Search

Lei, Qi, Chen, Jinxian, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin, Zhang, Ruilei (2020): Description of larva and female of Polypedilum (Probolum) bullum Zhang & Wang with DNA barcodes. Zootaxa 4890 (2): 257-265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4890.2.6

Polypedilum (Probolum) bullum Zhang & Wang, 2004 Polypedilum (Uresipedilum) bullum Zhang & Wang, 2004:7; Saether & Oyewo, 2008:3 Polypedilum (Probolum) bullum Zhang & Wang, Saether et al., 2010:15 Material examined: Specimens used to extract genomic DNA, 1 larva, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa City, Damshung County, Yangbajin Town, 4396m, 30.14709��, 90.54750��, 23.VII.2014, R. Zhang, hand net. 2 larvae and 1 male, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Nyingchi City, the Second Bridge, 2967m, 29.62573��, 94.37047��, 8.VII.2014, R. Zhang. 1 male, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Bomi County, 2800m, 29.85555��, 95.77555��, 10.VII.2014, light trap, R. Zhang. 1 male, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa City, Chushur, County, Chabala Village, 3603m, 29.38313��, 90.83390��. 1 female, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Nyingchi City, Nyingchi Town, Nyang Qu, 2967m, 29.60527��, 94.40643��, 8.VII.2014, light trap, R. Zhang. Additional Material examined: P. (Pro.) bullum Holotype: male (BDN. 13415) China, Sichuan Province, Xiangchen County, Shuoqu River, 2700m, 12.VI.1996; light trap, X. Wang. 10 males as holotype. 2 males, China, Sichuan Province, Yajiang County, Sandaoqiao, 2460m, 9. VI. 1996, light trap, X. Wang. 1 male: China, Sichuan Province, Batang County, Zhubalong Township, 2500m, light trap, R. Zhang. Diagnostic characters. The wing marking pattern and shape of superior volsella will separate the male imago from other P. (Probolum) species. Ventrolateral lobe strongly developed, densely setose with apical setae and partially covered by dorsomesal lobe and wing marking pattern can differ the female imago from other P. (Probolum) species. The larva is distinguished within Probolum by the combination of following characters: mentum with 16 teeth, teeth even in height and color, mandible with 1 apical, 1 dorsal and 3 distinct inner teeth; pecten epipharyngis consisting of 3 platelets and each part with 3 blunt teeth, labral SI broadly lanceolate with fine filaments on each side of apical 1/2, labral SII palmate, with filamentous branches on apical margin. Male imago (n =10). Total length 3.15���4.05, 3.62 mm. Wing length 2.35���2.75, 2.59 mm. Total length/wing length1.28���1.63, 1.40. Wing length/length of profemur 2.51���2.72, 2.62. Colouration. Head brown. Thorax brown with darker vittae and postnotum. Abdominal segments and legs uniformly brown. Wing light brown with dark spots, one spot just distal of r-m cross vein, one spot on the middle of cell r 4+5, one stripe spot on anal vein, one weak cloudy spot distal to fork of M 3+4 and Cu 1, weak cloudy spot at distal apex of wing. Head. AR 1.12���1.25, 1.19. Temporal setae 12���16, 14; including 3���4, 3 inner verticals; 4���6, 5 outer verticals and 4���8, 6 postorbitals. Clypeus with 14���27, 17 setae. Tentorium 143���170, 156 ��m long, 35���50, 43 ��m wide. Palpomere lengths (in ��m): 33���55, 43; 33���53, 46; 145���177, 158, 123���172, 150; 200���294, 261. Wing (Fig. 1A). VR 1.08���1.18, 1.13. R with 21���27, 24 setae; R 1 with 14���23, 18; R 4+5 with 27���48, 37 setae. Squama with 14���21, 17 setae. Thorax. Dorsocentrals 13���27, 20; acrostichals 15���18, 16; prealars 4���8, 5. Scutellum with 17���29, 23 setae. Legs. Terminal scale (Fig. 1B) of front tibia pointed, 52���65, 57 ��m long. Spur on median tibia 42���50, 46 um long including 23���33, 28 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 20���28, 24 ��m long. Spur on posterior tibia 47���58, 52 ��m long including 25���33, 29 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 23���33, 27 ��m long. Width at apex of front tibia 53���63, 58 ��m, of middle tibia 58���65, 62 ��m, of hind tibia 55���78, 68 ��m. Lengths (in ��m) and proportions of legs of male imago as in Table 2. Hypopygium (Figs. 1 C���H). Anal tergite bands fused basal to median anal tergite setae (Fig. 1C). Anal tergite with 6���10, 8 median setae, laterosternite with 3���6, 5 setae. Anal point 80���98, 91 ��m long, slender and parallel-sided for entire length Phallapodeme 90���130, 120 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 50���83, 64 ��m long. Gonocoxite 175���205, 193 ��m long. Base of superior volsella with a prominent process bearing 1���3 inner setae in the inner margin, distal extension variably curved with 1���3 lateral setae (Figs. 1 D���H). Inferior volsella 90���130, 110 ��m long tapered apically, with 11���15 oral setae and an apical seta. Gonostylus 120���150, 134 ��m long, outer margin convex, widest in the middle. HR 1.33���1.60, 1.44. HV 2.32���2.93, 2.69. Female (n = 1). Total length 3.0 mm. Wing length 2.48 mm. Total length/wing length 1.21. Wing length/length of profemur 2.88. Colouration. Head brown. Thorax brown with darker vittae and postnotum. Abdominal segments and legs brown. Wing light brown with weak marking as male (Fig. 2A). Head. AR 0.42. Temporal setae 13, including 4 inner verticals; 4 outer verticals and 5 postorbitals. Clypeus with 18 setae. Tentorium 130 ��m long, 24 ��m wide. Stipes 160 ��m long. Palpomere lengths (in ��m): 40, 68, 130, 150, 260. Third palpomere with 3 sensilla clavata in small pit, longest 15 ��m long. Thorax. Acrostichals 12, dorsocentrals 18, prealars 5. Suctellars 23, biserial. Wing. VR 1.17. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 22, R 1 with 19, R 4+5 with 46 setae. Squama with 14 setae. Legs. Terminal scale on fore tibia 53 ��m long. Spur of mid tibia 40 ��m long including 13 ��m long comb, unspurred comb 18 ��m long. Spur on hind tibia 45 ��m long including 15 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 23 ��m long. Width at apex of fore tibia 53 ��m, of mid tibia 58 ��m, of hind tibia 65 ��m. Length and proportions of leg segments as in Table 3. Genitalia (Figs. 2 B���C). Gonocoxapodeme curved, 145 ��m long. Gonocoxite IX with 5 setae. Tergite IX with 37 setae. Cercus 113 ��m long, 85 ��m wide. Seminal capsule ovoid and pellucid, 85 ��m long. Notum 168 ��m long. Dorsomesal lobe 83 ��m long from base of vagina to apex, 73 ��m wide near apex. Dorsomesal lobe strongly devel-oped, densely setose with apical setae curved mesad. Ventrolateral lobe 35 ��m long, 75 ��m wide, densely setose with apical setae directed more oralad than mesad. Ventrolateral lobe partially covered by dorsomesal lobe. Larva (n=3). Total length not measurable. Head capsule (Fig. 3A) 0.38���0.40 mm long, 0.35���0.36 mm wide. Postmentum 147���165 ��m long. Colouration. Head capsule brown with dark brown mental teeth and mandible teeth. Postoccipital margin black. Head. AR 1.05���1.12. Antenna as in figure 3B. Antennal segment lengths (in ��m): 50���55, 18���20, 10���12, 12���13, 5���5. Basal antennal segment 20���23 ��m wide, ring organ about 15���23 ��m from base, blade 33���35 ��m long, blade extending beyond base of fourth segment. Labral SI (Fig. 3C) broadly lanceolate, with fine filaments on each side of apical 1/2. Labral SII palmate (Fig. 3D) with filamentous branches on apical margin. Pecten epipharyngis as in figure 3E, consisting of 3 platelets, each with 3 blunt teeth. Premandible (Fig. 3E) 65���73 ��m long, with 2 apical teeth and 1 inner tooth and brush present. Mandible (Fig. 3F) 115���125 ��m long, with 1 apical, 1 dorsal and 3 distinct inner teeth; molar area yellow brown; medial margin with 2 sharply pointed serrations; seta subdentalis 23���27 ��m long, beyond second inner tooth. Mentum (Fig. 3G) 105���115 ��m wide, with 16 blunt teeth, last lateral tooth very small; medial 6 teeth larger than remaining teeth, fifth lateral tooth lower than neighboring teeth. Ventromental plate 130���133 ��m wide, 53���58 ��m high, with about 35���40 striae, distance between ventromental plates 43���48 ��m, ven-tromentum wider than mentum, with the medially-directed pointed apex. Distance between setae submenti 98���105 ��m. Abdomen. Posterior parapods (Fig. 3H) 230���250 ��m long, 110���120 ��m wide, with 14���16 yellow apical claws. Procercus (Fig. 3I) weak and slender, with about 7���10 anal setae up to 430���460 ��m long. Supraanal setae 300���325 ��m long. Ratio of supra anal setae/anal setae 0.70���0.71. Anal tubules 120���130 ��m wide. Larval habitat and distribution: Polypedilum (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang is found in Sichuan Province and Tibet Autonomous Region, China. So far, this species has been recorded above an elevation of 2,460 m. The larva lives in fast flowing, wide, shallow rivers with sand or mud in the bottom. Remarks: P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang is clearly distinguished from P. (Pro.) marcondesi Pinho & Mendes, 2010 in morphological characteristics of the male, female and larva. Male imago of P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang morphologically resembles P. (s. str.) laetum (Meigen), Polypedilum (s. str.) castornama Maschwitz and P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz in having dark color body, weak or distinct wing marking, base of superior volsella with inner lobe/tubercle, slender anal point, short and strong gonostylus. The significant characters to differ them are the shape of inner lobe/tubercle of superior volsella and wing markings as listed in Table 4. Larva of P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang is very close to P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz and P. (s. str.) laetum (Meigen). They share the following characters: mentum with 16 teeth; teeth even in height and color; mandible with 1 apical, 1 dorsal and 3 distinct inner tooth; pecten epipharyngis consisting of 3 platelets, mid part with 3 teeth. Labral SI has fine filaments on each side of apical 1/2 and labral SII is palmate in P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang; correspondingly, labral SI has fine filaments on each side of apical 1/3 and labral SII is more slender in P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz. There is no other significant feature to distinguish the larva of P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang with P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz. The larval differences between P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz and P. (s. str.) laetum (Meigen) refer to Maschwitz & Cook (2000). In diagnosing Probolum, Andersen and Saether (2010) described the character of superior volsella with an inner lobe at base carrying 1���6 (10?) setae and a typical Uresipedilum -like apicomedian projection directed inwards. Polypedilum (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang had been firstly assigned in the subgenus Uresipedilum by having the superior volsella with an apicomedian projection in holotype. However, based on some new additional specimens, we found that the projection of superior volsella bends variably (Figs. 1 D���H) in P. (Pro.) bullum. Andersen & Saether (2010) regarded ���mentum with median teeth only slightly higher than first lateral pair��� as a significant diagnostic character in the subgenus Probolum. But mental teeth are in even height in P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang. The diagnosis of Probolum giving by Andersen & Saether (2010) should be expanded. Andersen & Saether (2010) stated that the pupae of Probolum were not separable from those of Polypedilum s. str., Pentapedilum and Uresipedilum. As stated above, distinct diagnostic characters for all stages in the subgenus Probolum are unavailable at present. We concur with Yamamoto & Yamamoto (2015) that the subgenus Probolum should be restricted to the species with an inner lobe in the superior volsella until adequate pupal and larval information are available, then P. (s. str.) laetum Meigen, P. (s. str.) castornama Maschwitz and P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz should be included in subgenus Probolum, but the type material need to be checked in the future. FIGSURES 3A���G. P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang, larva. A, head capsule. B, antenna and mandible. C, SI seta. D, SII seta. E, premandible. F, mandible. G, mentum and ventromental plates. H, anal segments. I, procercus., Published as part of Lei, Qi, Chen, Jinxian, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Zhang, Ruilei, 2020, Description of larva and female of Polypedilum (Probolum) bullum Zhang & Wang with DNA barcodes, pp. 257-265 in Zootaxa 4890 (2) on pages 258-263, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4890.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4301883, {"references":["Zhang, R. - L. & Wang, X. - H. (2004) Polypedilum (Uresipedilum) Oyewo and Saether from China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 565 (1), 1 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 565.1.1","Saether, O. A., Andersen, T., Pinho, L. C. & Mendes, H. F. (2010) The problems with Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae), with the description of Probolum subgen. n. Zootaxa, 2497 (1), 1 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2497.1.1","Maschwitz, D. E. & Cook, E. F. (2000) Revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the subgenera P. (Polypedilum) and P. (Uresipedilum) Oyewo and Saether. Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey, New Series, 12, 1 - 135.","Yamamoto, N. & Yamamoto, M. (2015) A revised subgeneric position for Polypedilum (Probolum) simantokeleum, with description of a new Uresipedilum species in Japan (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 3999 (3), 439 - 445. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3999.3.9"]}

Polypedilum (Cerobregma) paracyclus Qi & Song sp. n. (Figures 2���4; BDN & BOLD: song177; GenBank accession: MG950003) Type material. Holotype: male (Sample & BOLD ID: song177), China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Hechi City, Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County, Jiutun village, 25.141��N, 108.057��E, 277 m a.s.l., 16.IV.2015, light trap, C. Song. Paratypes: 1♂, same data as for holotype. Etymology. From the Latin, ��� para��� means similarity, referring to its resemblance to P. (C.) cyclus Zhang & Wang 2005. Diagnosis. The male adult can be separated from other related members of the subgenus by the following combination of morphological characters: tibia and femur dark brown except for the yellow knees; segment VII distinctly triangular and tapered at base; tergite IX sub-trapezoidal; anal tergite bands ending postero-medially into a sub-oval setose area; anal point parallel-sided, with pointed apex; postero-lateral bulb-like of gonocoxite welldeveloped; superior volsella C-like to sickle-like shaped, apex pointed; inferior volsella not divided apically, dorsal setae orally directed; gonostylus swollen medially, shortly branched setae on distal inner margin absent., Published as part of Qi, Xin, Song, Chao, Ge, Kaixuan & Wang, Xinhua, 2020, Polypedilum (Cerobregma) paracyclus sp. n., a new species from Oriental China (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 189-195 in Zootaxa 4881 (1) on page 191, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4881.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/4425673, {"references":["Zhang, R. L. & Wang, X. H. (2005) Polypedilum (Cerobregma) Saether & Sundal from China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects, 27 (1), 47 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650420400019262"]}

Key to adult males of Manoa Fittkau 1. Frontal tubercles present; antepronotal and supraalar setae absent. Brazil........................... M. obscura Fittkau - Frontal tubercles absent; antepronotal and supraalar setae present............................................... 2 2. Pars ventralis and digitus absent; pulvilli and pseudospurs present. North America, Dominican Republic................................................................................................. M. pahayokeensis Jacobsen - Pars ventralis and digitus present; pulvilli and pseudospurs absent...............................................3 3. Wing length 1.81���1.91 mm; AR 1.91���2.19; LR1 1.41; wing vein R1 bare; transverse sternapodeme with oral projections. Tan- zania....................................................................... M. tangae Andersen & Saether - Wing length 1.43���1.50 mm; AR 1.13���1.33; LR1 0.96���0.98; wing vein R1 with 1���3 setae; transverse sternapodeme without oral projections. Oriental China...................................................... M. xianjuensis Qi & Lin sp. n., Published as part of Qi, Xin, Wang, Xin-Hua, Andersen, Trond & Lin, Xiao-Long, 2017, A new species of Manoa Fittkau (Diptera: Chironomidae), with DNA barcodes from Xianju National Park, Oriental China, pp. 398-408 in Zootaxa 4231 (3) on page 405, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/291310

Manoa xianjuensis Qi & Lin sp. n. ( Figs 1–7) Type material. Holotype (deposited in BDN): male (BOLD sample ID: XJ17), China, Zhejiang Province, Taizhou, Xianju, Kuocangshan Nature Reserve, Yukengcun, near stream, 28.63267°N, 120.57606°E, 190 m a.s.l., 24.V.2016, sweep net, X. Qi. Paratypes: 11 males, (BDN no. XJ18–25, XJ33, XJ36, XJ37), 3 females (ZSM no. XJ34, XJ35; BDN no. XJ16), sampling data as for holotype. Etymology. Named after the type locality. The species epithet is adjectival for the purposes of nomenclature. Diagnostic characters. The new species conforms to the genus descriptions in Andersen & Saether (1977) and Jacobsen & Perry (2002). The male of Manoa xianjuensis sp. n. can be separated from its congeners by the following combination of characters: frontal tubercles absent; AR 1.13–1.33; wing length 1.43–1.50 mm; wing vein R with 6–8 setae, R1 with 1–3 setae, squama with 1–3 setae; antepronotum with two lateral setae; LR1 0.96– 0.98; pars ventralis and digitus present. The female of Manoa xianjuensis sp. n. separated from its congeners by the following combination of characters: frontal tubercles absent; wing length 1.58–1.75 mm; R with 10–12 setae, R1 with 4 setae, R4+5 with 11–12 setae; costal extension with 2–3 non-marginal setae; squama with 2 setae; LR1 0.90– 0.93. Description. Adult male (n = 4, unless otherwise stated). Total length 2.67–3.08, 2.91 mm. Wing length 1.43– 1.50, 1.49 mm. Total length/wing length 1.80–2.00, 1.92. Wing length/length of profemur 1.84–2.08, 1.97. Coloration (Figs 1, 2–4). Body pale apricot yellow. Head (Fig. 5 a, b). Antenna with 13 flagellomeres; AR 1.13–1.33, 1.25. Temporal setae 12–16, 14, including 4 inner verticals, 7–12, 9 outer verticals, and 0–2, 1 postorbitals. Clypeus with 5–12, 9 setae. Tentorium 133–138, 135 mm long; 13–20, 17 mm wide. Palpomere lengths (in mm): 28–35, 32; 25–49, 38; 70–78, 75; 83–95, 90; 108– 138, 123. Palpomere ratio (5th/3rd) 1.54–1.77, 1.62. Third palpomere with 2–3, 3 lanceolate sensilla clavata. Wing (Fig. 5 c). VR 1.09–1.32, 1.21. Anal lobe reduced. Membrane microtrichia distinctly visible at 100x magnification. Brachiolum with 2–3, 2 setae; R with 6–8, 7 setae; R1 with 1–3, 2 setae; costal extension 40–60, 50 mm long; with 0–1, 0 non-marginal setae; remaining veins bare. Squama with 1–3, 2 setae. Thorax (Fig. 6 a). Antepronotum with 2 lateral setae. Acrostichals 9–10, 9; dorsocentrals 7–14, 11 in single row; prealars 2–3, 3; supraalar 1. Scutellum with 6 setae. Legs (Fig. 5 d–f). Spur of fore tibia 38–48, 42 mm long; spurs of mid tibia 33–50, 42 and 32–48, 39 mm long; of hind tibia 50–58, 54 and 45–54, 49 mm long. Apical width of fore tibia 38–48, 40 mm; of mid tibia 38–43, 40 mm; of hind tibia 41–50, 46 mm. Lengths (in mm) and proportions of legs as in Table 1. fe ti ta1 ta2 ta3 ta4 p1 710–850, 770 680–800, 723 650–780, 695 300–360, 325 240–280, 258 160–200, 180 p2 740–850, 795 680–800, 725 330–450, 378 160–200, 175 120–150, 133 90–100, 95 p3 810–900, 853 750–810, 775 480–540, 503 230–270, 248 190–200, 195 110–140, 125 ta5 LR BV SV BR Hypopygium (Fig. 6 b-d). Laterosternite IX with 2–4, 3 setae. Tergite IX with 36–44, 39 setae; anal point absent. Transverse sternapodeme 25–40, 35 mm long, 13–25, 18 mm wide; phallapodeme 85–113, 101 mm long. Gonocoxite 145–163, 152 mm long; with triangular pars ventralis. Superior volsella 63–75, 70 mm long; 7–13, 10 mm wide; dorsal surface with basal microtrichia and 2–3, 2 setae; ventral surface with numerous long microtrichia and 2 apical setae. Digitus 15–30, 19 mm long; with pointed apex. Inferior volsella pediform, 50–58, 53 mm long; with 9–14, 13 long setae. Median volsella vestigial; with 2–3, 2 apical setae. Gonostylus straight; 95–108, 104 mm long; with pointed apex. HR 1.34–1.58, 1.47; HV 2.46–2.86, 2.67. Adult female (n = 2, unless otherwise stated). Total length 2.92–3.05 mm. Wing length 1.58–1.75 mm. Total length/wing length 1.67–1.94. Wing length/length of fore femur 2.06–2.31. Coloration. As in male (Figs 3, 4). Head (Fig. 7 a, b). Antenna (Fig. 7 a) with 6 flagellomeres; AR 0.30–0.32; flagellomere lengths (in mm): 75–88, 65–68, 68–70, 65 (2), 55 (2), 100–110. Temporal setae 15–16, including 3–4 inner verticals, 6–11 outer verticals and 2–5 postorbitals. Clypeus with 10–13 setae. Tentorium 95–135 mm long, 18–19 mm wide. Palpomere lengths (in mm): 33–40, 45–50, 70–78, 88–90, 150 (1). Palpomere ratio (5th/3rd) 1.92 (1). Third palpomere with 2–3 lanceolate sensilla clavata. Wing. VR 1.20–1.23. Anal lobe reduced. Membrane microtrichia distinctly visible at 100x magnification. Brachiolum with 2 setae; R with 10–12 setae; R1 with 4 setae; R4+5 with 11–12 setae; costal extension 45–65 mm long, with 2–3 non-marginal setae. Squama with 2 setae. Thorax (Fig. 7 c). Antepronotum with 2 lateral setae. Acrostichals 7–9; dorsocentrals 6–11 in single row, prealars 3, supraalar 1. Scutellum with 6 setae. Legs. Spur of fore tibia 38–40 mm long, spurs of mid tibia 38–43 and 33–40 mm long, of hind tibia 39–50 and 36–45 mm long. Apical width of fore tibia 38–40 mm, of mid tibia 40–43 mm, of hind tibia 38–48 mm. Lengths (in mm) and proportions of legs as in Table 2. Abdomen. Numbers of setae on tergites I–VIII: 14–20, 18–28, 18–34, 22–38, 28–30, 24–30, 18–38, 6–20. Numbers of setae on sternites I–VIII: 6–8, 4–7, 12–16, 21–30, 22–31, 24–38, 32–40. Genitalia (Fig. 7 d, e). Sternite VIII divided, with 50–55 mm long notched floor (Fig. 7 e) under vagina; floor with approximately 32–44 setae. Tergite IX with 22 setae; gonocoxite IX with 1–2 setae. Cercus 78–100 mm long, with 42–48 setae. Seminal capsules 65–68 mm long, including 13–18 mm long, collar-shaped neck, 38–40 mm wide. Spermathecal ducts curved. Notum 75–88 mm long. Dorsomesal lobe 71–73 mm long. fe ti ta1 ta2 ta3 ta4 p1 680–850 690–750 640–690 290–310 220–250 140–170 p2 780–850 710–770 350–400 150–160 110–130 80–90 p3 880–950 780–830 480–520 230–250 200 (2) 100–130 ta5 LR BV SV BR p1 90–120 0.92–0.93 2.71–2.76 2.14–2.32 2.00–3.00 p2 60–80 0.49–0.52 4.28–4.70 4.05–4.26 1.77–2.22 p3 80–90 0.62–0.63 3.43–3.51 3.42–3.46 1.80–2.00 Immature stages. Unknown. DNA barcoding analysis. The neighbor joining tree (Fig. 8) based on available DNA barcodes unequivocally associates the adult males and females of M. xianjuensis sp. n., and supports differentiation of the new species from the other barcoded Pseudochironomini. In addition, we found two distinct clades of under the name Riethia stictoptera Kieffer, 1917 with the maximum intraspecific genetic distance 18.1%, which suggests at least one misidentification in the BOLD data. Biology and ecology. The new species was collected using a sweep-net close to a small mountain stream in Kuocangshan Nature Reserve in subtropical China. We collected M. xianjuensis sp. n. during the rainy season in late May, when the temperature is 15–20°C.

apiaka Bidawid & Fittkau, 1995: Entomofauna, 16: 510 (Polypedilum (Tripodura)). Type locality. Brazil (Rio Cuieiras bei der M��ndung des Rio Branquinho). Distribution. NT: Brazil (Amazonas)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on pages 40-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Bidawid, N. & Fittkau, E. J. (1995) Zur Kenntnis der neotropischen Arten der Gattung Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912. Teil I. (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomofauna, 16 (27), 465 - 536."]}

mehinaku Bidawid & Fittkau, 1995: Entomofauna, 16: 490 (Polypedilum (Tripodura)). Type locality. Brazil (Oberlauf des Rio Paru de Oeste, oberhalb Mission Tirio). Distribution. NT: Brazil (Pará).

parapicatum Niitsuma, 1991: Proceeding of Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 45: 64 (Polypedilum). Type locality. Japan (Hisanohama, Iwai, Fukushima Prefecture). Distribution. PA.: Japan (Honshu)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Niitsuma, H. (1991) Three new species of the genus Polypedilum from Japan. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 45, 60 - 67."]}

decematoguttatum (Tokunaga, 1938): The Philippine Journal of Science, 65: 337 (Chironomus (Polypedilum)). Type locality. Japan, Shimogamo, Kyoto Prefecture. Distribution. PA: Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), Korea, OR: China (Fujiang, Yunan, Guizhou, Guangxi)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Tokunaga, M. (1938) Chironomidae from Japan (Diptera). X. New or little - known midges, with descriptions of the metamorphoses of several species. The Philippine Journal of Science, 65, 313 - 383."]}

maculatum Zorina & Makarchenko, 2001: Studia Dipterologica, 7: 487 (Polypedilum (Tripodura)). Type locality. Russia (Ussuri River, near Beltasovo Village, Primorye Territory). Distribution. PA: Russia (Russian Far East)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Zorina, O. V. & Makarchenko, E. A. (2001) Four new species of the genus Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the Russian Far East. Studia Dipterologica, 7, 483 - 490."]}

falcatum Zhang, Song, Wang & Wang, 2015: Zootaxa, 3918 (4): 572. (Polypedilum (Tripodura)). Type locality. China, Sichuan Province, Garz�� County, Yajiang. Distribution. OR: China (Sichuan), PA: (Ningxia)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Zhang, R. L., Song, C., Wang, L. Q. & Wang, X. H. (2015) Two new species of the acifer species group of Polypedilum subgenus Tripodura Townes from China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 3918 (4), 571 - 578. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3918.4.6"]}

spiesi Vinogradova, 2008: Spixiana, 31 (2): 278 (Polypedilum (Tripodura)). Type locality. Belize (Belmopan). Distribution. NT: Belize, Mexico., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Vinogradova, E. M. (2008) Six new species of Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912, from the Yucatan peninsula. Spixiana, 31 (2), 277 - 288."]}

absensilobum sp. n. Type locality. China, Fujian Province, Jianning County. Distribution. OR: China (Fujian)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782

Etymology. Named after the type locality. Diagnostic characters. The species differs from other members of the subgenus by the lanceolate anal point composed of two transparent lobes and wing markings. Male imago (n= 2) Total length 3.08���3.29 mm. Wing length 2.43���2.46 mm. Total length/ wing length 1.27���1.36. Wing length / length of profemur 2.82���2.97. Coloration. Head brown. Thorax brown, with darker postnotum, median anepisternum II and preepisternum, halteres yellow. All femora brown with a sub-apical pale ring; all tibiae and tarsi lost. Abdominal segments yellowish brown. Head. AR 0.61. Ultimate flagellomere 410 ��m long. Temporal setae 12���13, including 3 ��� 3 inner verticals, 5���6 outer verticals and 4 ��� 4 postorbitals. Clypeus with 19���20 setae. Tentorium 130���138 ��m long, 29���36 ��m wide. Palpomere lengths (in ��m): 31 ���39, 34��� 39, 101���122, 107 ��� 112, 182 ��� 191. Wing (Figure 9 A). Wing with 4 plain markings, 2 in cell r 4 +5, 1 in cell m 3 + 4 basal and extending to cell cu 1 distal, 1 in the middle of cell an, cell m 1 + 2 and distal area of cell r 4 + 5 with cloudy spots. VR 1.29���1.42. R with 22���27 setae, R 1 with 17���19, R 4 + 5 with 25���30. Squama with 10 setae. Thorax. Dorsocentrals 17, acrostichals 10���12, prealars 6���7. Scutellum with 15���20 setae. Legs. Terminal scale (Figure 10 B) of front tibia 34��� 49 ��m long, triangular and apically pointed. Spur of middle tibia 49 um long including 26 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 26 ��m long, spur of hind tibia 57 ��m long including 31 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 31 ��m long. Width at apex of front tibia 57 ��m, of middle tibia 65 ��m, of hind tibia 78 ��m. Tarsi of all legs missing. Hypopygium (Figure 10 C, D). Tergite IX with 7���10 median setae. Laterosternite with 1 seta. Anal point 94��� 104 ��m long, lateral projection 10���16 ��m long. Anal point lanceolate, composed of triangular basal and oblong apical lobes. Phallapodeme 83���104 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 57���62 ��m long. Gonocoxite 148���169 ��m long. Superior volsella (Figure 10 C) pad���like, expanded distally, with 5 short inner setae and 2 long apical setae. Inferior volsella slender, 109���120 ��m long, with 11���12 oral setae and an apical seta. Gonostylus 187���211 ��m long, with 6���7 long setae along inner margin. HR 0.79���0.80. HV 1.56���1.76. Distribution. The species is known only from the type locality (Oriental China). Remarks. The species is very close to P. (T.) yaumounei Moubayed, 1992 from Lebanon but differs from the latter by the following combination of characters: wing with one plain linear marking in cell m 1 + 2 in P. (T.) yaumounei, without in the new species; the new species with transparent lobes on the anal point, without in P. (T.) yaumounei; P. (T.) yaumounei with 17���19 acrostichals, 32���33 scutellars and 16���19 median setae on tergite IX, the corresponding numbers are 10, 15���20, 7��� 10 in the new species., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on pages 24-25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Moubayed, J. (1992) On the genus Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912 from Lebanon, description of three new species. Spixiana, 15, 197 - 205."]}

chiriguano Bidawid-Kafka, 1996: Entomofauna, 17: 178 (Polypedilum (Tripodura)). Type locality. Brazil (Rio Paru de Oeste, Mission Tirio). Distribution. NT: Brazil (Par��, Amazonas)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Bidawid-Kafka, N. (1996) Zur Kenntnis der neotropischen Arten der Gattung Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912. Teil II. (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomofauna, 17 (11), 165 - 240."]}

parascalaenum ( Beck, 1962): The Florida Entomologist, 45 (2): 91 Polypedilum (Polypedilum)). Type locality. USA (Jackson Co., Florida). Distribution. NE: USA (Florida)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Beck, E. C. (1962) Five new Chironomidae (Diptera) from Florida. The Florida Entomologist, 45, 89 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3492223"]}

Polypedilum (Tripodura) mengmanense Zhang & Wang sp. n. (Figure 9) Polypedilum sp 5. SC. 114, 115; Song et al. 2016: 542. Type material. Holotype: male (BDN. P004), Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengman County, Mengman Town, 4. V. 2013, light trap, S. Li. Paratype: 1 male, Sichuan Province, Xichang City, 4.VI. 1996, light trap, X. Wang. Etymology. Name after the type locality. Diagnostic characters. The species can be separated from other members of the subgenus by the wing marking, the superior volsella turned inwards apically and with 2 long sub-apical setae and 1 apical seta directed medially, distal margin of tergite IX triangular. Male imago (n= 2). Total length 2.12–2.59 mm. Wing length 1.28–1.33 mm. Total length / wing length 1.71– 1.95. Wing length / length of profemur 2.28–2.32. Coloration. Dark brown species. Legs with femora distal 1 / 3, fore tibia, fore tarsomere I and fore tarsomere II basal 1 / 2 yellow; the remaining segments brown. Thorax brown with darker postnotum and preepisternum. All abdominal segments brown. Head. AR 0.70–0.75. Ultimate flagellomere 310–340 µm long. Temporal setae 9 – 9, including 2–3 inner verticals, 3–4 outer verticals and 3 – 3 postorbitals. Clypeus with 12–13 setae. Tentorium 88–90 µm long, 15–20 µm wide. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 30 –33, 30–33, 70–75, 78– 80, 113 – 148; the 3 rd segment bearing 2–3 sensilla chaetica. Wing (Figure 9 A). VR 1.30–1.32. R with 14–16 setae; R 1 with 11–12; R 4 + 5 with 16–18. Squama with 4–5 setae. Thorax. Dorsocentrals 12–15, including 1–3 humerals; acrostichals 14–15; prealars 4–5. Scutellum with 7–10 setae. Legs. Terminal scale (Figure 9 B) of front tibia 40–45 µm long, triangular and apically pointed; spur of middle tibia 45–48 um long including 20–23 µm long comb, un-spurred comb 18–23 µm long, spur on hind tibia 45–50 µm long including 23–25 µm long comb, un-spurred comb 20–25 µm long. Width at apex of front tibia 38–40 µm, of middle tibia 38–40 µm, of hind tibia 45–50 µm. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs as in table 1. Hypopygium (Figure 9 C, D). Tergite IX with 6–7 median setae. Laterosternite with 2 setae. Anal point 53–55 µm long, lateral projections 50–55 µm long. Anal tergite bands not fused basal to median setae. Phallapodeme 70– 75 µm long; transverse sternapodeme 43–55 µm long. Gonocoxite 93–115 µm long. Superior volsella (Figure 9 C) 40–53 µm long, with apex turned inwards, the base and apex covered with microtrichiae, the apex bearing 2 strong setae and 1 long apical seta directed medially. Inferior volsella parallel-sided, 75–83 µm long, with 7 oral setae and 1 apical seta. Gonostylus 125–130 µm long, with 5–6 long setae along inner margin. HR 0.74–0.92. HV 1.74–2.07. Distribution. The species was collected in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces (Oriental China). Remarks. The new species resembles P. (T.) neoperturbans Ree, 2009 distributed in Korea. They are compared in Table 3.

pullum (Zetterstedt, 1838): Insecta Lapponica, 811 (Chironomus). Type locality. Sweden (Lapponia Umensi, Wilhelmina) Distribution. PA: Belgium, German, France, England, Italy, Ireland, Sweden, Finland, Romania, Russian Far East, Mongolia, Korea., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Zetterstedt, J. W. (1838) Dipterologis Scandinaviae. Section 3: Diptera. In: Insecta Lapponica, Lipsinae. 40, pp. 477 - 868."]}

titicacae Roback & Coffman, 1983: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 135: 61 Polypedilum (Tripodura)). Type locality. Peru. Distribution. NT: Peru, Bolivia., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Roback, S. & Coffman, W. (1983) Results of the Catherwood Bolivian - Peruvian Altiplano expedition Part II. Aquatic Diptera including montane Diamesinae and Orthocladiinae (Chironomidae) from Venezuela. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, 135, 9 - 79."]}

luteopodis Sublette & Sasa, 1994: Spixiana (Supplement), 20: 48 (Polypedilum (Tripodura)). Type locality. Guatemala (Rincon). Distribution. NT: Guatemala., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Sublette, J. E. & Sasa, M. (1994) Chironomidae collected in Onchocerciasis endemic areas of Guatemala. Spixiana (Supplement), 20, 1 - 60."]}

bilamella sp. n. Type locality. China, Xizang Autonomous Region, Ya���dong County, Yacheng. Distribution. PA: China (Hubei, Gansu, Ningxia); OR: China (Shaanxi, Yunnan, Sichuan)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782

tropicum (Kieffer, 1913): R��sultats Scientifiques Insectes Dipt��res, X, 21 (Polypedilum). Type locality. Kenya. Distribution. AF: Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Lesotho, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Zimbabwe., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Kieffer, J. J. (1913) Chironomidae et Cecidomyidae - Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et R. Jeanel en Afrique Orientale (1911 - 12). Resultats Scientifiques Insectes Dipteres, X, 1 - 43."]}

numerus Chaudhuri, Guha & Das Gupta, 1981: Tijdschrift Voor Entomologi, 124: 135 (Polypedilum). Type locality. India (West Bengal, Darjeeling). Distribution. OR: India., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Chaudhuri, P. K., Guha, D. K. & Gupta, S. K. D. (1981) Taxonomic studies of Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae) from India. The genus Polypedilum Kieffer. Tijdschrift Voor Entomologi, 124, 112 - 137."]}

tobadecima Kikuchi & Sasa, 1990: Japanese Journal of Sanitary of Zoology, 4: 309 (Polypedilum (Tripodura)). Type locality. Indonesia (Sumatra, Lake Toba). Distribution. OR: (Indonesia)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Kikuchi, M. & Sasa, M. (1990) Studies on the chironomid midges (Diptera, Chironomidae) of the Lake Toba area, Sumatra, Indonesia. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 41, 291 - 329."]}

miyakoense Hasegawa & Sasa, 1987: Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoolog y, 38: 292 (Polypedilum). Type locality. Japan, Miyako Island, Okinawa Prefecute. Distribution. OR: Japan (Ryukyu Islands)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Hasegawa, H. & Sasa, M. (1987) Taxonomical notes on the chironomid midges of the tribe Chironomini collected from Ryukyu island, Japan, with description of their iµmature stage. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoolog y, 38 (4), 275 - 295."]}

stephani Lehmann, 1981: Spixiana (Supplement), 5: 37 (Polypedilum (Tripodura)). Type locality. Democratic Republic of the Congo, Simisimi-Bach, Kisangani Distribution. AF: Democratic Republic of the Congo., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Lehmann, J. (1981) Chironomidae (Diptera) aus Fliezgewassern Zentralafrikas (Systematik, Okologie, Verbreitung und Produktionsbiologie). Teil II: Die Region um Kisangani, Zentralafrikas. Spixiana (Supplement), 5, 1 - 85."]}

wayana Bidawid & Fittkau, 1995: Entomofauna, 16: 530 (Polypedilum (Tripodura)). Type locality. Brazil (oberhalb des Rio Paru de Oeste, Mission Tirio). Distribution. NT: Brazil., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Bidawid, N. & Fittkau, E. J. (1995) Zur Kenntnis der neotropischen Arten der Gattung Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912. Teil I. (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomofauna, 16 (27), 465 - 536."]}

scalaenum (von Schrank 1803): Fauna boica, 3: 73 (Tipula). Type locality. Sil��sie (Poland). Distribution. NE: Canada, USA (Alabama, Colorado, District of Columbia, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Nevada, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia). PA: Europe, Russia, Israel, Lebanon, Mongolia, Korean Peninsula, Japan, Morocco; OR: China (Zhejiang, Fujiang, Guangdong, Guizhou)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["von Schrank, R. P. (1803) Fauna Boica. Durchgedachte Geschichte der in Baiern Einheimischen und Zahmen Tiere, 3, 1 - 272."]}

patulum Bj��rlo, 2002: Zoologica Scripta, 31 (4): 382 (Polypedilum (Tripodura)). Type locality. Gabon, Moyen-Ogoou��Region, Ndjel��, Auberge St Jean Ogoou�� River. Distribution. AF: Gabon., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Vardal, H., Bjorlo, A. & Saether, O. A. (2002) Afrotropical Polypedilum subgenus Tripodura, with a review of the subgenus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zoologica Scripta, 31, 331 - 402. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1463 - 6409.2002.00096. x"]}

bispinum Zhang & Wang, 2007: Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 32 (4): 787, (Polypedilum (Tripodura)). Type locality. China, Hainan Province, Lishui County, Diaoluo Town. Distribution. OR: China (Hainan)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Zhang, R. L. & Wang, X. H. (2007) Two new species of Polypedilum (Tripodura) Townes from Oriental China (Diptera, Chironomidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 32 (4), 787 - 791."]}

unifascia (Tokunaga, 1938): The Philippine Journal of Science, 65: 335 (Chironomus (Tripodura)). Type locality. Japan (Yamashina, Kyoto Prefecture). Distribution. PA: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Korea; China (Shandong); Russian Far East; OR: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Taiwan); Japan (Ryukyu Islands)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Tokunaga, M. (1938) Chironomidae from Japan (Diptera). X. New or little - known midges, with descriptions of the metamorphoses of several species. The Philippine Journal of Science, 65, 313 - 383."]}

abyssiniae ( Kieffer, 1918): Annales Historico Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 16: 65 (Polypedilum). Type locality. Ethiopia (Lake Dembel). Distribution. AF: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), Ethiopia, Malawi, Mali, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo and Zimbabwe., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Kieffer, J. J. (1918) Chironomides d'Afrique et d'Asie conserves au Musee National Hongrois de Budapest. Annales Historico- Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 16, 31 - 139."]}

amplificatus Bj��rlo, 2002: Zoologica Scripta, 31: 384 (Polypedilum (Tripodura)). Type locality. Tanzania (Tanga Region, West Usambara Mountains, Mazumbai, Kaputu stream). Distribution. AF: Tanzania., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Vardal, H., Bjorlo, A. & Saether, O. A. (2002) Afrotropical Polypedilum subgenus Tripodura, with a review of the subgenus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zoologica Scripta, 31, 331 - 402. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1463 - 6409.2002.00096. x"]}

villcanota Roback & Coffman, 1983: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 135: 59 (Polypedilum (Tripodura)). Type locality. Peru. Distribution. NT: Peru.

cypellum Qi, Shi, Zhang & Wang, 2014: Entomotaxonomia, 36 (2): 119 (Polypedilum (Tripodura)). Type locality. China, Zhejiang, Zhoushan City, Putuo District, Dengbu Village, Xishan Island Distribution. OR: China (Zhejiang).

Polypedilum (Tripodura) nudiprostatum Zhang, Wang & Saether Polypedilum (Tripodura) nudiprostatum Zhang, Wang & Saether, 2006: 43. Material examined. Holotype male (BDN No.01560), CHINA: Guangxi Autonomous Region, Longsheng County, Sanmen Town, 26. V. 1990, light trap, X. Wang. Paratype: 1 male, Fujian Province, Jianning County, the forestry bureau of county town, 26. IX. 2002, Z. Liu, light trap. Diagnostic characters. The species differs from other species of Tripodura in the shape of the straight superior volsella and the trifid anal point with long bare lateral projection. Key characters of male imago. Total length 1.89 mm, wing length 1.08���1.24 mm. AR 0.58���0.59. Clypeus with 13���14 setae. Wing with 4 markings, 1 at base of cell r 4 +5, 1 at base of cell m 1 +2, 1 in cell m 3 + 4 basal and extending to cell cu 1 distal, 1 in the middle of cell an. R with 12���14 setae; R 1 with 8���9; R 4 + 5 with 14���15. Squama with 5���6 setae. Dorsocentrals 13���16; acrostichals 11���14; prealars 3���4. Scutellum with 9���10 setae. Terminal scale of front tibia with small spur, fore leg ratio 1.88. Anal tergite bands not fused basal, with 2���3 median setae. Anal point broad and 63���68 ��m long; lateral projection without microtrichiae, strongly sclerited and slightly spatulated at apex. Superior volsella 52���60 ��m long, with 2 strong diageotropic inner setae at 1 / 4 apex and 1 outer sub-apical seta; 11���13 slender setae present at apical 1 / 4. Inferior volsella 65���72 ��m long, with 7 oral setae and an apical seta. HR 0.78���0.91. HV 2.01. Distribution. The superior volsella of the present species without apical extension is unusual in the genus Polypedilum; relevant discussions on the variation of superior volsella with the genus Polypedilum consult Bidawid & Fittkau (1995) and Zhang et al. (2006). The lateral projections of the anal point are narrow, parallelsided, strongly sclerotized and without setae, i.e. different from nearly all other known species in the subgenus with trifid anal point., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Zhang, R. L., Wang, X. H. & Saether, O. A. (2006) Two unusual species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Oriental China. Zootaxa, 1282, 39 - 48.","Bidawid, N. & Fittkau, E. J. (1995) Zur Kenntnis der neotropischen Arten der Gattung Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912. Teil I. (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomofauna, 16 (27), 465 - 536."]}

labeculosum (Mitchell, 1908): Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 16: 14 (Chironomus). Type locality. USA (hot springs, Arizona). Distribution. NE: USA (California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Mitchell, E. G. (1908) Descriptions of nine new species of gnats. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 16, 7 - 14."]}

Polypedilum (Tripodura) dengae Zhang & Wang sp. n. (Figure 6) Polypedilum sp. 17 SC, song39, 40; Song et al. 2016: 542. Type material. Holotype: male (BDN. 08029), CHINA: Xizang Autonomous region, Nyalam County, Zham Town, 21. IV. 1987, light trap, C. Deng. Paratypes: 11 males, as the holotype. Etymology. Named in honor of Professor Deng who collected the material. Diagnostic characters. Differs from other members of the subgenus by the lanceolate anal point, characteristic wing pattern and pad-like superior volsella. Male imago (n= 6). Total length 2.53���3.15, 2.78 mm. Wing length 1.50���1.98, 1.68 mm. Total length/ wing length 1.59���1.70, 1.66. Wing length/ length of profemur 2.50���2.86, 2.68. Coloration. Head brown. Thorax yellowish brown with pale halteres. Abdominal segments yellow. Femur brown with pale sub-apical ring, the remain parts of legs yellowish brown. Head. AR 0.28���0.40, 0.33. Ultimate flagellomere 170���230, 198 ��m long. Temporal setae 13 ���14, 13, including 3 ���4, 3 inner verticals, 6 ���7, 6 outer verticals and 3 ���3, 3 postorbitals. Clypeus with 15 ���22, 18 setae. Tentorium 108��� 125, 117 ��m long, 20 ���25, 23 ��m wide. Palpomere lengths (in ��m): 30 ���40, 34; 25 ���45, 35; 83 ���95, 86; 90 ���108, 94; 183���190, 186.. Wing (Figure 6 A). Wing with several markings, one at the base of cell r 4 + 5, one in middle of cell r 4 + 5, one at base of cell m 3 + 4 and extended across vein Cu 1, cell m 1 + 2 and distal area of cell r 4 + 5 with grey tract. VR 1.23���1.30, 1.27. R with 15 ���22, 18 setae; R 1 with 10 ���15, 13; R 4 + 5 with 22 ���32, 27 setae. Squama with 7 ���12, 10 setae. Thorax. Dorsocentrals 15 ���23, 18, including 2 ���3, 3 humerals; acrostichals 13 ���19, 15; prealars 3 ���6, 4. Scutellum with 16 ���23, 19 setae. Legs. Terminal scale (Figure 6 B) of front tibia 30 ���43, 36 ��m long, triangular with a small spur. Spur of middle tibia 43 ���58, 48 um long including 20 ���33, 24 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 18 ���30, 20 ��m long, spur of hind tibia 40 ���53, 45 ��m long including 18 ���30, 24 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 18 ���25, 21 ��m long. Width at apex of front tibia 40 ���55, 44 ��m, of middle tibia 40 ���50, 45 ��m, of hind tibia 48 ���63, 53 ��m. Lengths (in ��m) and proportions of legs as in Table 1. Hypopygium (Figure 6 C, D). Anal tergite band developed, fused at base. Tergite IX with 6 ���12, 9 median setae. Laterosternite with 1 ���3, 2 setae. Anal point lanceolate, 55 ���75, 66 ��m long; lateral projection 13 ���15, 14 ��m long. Phallapodeme 75 ���90, 83 ��m long, transverse sternapodeme 33 ���43, 37 ��m long. Gonocoxite 120���145, 131 ��m long. Superior volsella (Figure 6 C) pad���like, with 4���5 short setae on inner margin and 1 long seta on outer distal margin. Inferior volsella 100���118, 108 ��m long, with 10���11 oral setae and 1 apical seta. Gonostylus 138���163, 148 ��m long, with 5 long setae along inner margin. HR 1.03���1.14, 1.08. HV 1.65���1.80, 1.77. Distribution. The species was collected from the Oriental China. Remarks. P. (T.) dengae Zhang & Wang sp. n. resembles P. (T.) yaumounei Moubayed, 1992 in hypopygial morphology. P. (T.) dengae sp. n. has a low AR (0.28���0.40) comparing with P. (T.) yaumounei Moubayed (0.75��� 0.86). The superior volsella of P. (T.) dengae Zhang & Wang sp. n. has one long seta on outer distal margin, but 2 in P. (T.) yaumounei Moubayed. The wing marking pattern is different in these two species., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Song, C., Wang, Q., Zhang, R. L., Sun, B. J. & Wang, X. H. (2016) Exploring the utility of DNA barcoding in species delimitation of Polypedilum (Tripodura) non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 4079 (5), 534 - 550. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4079.5.2","Moubayed, J. (1992) On the genus Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912 from Lebanon, description of three new species. Spixiana, 15, 197 - 205."]}

tamahinoense Sasa & Ichimori, 1983: Research Report from the National Institute for Environmental Studies, 43: 103 (Polypedilum). Type locality. Japan (Hino, Tam River, Tokyo). Distribution. PA: Japan (Honshu, Kyushu)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Sasa, M. & Ichimori, K. (1983) Studies on chironomid midges of the Tama River - Part 7. Additional species collected in winter from the main stream. Research Report from the National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, 43, 100 - 122."]}

griseopunctatum (Malloch, 1915): Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 10: 428 (Chironomus). Type locality. USA (Momence, Illinois) Distribution. NE: USA (Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Virginia)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Malloch, J. R. (1915) The Chironomidae or midges of Illinois, with particular reference to the species occurring in the Illinois river. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 10, 275 - 543."]}

sidoniensis Moubayed, 1989: Acta Biologica Debrecina (Supplementum Oecologica Hungarica), 2: 276 (Polypedilum (Tripodura)). Type locality. Lebanon (Awaali River, Source of Bater El-chouf). Distribution. PA: Lebanon., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Moubayed, Z. (1989) Description of five new species of Chironominae (Dipt., Chironomidae) from Near East and the Oriental region. Acta Biologica Debrecina (Supplementum Oecologica Hungarica), 2, 275 - 283."]}

pollicium sp. n. Type locality. China, Hainan Province, Changjiang County, Bawangling Natural Reserve. Distribution. OR: China (Hainan)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782

elongatum Albu, 1980: Fauna Republicii Socialiste Romania Insecta, 11: 209 (Polypedilum). Type locality. Romania (la Sinaia (Jud. Prahova) i Gura Zlata). Distribution. PA: Germany, Romania, France, Greece., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Albu, P. (1980) Diptera Fam. Chironomidae - Subfam. Chironominae. Fauna Republicii Socialiste Romania Insecta, 11, 193 - 228."]}

xamatari Bidawid & Fittkau, 1995: Entomofauna, 16: 480 (Polypedilum (Tripodura)). Type locality. Brazil (Rio Tocantins, oberhalb Marab��). Distribution. NT: Brazil (Par��)., Published as part of Zhang, Ruilei, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Wang, Xinhua, 2016, Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 4136 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399782, {"references":["Bidawid, N. & Fittkau, E. J. (1995) Zur Kenntnis der neotropischen Arten der Gattung Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912. Teil I. (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomofauna, 16 (27), 465 - 536."]}