulted in a pattern where four categories were presented. These categories were called the corrective, the articulating, the debating and the representing preschool teacher. The analysis resulted in an understanding of a discourse, which used a speech that correlates to preschool teachers understanding of preschool policy documents, the norm critical perspective and their profession. Studien syftar till att synliggöra förskollärares föreställningar kring högläsningav normkritisk litteratur och normbekräftande litteratur. Undersökningen haren diskursanalytisk ansats, vilket här uppfattas som ett synliggörande av det talsom kan kopplas till situation och sammanhang. Som stöd i analysen användsbegrepp som kontextualisering, subjektspositioner, tecken ochekvivalenskedja. Begreppen används som ett tillvägagångssätt för attundersöka talet och hur det används utifrån kontexten.Studien använder intervjuer som metod, där sex förskollärare från tre olikaförskolor intervjuades. Det resulterade i ett belysande av enförskollärardiskurs, vilket i denna text kategoriseras som: den korrigerande-,en artikulerande-, den diskuterande- och den representerande förskolläraren.Analysen resulterade i ett synliggörande av olika diskurser som förhåller signära till förskolans styrdokument och förskollärarens uppfattning av ettnormkritiskt förhållningsätt

I denna uppsats genomförs en diskursanalys av materialet Orten bortom våldet med hjälp av Ernesto Laclau och Chantal Mouffes hegemonikritiska diskursteori. Materialet Orten bortom våldet är centralt för Eskilstuna kommuns sociala förebyggande arbete mot våld och kriminalitet. Med hjälp av Laclau och Mouffes diskursanalys dekonstrueras i denna studie resonemangen bakom Orten bortom våldet. Syftet är att synliggöra dess hegemoniska och ideologiska antaganden rörande individ, samhälle och sociala fenomen. Analysen använder centrala begrepp utifrån Laclau och Mouffes diskursteori för att synliggöra och identifiera hegemoniska och dominanta diskursiva ställningstaganden. Studien visar hur analysmaterialet vilar på en dikotomisk och dogmatisk social differentieringsdiskurs och en individcentrerad liberalistisk determinism rörande det förebyggande sociala arbetet och dess interventioner och problematiserar dessa aspekter utifrån ett vi och de-kritiskt perspektiv samt ett ideologikritiskt perspektiv. In this essay, a discourse analysis of the material Orten bortom våldet is carried out with the help of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe's hegemonic-critical discourse theory. The material Orten bortom våldet is central to Eskilstuna municipality's social prevention work against violence and crime. With the help of Laclau and Mouffe's discourse analysis, this study deconstructs the reasoning behind Orten bortom våldet. The aim is to make visible its hegemonic and ideological assumptions concerning the individual, society and social phenomena. The analysis uses central concepts based on Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory to make visible and identify hegemonic and dominant discursive positions. The study shows that the analysis material rests on a dichotomous and dogmatic social differentiation discourse and an individual-centered liberal determinism regarding preventive social work and its interventions and problematizes these aspects from a we and them-critical perspective as well as an ideology-critical perspective.

Den polariserade debatten om hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck i Sverige har karaktäriserats av å ena sidan en feministisk förklaringsmodell, å andra sidan en kulturspecifik förståelse av problemet. Debatten har sipprat ner till det sociala arbetet och orsakat osäkerhet hos socialarbetare i arbetet med hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Socialstyrelsen, som utgör den primära kunskapskällan för socialtjänstensarbete, bidrar inte med tillräckligt stöd för professionella i denna fråga. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur problemrepresentationer av hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck produceras genom diskurser i ett urval av Socialstyrelsens kunskapsstöd. Med hjälp av en postkolonial feministisk ansats och diskursanalytisk metod med utgångspunkt i Bacchis angreppssätt ”What’s the problem represented to be?” identifierades och analyserades tre olika diskurser. Vi fann att hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck och patriarkalt förtryck framställdes som ett ”osvenskt” problem, liksom motsägelser mellan problemframställningar och föreslagna insatser. Begreppet ”hederskontext” är centralt i Socialstyrelsens inramning av problemet, men begreppet definieras aldrig utan används snarare för att dölja Andrefiering av våldsutsatta. The debate on honor-related violence and abuse in Sweden has been characterized by two polarized understandings of the issue, one being feminist and the other a culture-based understanding. This has affected social workers who work with these issues to a point of uncertainty. The National Board of Health and Welfare (NBHW), the Swedish authority responsible for producing guidelines for social workers, has not contributed with enough support in this matter. The aim of this study is to analyze how problem representations of honor-related violence and abuse are produced through discourses in a selection of guidelines published by NBHW. The study takes a postcolonial feminist approach and uses Bacchi’s “What’s the problem represented to be?” approach for analyzing policy. The discourses found seem to be contradicting one another and after reviewing the material, we found that NBHW uses the concept of "honor context" to frame the problem. However, this concept is never properly defined or explained, but is rather used to disguise an Othering of victims of honor-related violence and abuse.

I den här uppsatsen görs en jämförelse mellan två aktörer på den klimatpolitiska arenan, den svenska staten och miljörörelsen. Syftet är att jämföra och analysera aktörernas syn på klimatfrågan med särskilt fokus på säkerhetisering och klimaträttvisa i ljuset av ekologisk modernisering som dominerande diskurs i det klimatpolitiska samtalet. Genom en diskursanalys av Sveriges första klimatpolitiska handlingsplan samt textmaterial från Svenska Naturskyddsföreningen och Extinction Rebellion visar denna studie på hur frågor om säkerhet och rättvisa nedprioriteras i statens sätt att prata om klimatfrågan. Detta förstås utifrån att ekologisk modernisering alltmer blivit den dominerande diskursen i svensk klimatpolitik. Det är i jämförelsen med miljörörelsens sätt att prata om klimatfrågan som detta blir som tydligast. In this thesis, a comparison is made between two actors in the climate policy arena, the Swedish state and the environmental movement. The purpose is to compare and analyze the actors’ perspectives on the climate issue, with a particular focus on securitization and climate justice in the context of ecological modernization as the dominant discourse in the climate policy conversation. Through a discourse analysis of Sweden’s first climate policy action plan, as well as textual material from two different environmental groups in Sweden, Naturskyddsföreningen and Extinction Rebellion, this study demonstrates how issues of security and justice are deprioritized in the state’s discourse of climate issue. This finding is understood in the light of ecological modernization as the dominant discourse in Swedish climate policy. It is in the comparison with the environmental movement’s way of talking about the climate issue that this becomes most evident.

Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka hur studie- och yrkesvägledning och normalitet, kopplat till olika grupper, framställs i läroplanerna, samt hur det kan påverka gruppernas likvärdiga möjligheter till studier och arbetsliv. En tidsseriestudie av läroplanerna för gymnasiesärskolan och gymnasieskolan mellan åren 1970-2013, gjordes utifrån en diskursanalytisk ansats, och resultatet analyserades utifrån en cripteoretisk utgångspunkt. Resultatet visade att det förekommer skillnader mellan läroplanerna gällande framställningen av studie- och yrkesvägledningen och eleverna, både mellan skolformerna och över tid. Slutsatsen blev med grund i detta att olika grupper skapas i läroplanerna, utifrån normalitetsbegreppet. Kunskap om hur normer kan skapas i läroplaner är viktigt för att vi som vägledare ska kunna arbeta normbrytande och utforma en likvärdig vägledning. The purpose of this study was to investigate how study and career guidance and normality, linked to different groups, are presented in the curriculums, as well as how this can affect the groups' equal opportunities for studies and working life. A time series study of the curriculums for the upper secondary special school and the upper secondary school between the years 1970-2013 was done based on a discourse analytic approach, and the result was analyzed with a criptheoretical point of view. The result shows that there were differences between the curriculums regarding the presentation of the study and career guidance and the students, both between the school forms and over time. The conclusion was that different groups are created in the curriculums, based on the concept of normality. Knowledge of how norms can be created in curriculums is important for us as guidance counselors to be able to work with breaking norms and to be able provide equivalent study and career guidance.

This study investigates the discursive construction of masculinities of the Swedish Equality Agency. By using the WPR analysis strategy to examine underlying problematizations in the agency’s perspective on masculinity, the study seeks to generate an understanding of the direction in which the agency wishes masculinity to develop as a cultural phenomenon. The paper critiques that the new masculinity is primarily implicit and aims to make the new masculinity more explicit to enable proactivity. The study highlights the transition from an explicit masculinity to an implicit one and the effects of this ”implicitness”. The new masculinity is more implicit in terms of life advice, normativity, and ideals, making it more concealed and harder to follow, compared to a traditional masculinity and its values. The paper also explores the cultural ideal established by policy. The objectives primarily result in the ideals of everyone’s equal opportunities and rewards for studies and work, the sharing of household chores equally, and obtaining consent before engaging in anything that has to do with others bodily integrity. The reconstruction of masculinity can be seen as an attempt to insert cultural ideals into multiple masculinities or establish an upper masculinity, thus achieving a less polarized society. The study further explores the idea of that the current approach may be perceived to place more value on criticizing than implementing, making masculinity, like the problem of violence, reactive rather than a proactive factor. The concluding discussion suggests that masculinity is a tool, a frame of reference to relate to, and perhaps there is a need for guiding principles, commandments, and ideals to live up to. In the discussion I also suggest the implementation of the term ”submasculinity” to prevent holistic establishing and assemblage of negative aspects. The paper suggests in the concluding discussion that society can shape a new, explicit, and more identifiable masculinity and thus a meaningful, more explicit path to follow.

Den uppsatsen handlar om konstruktion av klass- och genusdiskurs i Ruben Östlunds filmografi. Fokus är på fem Östlunds långfilmer, och uppsatsen analyserar samspel mellan filmtekniker och språk i skapelseprocess av klass- och genusidentitet. Språklig fokus är på sociolingvistiska mönstren och dragen som karaktärer uttrycker, samt hur dessa drag uttrycker i interaktion med andra karaktärer och scen sättning. Dessa drag utrycks inte bara i språk, men också i livsstil av karaktärerna. Resultat av det är synlig klasskamp mellan medlemmar av olika klass och interaktion av genusroller i samhället i vilken deras skillnad minskas. Både klass- och genusdiskurs finns i Östlunds filmografi. De användes för att accentuera teman, och Östlunds kommentar av samhället. This master's thesis deals with how class and gender discourse are constructed in the filmography of a Swedish filmmaker Ruben Östlund. It focuses on Östlund's five major motion pictures, and it analyses the interplay of film techniques and language in construction of class and gender identities. Linguistically, the thesis concentrates on sociolinguistic patterns and factors characters exhibit, as well as how those traits are expressed in interaction with other characters and the setting. These traits are exhibited in language they use, but also in their lifestyle choices. The results of this are visible class struggles between the members of different classes, and the interaction of gender roles in a society that slowly diminishes differences between those roles. Both class and gender discourse are present in Östlund's filmography and are utilized to further enforce themes of the movies, as well as Östlund's social commentary. Ovaj se diplomski rad bavi konstrukcijom klasnog i rodnog diskursa u filmografiji švedskog redatelja Rubena Östlunda. Fokus je na pet Östlundovih igranih filmova, te se u radu analizira međuigra filmskih tehnika i jezika u konstrukciji klasnih i rodnih identiteta. Lingvistički je fokus na sociolingvističkim uzorcima i značajkama koje sami likovi iskazuju, te kako se te značajke izražavaju u interakciji s ostalim likovima i mjestom radnje. Te se značajke ne očituju samo u jeziku koji koriste već u odabirima životnih stilova koje likovi izabiru. Rezultat toga su vidljivi klasni sukobi između pripadnika različitih klasa, te interakcija rodnih uloga u društvu u kojem se razlike među njima postupno smanjuju. U Östlundovoj su filmografiji prisutni i klasni i rodni diskurs. Oni se koriste kako bi se dodatno istaknule teme filmova, kao i Östlundov društveni komentar.

Hållbar utveckling (HU) har under senare årtionden fått en alltmer given plats inom förskolan. Både på policynivå och inom forskning betonas barns kritiska tänkande och aktörskap inom ramen för utbildning om HU samt att HU består av tre sammanlänkade dimensioner: den miljömässiga, sociala och ekonomiska dimensionen. Dock finns ett kunskapsgap kring hur förskollärarutbildningar lägger grund för undervisning inom detta område. Genom en diskursanalys av förskollärarutbildningarnas kursplaner syftar denna undersökning därför till att belysa hur olika framställningar kan tänkas bidra till tillblivelsen av undervisning för hållbar utveckling (UHU) i förskolan. Resultat av undersökningen visar att många kursplaner reflekterar en fragmenterad förståelse av HU baserat på antingen den miljömässiga dimensionen eller de sociala och ekonomiska dimensionerna. En av slutsatserna är att dessa framställningar kan tänkas resultera i UHU som bygger på faktabaserade och normerande undervisningstraditioner som identifierats i tidigare forskning. Andra kursplaner reflekterar en mer holistisk och problematiserande förståelse av HU. Dock saknas här över lag utgångspunkter för hur en komplex förståelse av HU-begreppet kan omsättas i praktiken. I vissa kursplaner utesluts barns roll som kritiskt tänkande aktörer medan detta betonas i andra kursplaner.Det aktörskap som betonas inbegriper dock inte att barn ges stöd av förskollärare i sitt utforskande av HU som en holistisk företeelse. En slutsats är att för att barn i förskolan ska ges möjlighet till ett sådant utforskande kan förskollärarprogrammens kursplaner behöva konkretisera utgångspunkter för hur UHU kan formuleras i praktiken.

In teachers’ duty it is significant to create good conditions for student to become included. The schools value work is therefore not only important but shall permeate the whole education. This study, focus on value work during reading aloud, from books in grade three, primary school, with a norm-critical perspective. To enable this, I have done a survey to map which books the teachers used for reading aloud in connection to value work. Then a norm-critical discourse analysis of the main character in the most popular books where done. The survey indicates that teachers work with value questions during aloud reading of books. The discourse analysis show that norms and values were similar. The study implicates, the significant of wise and well-founded choices of books for value work, that enable all student to identify themselves with the main characters in the books. The result shows that the most popular books are not that multifaceted. The characters in these books do not represent the diversity in classroom. The discourse analyse clarifies the implicit and explicit norms and values the books supports. A teacher can work with figure of thought, literal norm-critique, in book talks with the students. En viktig del av lärares uppdrag är att skapa goda förutsättningar, för att eleverna ska känna sig inkluderade. Skolans värdegrundsarbete är därför avgörande och något som ska genomsyra all undervisning. Studien fokuserar på högläsning i årskurs 3, där arbetet fokuserar på värdegrundsfrågor ur ett normkritiskt perspektiv. Jag har använt en survey för att kartlägga vilka böcker som lärare använder för högläsning i samband med värdegrundsarbetet. En norm-kritisk diskursanalys, av huvudkaraktärerna, i de två populäraste böckerna, genomfördes. Surveystudien indikerade att nästan alla lärare i studien arbetade med värdegrundsfrågor i samband med högläsningen. Studien resulterade i två böcker inom fantasygenren, där liknande normer och värderingar synliggörs genom diskursanalysen. Slutsatsen visar hur väsentligt det är att lärare gör kloka och välgrundade urval av högläsningsböcker, för att alla elever ska kunna identifiera sig med huvudkaraktärerna i böckerna. De populäraste böckerna, är inte tillräckligt mångfacetterade, för att motsvara den mångfald som finns i klassrummen idag. Skolans värdegrundsarbete kan, om lärare metodiskt väljer ut böcker, utvecklas så att eleverna kan reflektera över karaktärernas handlande och de normer som återfinns i böckerna. Diskursanalysen synliggör implicita och explicita värderingar som böckerna förmedlar. Tillsammans med eleverna, kan lärare, arbeta med tankefiguren litterär normkritik, i boksamtalen.

Solar energy is resourceful for many purposes, for example, harvesting renewable electricity with photovoltaic (PV) technology. The number of new grid connections of PV is continuously increasing, and the Swedish PV market for residential prosumers is growing. Providing accurate information about PV’s benefits and the installation’s technical details is essential to attract more prosumers to the PV market. One outlet for such information is providers of PV, who are also responsible for the technical details. From a technical perspective, how much of the produced electricity the prosumer can self-consume impacts the profitability of the investment. Higher self-consumption is associated with more savings, and a battery storage system has the potential to increase self-consumption. Two different approaches were used to carry out this thesis. Communication was studied with a qualitative approach, and the technical term self-consumption was analysed quantitatively. A discourse analysis with a pragmatic approach was performed to study what meanings are created when retailers communicate about the two genres within the discourse of PV: the benefits and the technical specifications. Qualitative data used for this part was collected from the websites of PV retailers. The quantitative part involved calculations of self-consumption levels and simulations of a battery storage system in MATLAB using an extensive data set over households with real PV systems. The identified research gap indicates no previous studies on how PV retailers communicate and few studies of self-consumption using data from real systems. The results from the discourse analysis of the benefits showed that some of the central meanings were: “a prosumer's roof is worth money if they can afford the investment”, “PV has a positive environmental impact”, and “adoption of PV is a trend that prosumers should follow”. The central meaning from the analysis of the technical specifications was that “a prosumer does not need to be concerned about the technical aspect of the installation because the company takes care of it”. The results from the quantitative study showed that from the available data, self-consumption was dependent on how the PV system size is matched to the consumption of the household. Depending on the ALR groups, the households had different mean values of self-consumption, whereas the most common group ALR=6 had a mean self-consumption level of 38%. The simulations with battery storage showed that systems with lower initial self-consumption (below 40%) could increase self-consumption faster with increasing battery capacity but could not reach maximum self-consumption values.

In this study, the Japanese animated film My Neighbor Totoro was analyzed with regards to what childhood discourses can be found in it, and why these discourses in particular appear. To do this, discourse theory was used as the main theoretical basis, and certain aspects of hermeneutics were also used, such as combining the hermeneutic spiral with basic film analysis as a method. The childhood discourses that are discussed are the natural child, adult children and child adults, the competent child, the vulnerable child, postmodern childhood, the lonely/psychological child, and gender discourses. First, the life context of Hayao Miyazaki was examined to see what childhood discourses that might have influenced him. The natural child seems to be the most prominent discourse throughout Miyazaki’s life and his previous work, and the discourse appears in My Neighbor Totoro as well. However, so do all the other discourses. The results are that the view of childhood expressed in the film is that children develop the best in proximity to nature and the divine. Children should aspire to become competent adults, but adults should also come closer to childhood and nature. Postmodernity is dismissed as bad for children, and the natural childhood is deemed to be in need of saving. Children are also according to the film beings capable of complex thoughts and feelings relating to fears, death and family relations. These difficult thoughts are dealt with by their imagination – an imagination that is non-separable from their reality. This could indicate another childhood discourse: the imaginative child. Apart from all this, ways to use films like this one in education are also briefly discussed through film pedagogy. Slutgiltigt godkännandedatum: 2022-01-14

Ecological sustainability is a complex concept. What constitutes ecological sustainability as well as what it means to different people and organizations varies. This elusive understanding of the phenomenon was the motivation for this study. What is portrayed as ecological sustainability in children’s books? And how does this understanding affect the possibilities for the intended readers, namely the children? With this as background, the study aims to analyze what ecological sustainability is in children’s books, as well as how this discourse enables and disables different actions and positions from the children reading them. This was done using a discourse analysis inspired by the theories of Foucault, with a thematic analysis as the method for processing and analyzing the data. Data consisted of six children’s books with a theme of ecological sustainability aimed at children ages three to six. The study shows that ecological sustainability is mostly portrayed as individual actions, like recycling and picking up garbage. This very limited discourse makes it impossible for children to talk about societal and political aspects of ecological sustainability, as well as putting a lot of pressure on the reader with depictions of ecological sustainability as the individual’s responsibility. In addition to this, children were also positioned in the books as the only subject capable of change and action. The results show that ECE-teachers need to have a critical approach to the books they read, as they were shown to limit actions more than enabling them by creating and reproducing a discourse of ecological sustainability as something which is up to children to solve. Ekologisk hållbarhet är ett komplext begrepp. Vad som innefattas av begreppet samt dess betydelse för olika personer och organisationer varierar stort. Denna otydliga precisering av ekologisk hållbarhet var det som motiverade genomförandet av föreliggande studie. Vad beskrivs som ekologisk hållbarhet i barnböcker? Och hur påverkar denna förståelse av begreppet möjligheterna för den tänkta målgruppen, nämligen barn? Med detta som bakgrund syftar studien till att analysera hur ekologisk hållbarhet beskrivs barnböckerna, samt hur denna diskurs möjliggör och omöjliggör ageranden och positioner för barnen som läser dem. Detta genomfördes med användningen av en diskursanalys som inspirerats av Foucaults teori om diskurs, makt och subjekt samt med en tematisk analys som metod för databearbetning och analys. Data bestod av sex barnböcker med teman om ekologisk hållbarhet skrivna för barn i åldrarna tre till sex år. Studien visar att böckerna kopplar ekologisk hållbarhet till individuella handlingar, som att återvinna eller plocka upp skräp. Denna begränsade diskurs utesluter barn från samhälleliga och politiska aspekter av ekologisk hållbarhet och omöjliggör därmed samtal om dessa, samtidigt som den lägger en press på läsaren då ekologisk hållbarhet främst beskrivs som individens ansvar. Vidare positioneras barn som de enda positiva subjekten, kapabla till förändring och agerande, i relation till människan i stort och vuxna. Resultatet visar att förskollärare behöver ha ett kritiskt förhållningssätt till böckerna de läser då de omöjliggör mer än vad de möjliggör genom att skapa och återskapa en diskurs om ekologisk hållbarhet som någonting barnet och individen ansvarar för att lösa.

The purpose of this study is to examine the representation of heteronormative, versus non-heteronormative, social actors in teaching materials for SFI (Swedish for immigrants). The intention is to bring an eventual heteronorm to light in these teaching materials. The results show that heteronormativity is over-represented compared to non-heteronormativity. The textbook Mitt i mål does not contain any examples of specific LGBTQ+ people, while the textbook Gilla svenska contains a total of four people, gathered in a family constellation. A heteronormative discourse prevails in both books. In relation to Rubin's (2008) sex hierarchy, the books mostly mirror the inner circle, which presents what is considered sexually normal. With the exception of some occurrences of discussions around non-heteronormativity, which correspond somewhat to the outer circle of the sex hierarchy, which in turn presents what is considered sexually abnormal. In accordance with queer theory, some non-heteronormativity is lifted, where the man takes a traditionally female role and vice versa. But even here, the heteronormative occurrences are over-represented. To name one example from one of the books, the word bög (gay man) is used as an insult. In Swedish, this has become increasingly charged in recent years and has more and more come to be equated with the English word fag.

The purpose of this study is to generate knowledge about how the preschool's physical and social literacy environment is used and can be used to support multilingual children in their language and literacy development and highlight the opportunities and difficulties that preschool teachers experience in their work with language development of multilingual children. The questions that are answered are: How do the respondents describe the literacy environment in their preschool department? And: How do the respondents describe their support of multilingual children's language development and their conditions for teaching? Surveys and qualitative interviews were used as the method to answer the questions and were analyzed in relation to the study’s theoretical framework, constituted by discourse analytical theory. The results show that four different discourses emerged, each describing different perspectives of multilingualism in preschool education. In one of the preschool departments in the study, where the teachers seem to have put less focus on making the home language of multilingual children visible in the physical environment, they had a home language teacher who came every week. The children then had the opportunity to develop their home language with someone who knows the language. In the departments where the physical environment more clearly reflected the multilingualism that was represented, the teaching was more focused on including and making children's home language visible. The reason was most likely that no one in the team spoke the children's home language. Most of the preschool teachers in the study expressed that they lacked the conditions needed to be able to conduct the teaching they wanted. Some of the preschool teachers expressed that poorer conditions mainly affected the children who needed the most support.

The world of football has changed dramatically in recent years. At present the game has developed into something more than just a ball and a pitch, and the political aspects of football can not be underestimated. In terms of audience football is the biggest sport in the world, and the attention that the huge tournaments bring has become of major interest for authoritarian forces. During 2022 the world cup of football will be hosted by Qatar, and the controversies surrounding the tournament are many and have certainly caught the eye of the media. The aim of this study is to examine how Qatar as organizer of the world cup is portrayed in Swedish, American and Qatari news media based on the reporting on working conditions prior to the tournament. By implementing a discourse analysis inspired by Chantal Mouffe and Ernesto Laclau’s discourse theory we have analyzed how the arrangement is portrayed by examining choice of words, subjects, meaning and context in the chosen material. The content to be analyzed consists of articles from Aftonbladet, Washington Times and Gulf Times that have been selected by using a given time period and specific keywords. The results show that there are big differences in how Qatar is portrayed in news media from various parts of the world. Western media tends to portray Qatar as an authoritarian state with poor human rights and transparency in the process that surrounds working conditions leading up to the world cup. On the other hand, Qatari media attempts to produce an image of a groundbreaking tournament that has led to major improvements in developing labour legislation in Qatar and will be a historical event for the Middle East. The conclusions show that Swedish and American news media bases its reporting on Western values of a democracy and how an organizer of a global event like the world cup should live up to these. The representation in the material from Aftonbladet and Washington Times indicates that Qatar does not live up to these values and ideals and is therefore an inappropriate organizer of the tournament. Qatari media respond to this criticism by defending their position as organizer of the world cup by highlighting the improvements that have been made due to the tournament and by trying to clarify that the information about horrible working conditions in the country is incorrect.

Studien har i syfte att undersöka vilka genrer, diskursiva strategier och lingvistiska verktyg som Rysslands president Vladimir Putin använder sig utav och hur det kan kopplas samman med tidigare forskning om propaganda. Studien utgår från Putins tal på Moskvas Stadium den 18 mars 2022 då han adresserar åttaårsjubileet av Rysslands annektering av Krim. Metoden som använts för studien är diskursiv-historisk analys, som bygger på kritisk diskursanalys. För att koppla samman Putins tal med en vidare historisk kontext har även Joseph Stalins tal från den 7 november 1941 analyserats på samma sätt. För att kort sammanfatta resultatet så visade det sig att det finns vissa likheter mellan Putin och Stalins tal i hänseende av genre samt diskursiva strategier, den största skillnaden handlar om att Putin använder ett försiktigare vokabulär än Stalin samt att Putin är mer argumenterande. The study aims to examine the genres, discursive strategies and linguistic tools that Russian President Vladimir Putin uses and how it can be linked to previous research on propaganda. The study is based on Putin's speech at Moscow's Stadium on March 18, 2022, when he addresses the eighth anniversary of Russia's annexation of Crimea. The method used for the study is discursive-historical analysis, which is based on critical discourse analysis. To connect Putin's speech with a historical context, Joseph Stalin's speech of November 7, 1941 has also been analyzed in the same way. To summarize the results, it turned out that there are some similarities between Putin and Stalin's speeches in terms of genre and discursive strategies, the biggest difference is that Putin uses a more cautious vocabulary than Stalin and that Putin is more argumentative.

Den fria leken förekommer i barnens vardag hela tiden både i hemmen och i förskolans olika miljöer. Den fria leken finns alltid där men får möjligen inte lika stort utrymme för reflektion kring vad den faktiskt innebär och hur betydelsefull den kan vara. Hur mycket reflekteras det kring den fria leken och hur medvetna är förskollärarna kring vad den fria leken bidrar med till barnen. Hur medvetna är förskollärarna om sitt eget deltagande i den fria leken och hur deras delaktighet skapar förutsättningar för barns lärande och utveckling.Studiens syfte är att bidra med kunskap om hur förskollärarna talar om den fria leken och positionerar sig i förhållande till den.Vår studie utgår ifrån en Foucault inspirerad diskursanalys där vi använder oss av tematisk analys som verktyg för diskursanalysen. Den är baserad på en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod där vi valt att utföra studien i form av intervjuer med förskollärare. Genom intervjuerna ville vi undersöka förskollärares sätt att tala om den fria leken i förskolan och hur de positionerar sig i den.Den fria leken har en stor betydelse i förskolans verksamhet. De diskurser som framträder i förskollärares tal om den fria leken, är bland annat den fria leken är otroligt viktig, ansvarstagande samt lek är en utbildning.Informanterna i studien ifrågasätter om den fria leken ska anses som fri då det är mycket som bidrar till att den inte blir så fri i den utsträckning som önskas. Förskollärare kan inta flera olika positioner i verksamheten, bland annat maktposition som kan både anses som negativt och positivt. Detta påverkar i sin tur barnens egna inflytande på den fria leken. Free play occurs in the children's everyday life all the time both in the home and in the different preschool environments. Free play is something that is always among us, but may not have as much space for reflection on what it actually means. Also how important it can be for children's development and education. How much does preschool teachers reflect about free play and how aware are they about what it contributes to the children. How aware are the preschool teachers about their own participation in free play, and how can their participation create qualifications for children's learning and development.The purpose of the study is to contribute with knowledge about how preschool teachers talk about free play and position themselves in relation to it.Our study is based on a Foucault-inspired discourse analysis. It is based on a qualitative research method, where we have chosen to carry out the study in the form of interviews with preschool teachers. Through the interviews, we wanted to investigate preschool teachers' ways of talking about free play in preschool, and how they position themselves in it.Free play is of great importance in the preschool's activities. The discourses that emerge in preschool teachers' speech about free play, including free play is incredibly important, taking responsibility and playing as an education. The informants in the study question whether free play should be considered free, as there is much that contributes to it not being as free as desired. Preschool teachers can take several different positions in preschool, including a position of power that can be considered both negative and positive. Which affects the children's own influence on free play.

Mental helathcare in Sweden is organized both by the healthcare sector and the municipal sector. Historically, there has been great ideological adaption which has given the municipalities a greater responsibility in mental healthcare. This change was concieved by political reforms and legislation with the aim of conducting more client-focused interventions to promote the users´ indenpendence and influence in their own life and care. This study focuses on how the unit managers of municipal mental healthcare organizations generate possibilities to involve user influence in their organizations. Through eight semi-structured interviews with unit managers, we find that the individual manager, legislation and the lack of political orientations and policies affect the outcome of user influence in the social work of mental health care. Through the result the authors could identify a few distinct key notions which contributed to the mapping of the discourse. Furthermore, the use of these key notions by the unit managers gives them the power to reproduce and construct the discourse which constitutes the practice of user influence in mental healthcare.

The purpose of this study is to illustrate how norms of the human body appears in childrens informational books. To answer the purpose of the study a discourse analysis of text and pictures has been made. The analysis was conducted on eight different informational books which are directed for children. The informational books were borrowed from a major library in central Sweden. The informational books was analysed through four different steps where five different questions was used in each step. The result and conclusion indicates that the norm of the human body who appears in the analyzed childrens informational books are mostly the thinner one. The knowledge that this study may contribute with is the importance of presence of descriptions and portrayals of the human body in literature that children can identify themselfs with. Further knowledge that this study may contribute with is how childrens self-esteem can be affected if there do not occure human bodies they can identify themselfs with. Syftet med studien är att belysa hur normer om människokroppen framträder i faktaböcker om kroppen riktade till barn. För att besvara studiens syfte användes en diskursanalys av text och bild. Analysen genomfördes på åtta faktaböcker om människokroppen riktade till barn. Faktaböckerna som analyserades lånades på ett större bibliotek i Mellansverige. Faktaböckerna analyserades utifrån fyra olika steg där varje steg utgick ifrån fem olika frågor som besvarades. Resultatet och slutsatsen av studien visar på att det mestadels är en norm av en smalare eller tunnare kroppsform som framkommer i de faktaböckerna som analyserades. Den kunskap som studien kan bidra med är vikten av att det förekommer beskrivningar och gestaltningar av människokroppar i litteratur som barnen kan identifiera sig med. Ytterligare kunskap som studien kan bidra med är hur barns självkänsla kan påverkas om det inte förekommer människokroppar de kan identifiera sig med.

The Artists’ model in Sweden is a relatively unexplored topic. This study applies a discourse analytical approach to the figure of the artists’ model, based in Foucaultian thought, in order to investigate the discourse surrounding the model in Sweden during the period 1880 – 1899. The study poses the following questions: How does the artists' model appear and what themes can be identified in selected text from Swedish newspapers? How does the model appear in selected visual works and how does that relate to the model in popular culture? How does the model appear in material from the Academy of fine arts, how does this relate to the model in popular culture and what conclusions can be drawn concerning their life and working conditions? What discursive tendencies surrounding the model can be identified and how does conceptions of class, gender and ethnicity impact the model in the discourse? The investigated material is serialised novels and short stories in newspapers, visual depictions of models in art and their reception, as well as archival material from the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts. Additional methods being used is close reading and thematic analysis. The study concludes that the model in Sweden belongs to a wider international discourse, stereotypes of models in English, German and French context appears in Sweden, due to the international nature of both the art and publishing worlds. Models are defined by contemporary conceptions of ethnicity, gender, and age. A clear discursive tendency constructs the model as female and the artist as male. The relationship between them is often presented as romantic or sexual in nature. An opposing tendency, often presented by writers involved in the art world, constructs the artist as distant and disinterested, with an aesthetic gaze, and the model as objectified non-woman, their relationship that of working professionals. The study also argues that no particular concept of the Swedish model existed, models were more frequently conceived of as Italian or Parisian in Swedish discourse.

Bakgrund: Studier visar på att den fackliga organisationsgraden som är central för maktbalansen i den svenska partsmodellen har minskat under 2000-talet men att det samtidigt finns skillnader mellan fackförbunden. Tidigare forskning visar på ett samband mellan individualiseringen i samhället och förändringar i den procentuella andelen som är anslutna till fackförbunden. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att analysera och jämföra hur fackförbundet IF Metall framställer sitt fackliga budskap genom sin medlemstidning Dagens Arbete och hur fackförbundet Unionen framställer sitt fackliga budskap genom sin medlemstidning Kollega. Detta mot bakgrund av de samhällsförändringar som medfört en övergång från ett samhälle präglat av kollektivism och Gemeinschaft till ett samhälle som domineras av individualism och Gesellschaft. Teoretisk referensram: Studiens teoretiska referensram innehåller Goffmans dramaturgiska perspektiv, Brunninges organisatoriska självförståelse, Jenkins sociala identitet samt Tönnies begreppspar Gemeinschaft och Gesellschaft. Metod: Metoden som används är en kvalitativ kritisk diskursanalys. Resultat: I resultatet framkommer att IF Metall framställer och förstår sig själv som traditionell, kollektivistisk, solidarisk, socialistisk samt principfast på ledarsidorna i medlemstidningen Dagens Arbete medan Unionen framställer och förstår sig själv som innovativ, personlig, solidarisk samt pragmatisk på ledarsidorna i medlemstidningen Kollega. Background: Studies show that the degree of trade union organisation which is central to the balance of power in the Swedish part model has decreased during the 21st century but at the same time that there are differences between the trade unions. Previous research shows a correlation between individualisation in society and changes in the percentage affiliated with trade unions. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to analyze and compare how the trade union IF Metall presents its union message through its member magazine Dagens Arbete and how the trade union Unionen presents its union message through its member magazine Kollega. This in light of changes in society which has entailed a transition from a society characterized by collectivism and Gemeinschaft to a society dominated by individualism and Gesellschaft. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework of the study contains Goffmans dramaturgical perspective, Brunninges organisational self-understanding, Jenkins social identity and Tönnies conceptual pair Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. Method: The method is a qualitative critical discourse analysis. Results: The result reveals that IF Metall presents and understands itself as traditional, collectivistic, solidarity-based, socialistic and principled on the editorial pages in the member magazine Dagens Arbete. Unionen presents and understands itself as innovative, personalised, solidarity-based and pragmatic on the editorial pages in the member magazine Kollega.

The aim of the study is to explore how social categories, with focus on genderand age, is constructed in the social documentation which is a central part ofthe officially arranged elderly care in Sweden. The analysis consists of a discourseanalysis and has a standpoint in feminist theories about performativityand respectability. The analysis consists of a text analysis of case files and howdiscourses about social categories emerge in the texts. The case files are writtenin a standardized form which is central to the structure of the documentation.The study examines the following questions 1) how is the users of elderlycare and their relatives positioned through the discourse that emerges in thecase files? 2) how is the discourse in the case files a part of doing gender andage as social categories?The study shows that the case files are reproducing stereotyped gender rolesand positions “the elderly” by differencing them from other adults throughconceptions about characteristics and (the lack of) abilities. Women’s andmen’s needs are described differently whereas abilities and strategies areprominent in the women’s case files. The respectable narrative emerges in thedescription of women wanting to perform some of the workload which is absentin case files about men. The moral responsibility of relatives is reinforcedby the description about their care work or the absence of it. Male relatives arementioned in the case files prominently in the lack of female relatives. In thisway both masculinity and femininity are constructed through the implied valuesthat is attributed men versus women in the texts. A clear medical discourseemerges in the needs assessments. The assessment texts reformulate the descriptionsof needs and they are instead formulated as facts which reinforcethe medical discourse. In final, this study shows that users of elderly care andABSTRACT10their relatives are positioned from both gender and age and that these categoriesare integrated with each other. I draw the conclusion that age is a usefulcomplement to the theory of respectability and its importance in the narrativeof expression and assessment of a person’s needs.

The aim of this study was to illustrate how a female murder victim is portrayed in local and evening press journalism. This was investigated through a critical discourse analysis that compares Kristianstadsbladet's and Aftonbladet's news reporting in connection with the murder of Emilia Lundberg in November 2019. With a total of 23 articles from Kristianstadsbladet and Aftonbladet we analysed the articles by first studying the texts and their properties. This was done by analysing the discourses that appear in the selection of articles and the word choices that describe Emilia Lundberg as a person and victim. Then we analysed the journalistic conventions, such as dramatisation and sensationalisation which appear in the reporting. We came to the conclusion that Aftonbladet was more descriptive and focused on portraying Emilia as a person than Kristianstadsbladet was. Emilia was described in Aftonbladet as an innocent, young woman who was murdered by an evil and emotionless murderer, which were elements that could connect her to being classified as an ideal victim in the reporting. However, there were also several important elements in the reporting that spoke against her being an ideal victim, which we believed weighed heavier. This led us to draw the final conclusion that Emilia could not be considered to be an ideal victim in Aftonbladet and Kristianstadsbladet's reporting. We also drew the conclusion that the local and evening press does not deviate from dramatising and sensationalising events of the crime during the reporting process, but that it occurs to a greater extent in the evening press.

The aim of this thesis is to gain a greater understanding of how the public library’s mission towards foreign-born users in Sweden has reformulated and developed through time. This is done by a comparative study on official texts from the 1970s and the 2010s. The thesis is based on a discourse analytical perspective and is focused on how the texts are describing foreign-born users as a target group, and what is described as the main objective towards these particular users. The analysis also opens up for a discussion on the role of the public library in the development of a multicultural society. The empirical material consists of three official texts from each decade, that has been commissioned by different institutions with influence in the field. The results show that the source material from the 1970s is characterized by the use of the word “invandrare” (in English immigrant), and an immigrant discourse where the immigrant is defined based on their perceived deviation from Swedish majority society. The library’s main mission towards these users described as providing books, newspapers and magazines in the immigrant’s native languages. In the source material from the 2010s there is a wider range of words being used to refer to the group. The most frequently used is the word “nyanländ” (in English roughly translated to newcomer). This reflects the increasing focus on individuals which recently has immigrated and their information need during their first years in the new country. In the texts from the 2010s it is evident that the library sees itself as a tool for integration. One of the main conclusions from the analysis is that while the 1970s texts are focused on the foreign-born users cultural and linguistic distinctiveness, the texts from the 2010s see adaption to Swedish society as a primal objective. This is a two years master’s thesis in Library and Information Science.

Under de senaste decennierna har en antigenusrörelse etablerats på allvar i Europa. En rörelse som motarbetar genusvetenskap och jämställdhetsarbete. I Sverige har vi hittills sett relativt lite av denna rörelse. Nu formulerar sig kritiken mot genusvetenskapen även i Sverige. Ordet genusdoktrin fogas till det engelska genderism och tyska Genderismus som beteckning på en konspiration mot samhället och dess institutioner. I denna uppsats har jag genomfört en diskursanalys av Ivar Arpi och Anna-Karin Wyndhamns bok Genusdoktrinen (2020) och Kajsa Ekis Ekmans bok Om könets existens (2021). Med hjälp av diskursteori enligt Laclau och Mouffe analyserar jag vilken syn på genusvetenskap, kön och jämställdhet som artikuleras i de två böckerna. En grundläggande fråga är om det handlar om en gemensam diskurs eller om artikulationerna skiljer sig åt på väsentliga punkter. De tecken som artikuleras i texterna analyserades med avseende på den vikt de har för diskursen och relationerna till varandra. I min analys framträder en gemensam grund i de två artikulationerna. Båda artikulerar en positivistisk vetenskapssyn. De menar att genusvetenskapen ifrågasätter den biologiska grunden för kön med hjälp av social-konstruktivism. De menar vidare att det är politiska beslut som lett till genusvetenskapens etablering och att ett binärt hierarkiskt kön är en förutsättning för jämställdhetsarbetet. De två artikulationerna skiljer sig åt på ett par punkter. Ekman menar i motsats till Arpi och Wyndhamn att jämställdhetsarbetet måste fortsätta. Där Arpi och Wyndhamn nöjer sig med att hävda ett binärt biologiskt kön som vetenskaplig slutpunkt menar Ekman att diskussionen fortgår och att alla feminister inte står bakom genus-vetenskapen. There is a growing anti gender movement in Europe that fights gender science and gender equality. It has not been that prominent in Sweden. Recently a new word genusdoktrin has been added to the English genderism and German genderismus as a label for a conspiracy against society and its institutions. In this thesis I have carried out a discourse analysis of the two books Genusdoktrinen (2020) by Ivar Arpi and Anna-Karin Wyndhamns and Om könets existens (2021) by Kajsa Ekis Ekman. Using theory of discourse by Laclau and Mouffe I analyze what view of gender studies that is articulated in the two books. An important question is whether they differ or not. The articulated signs were analyzed with regard to the weight carried they in the discourse. The two books articulate a positivist science view and claim that gender science is unscientific. They argue that gender science question the biology of sex from a social constructivist point of view. Moreover, they claim that political decisions made the establishment of gender science possible in Sweden and that a binary hierarchic sex is a prerequisite for a continued gender equality work. The articulations differ in a couple points. Ekman argues contrary to Arpi and Wyndhamn that we have not yet reached gender equality and that the work must continue. Arpi and Wyndhamn says that a binary biological sex is an unquestionable scientific fact. For Ekman, the political discussion continues, and she argues that not all feminists support gender science. 2022-06-02

Socialtjänstens arbete med barn och unga går ut på att ge barn och deras familjer stöd och hjälp då det uppstår problematik i deras livssituation. Arbetet ska i så stor utsträckning som möjligt ske på frivillig väg och framför allt sätta barnets bästa i första hand. Trots denna intention om att ge stöd och hjälp åt familjer finns det mycket som tyder på att många föräldrar upplever en rädsla och oro inför kontakt med socialtjänsten. Anonyma diskussionsforum är en plattform där diskussioner om socialtjänsten är ett omdiskuterat ämne. Studiens syfte är därmed att studera diskussioner gällande socialtjänstens arbete med barn och unga på anonyma diskussionsforum, för att undersöka forumanvändares uppfattning av socialtjänsten samt hur föräldraskap diskuteras i förhållande till inblandning av socialtjänsten. Metodvalet för undersökande av diskussionstrådarna är diskursanalys med ett diskurspsykologiskt angreppssätt. Resultatet har analyserats utifrån teoretiska ramverk som socialkonstruktionism, diskurspsykologisk teori samt teori om sociala fält och kapitalformer. Resultatet visar på att den dominanta diskursen gällande socialtjänsten på de anonyma forumen är att socialtjänsten är inkompetent. Vidare visar resultatet att kontakt med socialtjänsten är oförenligt med identiteten “en bra förälder”.

Datum: 2022-05-30 Nivå: Magisteruppsats Företagsekonomi, 15hp Akademi: Akademin för Ekonomi, Samhälle och Teknik, Mälardalens Högskola Författare: Johanna Grönlund (29/03/13), Mimmi Forsberg (96/04/29) Titel: Det företagsekonomiska könet: En kritisk diskursanalytisk studie av maktförhållanden i arbetslivet ur ett genusperspektiv i svensk media Handledare: Magnus Linderström Nyckelord: Genus, Makt, Diskursanalys, Ojämlikhet, Fairclough Forskningsfrågor: Hur etablerar diskursiva praktiker framställningar om genus i arbetslivet? Hur har diskursen i svensk media manifesterat och reproducerat maktförhållanden kring genus i arbetslivet? Syfte: Utifrån en kritisk teoretisk ansats analysera hur genusdiskursen har framställts i svensk media. Detta för att se hur språket har förmedlats och kan tänkas manifestera maktförhållanden kring kvinnligt i förhållande till manligt i arbetslivet. Studien har för avsikt att utforska det företagsekonomiska könet som social konstruktion kopplat till kvinnliga chefer och kvinnligt företagande. Metod: Kvalitativ metod med hjälp av en kritisk diskursanalys. Slutsats: Det finns tydliga gränsdragningar mellan kvinnor och män i arbetslivet där media förstärker samhällets idéer om kvinnligt i förhållande till manligt. Kvinnan framställs återkommande som avvikande och underordnad mannen i arbetslivet, medan mannen symboliserar makt, framgång och högre positioner i hierarkin. Kvinnan verkar vara den normbrytande identiteten som konstruerar det företagsekonomiska könet. Date: 2022-05-30 Level: Master thesis in Business Administration, 15cr Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University Authors: Johanna Grönlund (92/03/13), Mimmi Forsberg (96/04/29) Title: The business gender: A critical discourse analysis of power relations in working life from a gender perspective in Swedish media Supervisor: Magnus Linderström Keywords: Gender, Power, Discourse Analysis, Inequality, Fairclough Research questions: How does discursive practice establish representations about gender in the working life? How has the discourse in Swedish media manifested power relations about gender in the working life? Purpose: To analyze, based on a critical theoretical approach, how the gender discourse has been presented in Swedish media. To highlight how the language has been conveyed and can manifest power relations of women in relation to men in the working life. The study intends to explore the business gender as a social construction linked to female managers and female entrepreneurship. Method: A qualitative method using a critical discourse analysis. Conclusion: There are distinct differences between women and men in the working life, where media maintains society’s ideas about women in relation to men. Women are, through discourses, repeatedly portrayed as deviant and subordinate to men, while the man symbolizes power, success and higher positions in the hierarchy. The woman seems to be the norm-breaking identity that constructs the business gender.

Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med mer kunskap om hur rektorer möjliggör för förskollärare att bedriva undervisning under den rådande Coronapandemin. Där vi ville, med hjälp av diskursteorin, tydliggöra vilka innebörder som framträdde i rektorernas tal samt vilka möjligheter och hinder kring undervisning som vi kunde se. Åtta rektorer från tre olika svenska kommuner har deltagit i denna kvalitativa studie där metodansatsen är en variant av diskursanalys med utgångspunkt i diskursteoretiska begrepp. Kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer har använts för datainsamling och en diskursanalys vid analysering av materialet. Resultatet visar att det inom olika diskurser finns olika subjektspositioner som rektorerna med sitt tal kan aktivera. Där de tre mest framträdande subjektspositionerna vi såg, med sina specifika innebörder var: Organisatören, med dess innebörder av att administrera, personalfördela och vara lösningsorienterad. Stödjaren, med dess innebörder av att vara närvarande och ödmjuk. Ledaren, med dess innebörder av att vara uppdragsansvarig samt delegera. Där de tre positionerna upprätthålls i diskurser, som även visar på olika hinder och möjligheter för undervisningen. Slutsatser som vi har kunnat dra är att pandemin har påverkat de subjektspositioner som en rektor kunnat ges och själva kunna inta samt att undervisningen under Coronapandemins förlopp åter strävat efter att få en mer framträdande roll, där rektorerna tog sitt ansvar för samt hade fokus på att driva undervisningsuppdraget framåt. Hur Coronapandemin kommer att ha påverkat undervisningens kvalitet är något som vi anser kan undersökas och skapas mer kunskap om då pandemin är slut och genom vidare forskning. The aim of this study was to contribute with more knowledge about how principals enable preschool teachers to run teaching assignments during the Corona pandemic. We wanted, with the help of the discourse theory, to clarify what meanings appeared through the principals' spoken words and what opportunities and obstacles about teaching that appeared. Eight principals from three different Swedish municipalities have participated in this qualitative study. The method approach is discourse analysis. Qualitative semi-structured interviews have been used for data collection and a discourse analysis when analyzing the material. The results show that within different discourses there are different subject positions that the principals can activate with their speech. The three most prominent subject-positions, with their specific meanings were: the organizer, which means administering, staffing and being solution-oriented. The supporter, which means being present and humble. The leader, which means delegating and being responsible for the missions that the curriculum requires. Where the three positions were maintained in discourses, this showed different teaching obstacles and opportunities. Our conclusions were that the pandemic has affected the subject positions that the principals could be given or take themselves, and that teaching during the pandemic was again sought to have a more prominent role in preschools, where principals took responsibility for and focused on bringing the teaching mission forward. Further research could investigate how much impact the Corona pandemic has actually had on the preschool and teaching assignments.

Uppsatsens syfte är att studera hur USA (re)producerar eller säkrar en specifik version av sin identitet genom att lämna det internationella kärnenergiavtalet med Iran eller JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action). Studien går bortom de traditionella perspektiven inom säkerhetsstudier och inkluderar identitet som något som kan bli hotat och skyddat. Enligt poststrukturalisten David Campbell säkrar den amerikanska staten sin identitet genom representationer av fara eller genom porträtteringen av den Andra som ett hot i diskurser. Dessa identitetsrepresentationer analyseras i Donald Trumps JCPOA-tal med hjälp av Laclau och Mouffes diskursiva metod. Studien visar att Iran bidrar till att ge USA en bild av sig själv som en fredsfrämjande stat, som en ansvarsfull världsledare som tar ansvar över den nationella, regionala och internationella freden och säkerheten. The aim of the study is to investigate how the U.S. (re)produces or secures a particular version of its political identity through its foreign policy towards Iran. More specifically through its withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal or JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action). The study goes beyond conventional security studies and includes identity as something that can be threatened and secured. Accordning to the Poststructuralist David Campbell the American state secures its identity through representations of danger or through the depiction of the Other as a threat in discourse. These identity representations are analyzed in Donald Trumps JCPOA statements with the help of Laclau and Mouffes discourse analytical method. The study shows that Iran provides the U.S. with a sense of it self as a peace promoting state, a responsible world leader that takes responsibility over national, regional and international peace and security.

COVID-19 utbrottet är en pandemi som har börjat sprida sig under 2020. Detta utbrott har skapat en känsla av rädsla i olika samhälle, men inte bara mot möjligheten att bli sjuk. Sedan utbrottet har främlingsfientligheten och rasismen i samhället ökat, särskilt mot kineserna. Eftersom mediavärlden är dominerad av vita läsare, spelar representationen en viktig roll i hur minoriteter uppfattas av allmänheten, särskilt när det är skadligt för den vita delen av samhället. (2000:37) Medier har en stor roll i detta. Syftet med den här master uppsatsen var att bestämma hur svenska, engelska och kroatiska medier har tillfört ökning av fruktan mot kineser och var vi kan finna det. Jag skapade en korpus som består av engelska, kroatiska och svenska rubriker och analyserade fraser journalister använde under perioden från den 26 januari till den 8 mars. Jag fokuserade också på rubriker som rapporterade om rasism under den undersöka perioden. Godinu 2020. je obilježio virus COVID-19. Broj zaraženih je znatno rastao iz dana u dan te se strah ubrzo počeo širiti kroz društva diljem svijeta. Uz taj su se strah također počeli širiti, pogotovo u zapadnim državama, ksenofobija i rasizam prema Azijatima. Prijašnja istraživanja pokazala su da mediji igraju važnu ulogu u razumijevanju svijeta i drugih kultura te da njima, na Zapadu, dominiraju bijelci (Van Dijk 2000: 37). Zbog te informacije postavlja se pitanje o poziciju manjina u svijetu medija. Ponajviše koliko negativni podtekst može utjecati na čitateljevu perspektivu prema manjinama te koliki utjecaj su mediji imali na porast rasizma tijekom pandemije. Na početku istraživanja je sastavljen korpus od 354 novinska naslova o Kini, tijelima vlasti i virusu. Naslovi su prikupljeni iz šest različitih novina iz tri države – Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, Hrvatske i Švedske – u periodu od 26. 1. 2020. do 8. 3. 2020. Ti naslovi su onda bili kodirani kako bi se moglo uspostaviti postoji li razlika u prikazu Kine, vlasti i virusa među državama, ali i između medija unutar unutar svake od tih država. Osim toga, jedno se od istraživačkih pitanja odnosilo na promjenu u broju članaka o rasizmu između siječnja i ožujka 2020. godine. The year 2020 was marked by the pandemic known as the coronavirus pandemic. This pandemic caused fear to spread all over the world. Since the outbreak, xenophobia and racism increased against Asian communities in various parts of the world. Previous research has shown that media influences how we understand the world around us, including other cultures. Since the world of media is dominated by white readers, representation plays an important role in how minorities are perceived by the public. (Van Dijk 2000: 37) This leads to question whether the media could have in any way caused the rise of racism against minorities all over the world through negative subtext. The main goal of this thesis was to look deeper into how the English, Croatian and Swedish media reported on the COVID-19 outbreak and China during the period from the 26th of January till the 8th of March, when the outbreak became more prominent in Europe. A corpus of 354 news headlines focusing on China, the authorities and the virus was created. The headlines were then coded to enable thorough analysis of their contents and whether the representation of these topics changed during this period. The analysis also focused on headlines relating to racism and whether their number increased in March.