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Background and Aims: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent public health problem worldwide, and the economic burden of the disease poses one of the main challenges for health systems in low‐ and middle‐income countries. This study aimed to estimate the economic burden of T2DM in Iran, in 2018. Methods: This was a cost‐of‐illness study. Three hundred and seventy‐five patients with T2DM who were referred to Imam Reza and Sina's educational and therapeutic centers and Asad Abadi clinic in Tabriz, Iran, in 2018 were included. A researcher‐constructed checklist was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using EXCEL and SPSS software version 22. Results: Total economic burden of diabetes was estimated at 152,443,862,480.3 (purchasing power parity [PPP], Current International $) (approximately 7.69% of GDP, PPP, Current International $). The mean total direct and indirect costs were 11,278.68 (PPP) (62.35% of mean total cost) and 6808.88 (PPP, Current International $) (37.64% of the total cost), respectively. The mean total direct medical cost and the direct nonmedical cost were 10,819.43 (PPP, Current International $) (59.81% of mean total cost) and 459.24 (PPP, Current International $) (2.53% of mean total cost) per patient, respectively. Besides, the mean direct medical cost was 6.18 times the total per capita expenditure on health, and the total direct medical cost was 8.9% times the total expenditure on health. Conclusion: Diabetes imposes a substantial economic burden on patients, health systems, and the whole economy. Besides, since the cost of the disease in patients treated with insulin and those with diabetes complications is significantly higher, the reinforcement of self‐care measures and focusing on modifying lifestyle (dietary modification and physical activity) in patients with T2DM can significantly reduce the costs of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We performed a systematic review of studies estimating the cost of illness of lung cancer to compare costs between studies and examine cost drivers, emphasizing generalizability and methodological choices. A systematic search on studies published in English on cost of illness of lung cancer was performed in MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus. Databases were searched in January 2017, and records were screened based on eligibility criteria. The systematic search was updated on May 7, 2020. The quality of included studies was appraised using a modified Drummond checklist. Of the 4891 records screened, 19 records were included. Most of the studies were cross-sectional and retrospective and used a prevalence-based approach and a bottom-up approach. Direct medical costs ranged from 4484.13 US dollars purchasing power parity to 45 364.48 US dollars purchasing power parity. Total medical costs as a percentage of total gross domestic product (GDP) ranged from 0.00248 to 0.1326 (median 0.0217), and total medical costs as a percentage of total health expenditure ranged from 0.038 to 0.836 (median 0.209). There was considerable methodological heterogeneity that made it difficult to compare results between studies. The costs of lung cancer are substantial and impose a substantial economic burden on patients, healthcare systems, and societies. By comparing cancer costs with total health expenditures and GDP per capita, it can be concluded that lung cancer imposes a considerable economic burden on patients and healthcare systems in countries with lower GDP per capita and higher incidence rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The indirect costs of COVID-19 patients were higher compared to direct costs. • The highest mean hospitalization cost of the disease was observed in hoteling. • The highest mean outpatient cost of the disease was observed in medicine. • The highest proportion of indirect cost was related to missed workdays. This study aimed to estimate the cost of COVID-19 patients and some affecting factors in Iran. This was a prevalence-based cost-of-illness study based on a bottom-up costing approach which was conducted from March 2020 to July 2020. Data were extracted from the hospital's Hospital Information System (HIS) and Cost-of-illness (COI) assessment checklist. Indirect costs were assessed based on the Human Capital Approach. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 and Microsoft EXCEL 2016. A total of 745 Covid-19 patients were included in the analysis. The mean total cost was estimated at 8813.15 (PPP, Current International $), accounting for 60% of GDP per capita. The mean direct and indirect cost was 3362.49 (PPP, Current International $) (38% of the total cost and 23% of the GDP per capita), and 5450.66 (PPP, Current International $) (62% of the total cost and 37% of the GDP per capita), respectively. The mean hospitalization cost was higher among patients who died and those who were covered by supplemental insurance. Also, the costs of disease experienced a dramatic rise with increasing age. For different scenarios in terms of outbreak rate, hospitalization rate and mortality rate, the total estimated cost of illness for Covid-19 ranged from 6263 million (PPP, Current International $) to 63,474 million (PPP, Current International $). Covid-19 imposes a substantial financial burden on people, health care systems, insurance organizations and the country's economy as a whole. Since the economic burden of this disease increases dramatically by increasing disease outbreak, more attention should be paid to the development and implementation of appropriate preventive programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]