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Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste, Maier, Chris T. (2009): Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4): 697-749, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x

COPESTYLUM MEXICANUM (MACQUART, 1842) Larva and puparium: Posterior breathing tube shiny below TR. Above TR shiny and faintly punctured. AP about as long as TR is wide and with an incomplete and shallow longitudinal groove from spiracular plates to TR. Pupal spiracles slightly curved from the base and about 2¥ as far apart as pupal spiracle is long. Taxonomic notes: This species may be distinguished from others in the group by the AP which is about as long as TR is wide and the slightly curved pupal spiracles. Material examined: 1 ♂, one puparium MEXICO, Hidalgo, Metztitlán, 18.viii.2005 M. A. M. ex Opuntia sp. (CIBIO)., Published as part of Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste & Maier, Chris T., 2009, Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species, pp. 697-749 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4) on page 720, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443474

COPESTYLUM IMITANS (CURRAN, 1926) Puparium: Anterior fold without extra large spicules. Anterior spiracles with three openings. Spicules only between longitudinal folds on the dorsum of the prothorax reaching to middle sensilla i.e. about halfway along folds. Abdominal vestiture of short, upright setae. Anal lobe with spicules. Posterior breathing tube orange, not tapering. AP smooth, mostly shiny and as long as TR is wide. Pupal spiracles dark orange, matt, and with three encircling rings of openings in upper third. Pupal spiracles about 1.5¥ as wide apart as a pupal spiracle is long. Taxonomic notes: Copestylum imitans is recognizable by the dark orange pupal spiracles, nontapering posterior breathing tube and numerous spicules between the longitudinal folds of the prothorax. Copestylum ornatum has similarly dark pupal spiracles but the posterior breathing tube tapers in that species. Material examined (INBio): 2 ♂, 1 ♀, three puparia COSTA RICA, Alajuela, Upala, Dos Rios, Estación San Gerado, 600 m, 13.ix.2000, ex columnar cactus (Cactaceae) D. Briceno; 4 ♀, four puparia COSTA RICA Guanacaste, Santa Rosa, 19.i.2005, ex Opuntia M. Zumbado., Published as part of Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste & Maier, Chris T., 2009, Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species, pp. 697-749 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4) on page 703, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443474

COPESTYLUM LATUM (WIEDEMANN, 1830) Larva and puparium: Anterior fold with a narrow band of spicules. Metathorax with two linear groups of distinct spicules on the anteroventral margin and some spicules on the lateral margins. Dorsal vestiture comprising shorter setae in the middle of transverse bands and with anterodorsal groups of large, broad setae on the mesothorax and metathorax. Abdominal segments 4–6 with second row of crochets inconspicuous and not as developed as on abdominal segments 1–3. Posterior breathing tube red-brown at base, dark brown at apex, below TR tube nodulate, above shiny. AP about a third as high to spiky rim as wide at TR. Pupal spiracles about 2¥ as far apart as a pupal spiracle is long and curved in upper third. Openings coating upper half of one side, those at the apex without a lateral projection. Taxonomic notes: Most similar to C. macrocephalum from which it differs in the broader, shorter posterior breathing tube which above the TR to the spiky rim is only about a third as long as TR is wide. Material examined (CIBIO, NMS): 2 ♂, 1 ♀, two puparia, one larva MEXICO Tehuacán, Puebla Zapotitlán, Salinas, Jardín Botánico 7.vii.1999 E. G. H., M. A. M., G. E. R. ex decaying fallen M. geometrizans; 1 ♂, one puparium MEXICO, Hidalgo, Metztitlán 19.ix.2005., Published as part of Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste & Maier, Chris T., 2009, Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species, pp. 697-749 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4) on pages 718-719, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443474

COPESTYLUM POSTICUM (SAY, 1829) Larva and puparium: Anterior fold with a wide band of spicules. Metathorax with two groups of a few indistinct spicules on the anteroventral margin. Dorsal vestiture comprising evenly sized setae except for anterodorsal groups of large, broad setae on the mesothorax and metathorax and smaller setae on middle transverse bands on abdominal segments 1–2. Abdominal segments 4–6 with second row of crochets inconspicuous and not as developed as on abdominal segments 1–3. Posterior breathing tube red-brown at base, dark brown at apex, below TR tube nodulate, above coriaceous. AP about a third as high to spiky rim as wide at TR. Pupal spiracles approximated about as far apart as a pupal spiracle is wide and slightly curved in upper third (Fig. 71). Openings coating upper half of one side, those at the apex without a lateral projection. Taxonomic notes: Very similar in larval characters to C. isabellina from which C. posticum differs in the pupal spiracles being close, about as far apart as a spiracle is wide, and the openings at the apex lacking spiky projections. Material examined (CIBIO, NMS): 3 ♀, three puparia MEXICO, Tehuacán, Puebla Zapotitlán, Salinas, Jardín Botánico 7.vii.1999 E. G. H., M. A. M., G. E. R. ex one each from decaying N. tetetzo, Stenocereus sp., and an unidentified columnar cactus; 11 ♂, 18 ♀, 29 puparia MEXICO, Chiapas, Mazapa de Maderos, 850 m, 23–25.vi.2004 M. A. M. and C. P. B.., Published as part of Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste & Maier, Chris T., 2009, Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species, pp. 697-749 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4) on page 719, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443474

COPESTYLUM TAMAULIPANUM (TOWNSEND, 1898) Larva and puparium: Anterior fold without extra large spicules. Anterior spiracles with three openings. Abdominal vestiture of short, upright setae. Anal lobe without spicules. Posterior breathing tube orange, tapering. AP smooth, shiny and as long as TR is wide. Pupal spiracles orange, matt, and with three encircling rings of openings in upper third. Pupal spiracles as wide apart as a pupal spiracle is long. Taxonomic notes: Copestylum tamaulipanum is very similar to C. alberlena and C. multipunctatum in having a tapering posterior breathing tube and light orange pupal spiracles. It differs from both these species in the AP that is as long as the TR is wide. In the latter two species the AP is shorter than the TR is wide. Material examined: 1 ♀, one puparium USA Hunter No. 1612-72, 30.xi.1908; 1 ♂, one puparium USA Texas, Victoria 14.xii.1908 JD Mitchell ex Opuntia (SI); 1 ♂, one puparium, six larva MEXICO Veracruz, Alvarado vii.1998 M. A. M. and C. P. B. ex decaying platyclades of Opuntia stricta (Haw) Haw 1812 (CIBIO). Previous records: ex O. stricta (Marcos-García & Pérez-Bañón, 2001, 2002), Published as part of Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste & Maier, Chris T., 2009, Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species, pp. 697-749 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4) on page 706, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443474, {"references":["Marcos-Garcia MA, Perez-Banon C. 2001. Immature stages of Copestylum tamaulipanum and Copestylum lentum (Diptera: Syrphidae). European Journal of Entomology 98: 375 - 385.","Marcos-Garcia MA, Perez-Banon C. 2002. Life cycle, adult and immature stages of a new species of Copestylum (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Mexico reared from Cactaceae. Annals of the Entomological Society America 95: 432 - 440."]}

COPESTYLUM VIOLACEUM (SAY, 1829) Larva and puparium: Posterior breathing tube shiny below TR. AP shiny, faintly punctured about as long as TR is wide, and with a shallow depression just below apex not forming a complete longitudinal groove to the TR. AP about as long as TR is wide. Pupal spiracles curved in upper half and about 1.6¥ apart as pupal spiracle is long. Taxonomic notes: This species may be distinguished from others in the group by the slightly curved pupal spiracles and the faintly punctured AP which is about as long as the TR is wide. Material examined: 2 ♀, two puparia MEXICO Hidalgo 26.iii.1924 no other data (SI); 5 ♂, five puparia MEXICO Hidalgo, Metztitlán 19.viii– 3.ix.2005 ex columnar cactus M. A. M. (CIBIO, NMS)., Published as part of Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste & Maier, Chris T., 2009, Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species, pp. 697-749 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4) on page 720, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443474

COPESTYLUM SICA (CURRAN, 1953) Larva and puparium (Fig 27): Posterior breathing tube shiny below TR. Above TR shiny and punctured. AP just over half as long, about 0.65¥ as TR is wide. Pupal spiracles curved from the base and about 1.4¥ as far apart as pupal spiracle is long. Taxonomic notes: This species may be distinguished from others in the group by the punctured AP and the AP just over half as long as the TR is wide. Material examined: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, two puparia, one larva ECUADOR Pinchincha, Guayllamaba 29.viii.2000 Elicio Tapir, E. G. H., G. E. R., ex decaying leaves of a flowered and recently dead unidentified agave (Agavaceae) (NMS); 1 ♂, 4 ♀, five puparia COSTA RICA Guanacaste, Rincón de la Vieja 19.i.2005 C. P. B. and M. Zumbado., Published as part of Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste & Maier, Chris T., 2009, Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species, pp. 697-749 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4) on page 720, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443474, {"references":["Curran CH. 1953. Notes and Descriptions of Some Mydaidae and Syrphidae (Diptera). American Museum Novitates 1645: 1 - 15."]}

COPESTYLUM FRAUDULENTUM (WILLISTON, 1891) Larva and puparium (prothoracic plate and pupal spiracles missing): Dorsal abdominal vestiture coating the surface but shorter on either side of the transverse folds. Ventral abdominal vestiture dense and of varying length across folds: anterior sides of folds with longer setae than posterior sides. Posterior breathing tube red-brown, surface corrugated and lightly punctured, about half width of puparium. TR deep and distinct. AP bulging, not tapering, about 0.77¥ as long as TR is wide and with spiracular openings of simple s-shaped curves. Taxonomic notes: The larva and puparium are readily distinguished from those of other species in this group by the clearly discernable TR on the posterior breathing tube and the dorsal abdominal vestiture which completely coats the integument. Material examined: 1 ♂, one puparium USA Arizona, Phoenix 12.ii.1939 collector unknown ex cactus (SI). Previous records: Mann (1969) ex Opuntia., Published as part of Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste & Maier, Chris T., 2009, Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species, pp. 697-749 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4) on page 712, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443474, {"references":["Mann J. 1969. Cactus-feeding insects and mites. Bulletin of the US National Museum 256: 1 - 158."]}

COPESTYLUM APICIFERUM (TOWNSEND, 1895) Larva and puparium (Fig. 25): Anterior fold with band of spicules rounded not tapered at outer limits. Longest vestiture of dorsum of prothorax shorter than longest spicules on the anterior fold. Posterior breathing tube about as long as wide above poorly defined TR (Fig. 66). AP tapering to half width of TR and 0.9¥ as long as TR is wide. Pupal spiracles separated by 2.1¥ their length and openings not clustered closely together at the apex but spread down the upper third and separated by about 2¥ diameter of an opening (Fig. 67). Taxonomic notes: Copestylum apiciferum is separated from C. quadratum (Williston, 1891) and C. milae sp. nov. by the pattern of distribution formed by spicules at the ends of the band on the anterior fold that are rounded not tapered, AP not as long as TR is wide and the distribution of the openings on the pupal spiracles, which are distributed over the apical third and not clustered at the apex. Copestylum apiciferum is separated from C. hidalgense sp. nov. by the absence of spicules on the anterodorsal margin of the mesothorax. Material examined: Five larvae USA Arizona, Pima Co., Santa Catalina Mountains, Lower Bear Canyon 1.ii.1965 J. Burger ex decaying Carnegiea gigantea (Englem.) Britton and Rose 1908 (= Cereus giganteus Englem.) (SI); one larva USA Arizona, Pima Co., 20.iv.1973 C. T. M. ex decaying C. gigantea (NMS) 1 ♂, 3 ♀, six puparia USA Arizona, Pima Co., 24 km west of Tucson 21.iii.1979 C. T. M. ex rot pocket of Ferocactus sp. (Britton and Rose 1922) (NMS). Previous records: Ryckman & Ames (1953), Santana (1961) both ex C. gigantea; Maier (1982) ex Ferocactus sp., Published as part of Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste & Maier, Chris T., 2009, Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species, pp. 697-749 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4) on page 715, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443474, {"references":["Ryckman RE, Ames CT. 1953. Insects reared from cacti in Arizona. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 60: 326 - 331.","Santana FJ. 1961. The biology of immature Diptera associated with bacterial decay in the giant sagaro cactus (Cereus giganteus Englemann). MS Thesis, University of Arizona.","Maier CT. 1982. Larval habitat and mate-seeking sites of flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae: Eristalinae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society Washington 84: 603 - 609."]}

COPESTYLUM QUADRATUM (WILLISTON, 1891) Larva and puparium: Anterior fold with band of spicules narrowing towards the lateral ends. Longest vestiture of dorsum of prothorax longer than longest spicules on the anterior fold. Posterior breathing tube with AP about as long as wide above inconspicuous TR. AP tapering to about two-thirds of width of TR and 1.1¥ as long as TR is wide. Pupal spiracles about the same length as the AP and separated by about 1.3¥ their length with openings surrounding the apex. Taxonomic notes: Copestylum quadratum is most similar to C. milae from which it differs by having the openings of the pupal spiracles surrounding the apex rather than being on the apex and by having the AP slightly longer than the TR is wide. Copestylum quadratum is separated from C. hidalgense by the absence of spicules on the anterodorsal margin of the mesothorax. Material examined (INBio): 1 ♂, one puparium COSTA RICA San José, Santa Cruz, Central 5.ix.1999 Y. Cárdenas ex decaying cactus; 1 ♂, one puparium COSTA RICA Alajuela, Arado 4.xii.1999 Y. Cárdenas ex decaying cactus; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, three puparia, four larvae COSTA RICA Guanacaste, La Cruz, Santa Elena, Est. Junquilla 29.x.1999 Y. Cárdenas and D. Briceño ex decaying Stenocereus aragonii (F.A.C. Weber) Buxb. 1961 (Cactaceae)., Published as part of Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste & Maier, Chris T., 2009, Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species, pp. 697-749 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4) on page 717, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443474

COPESTYLUM ORNATUM (WILLISTON, 1891) Puparium: (prothoracic plate missing), largest species of the group, puparium length 9 mm. Anterior fold without extra large spicules. Thorax with lateral fold bearing sensilla 4 of mesothorax wider than band immediately below bearing sensilla 5. Abdominal vestiture of short, upright setae. Anal lobe without spicules. Posterior breathing tube orange, tapering. AP punctured and shiny, and as long as TR is wide. Pupal spiracles dark orange, matt, shining apically, and with openings in upper third. Pupal spiracles 1.1¥ as wide apart as a pupal spiracle is long. Taxonomic notes: Copestylum ornatum is similar to those species of the Pictum group having a tapering posterior breathing tube. It can be separated from these species by its large size (puparium length 9 mm), upper thoracic lateral fold being wider than the fold immediately below and having dark orange pupal spiracles. In having dark orange pupal spiracles it is similar to C. imitans but may be separated from that species by its tapering posterior breathing tube. Material examined (INBio): 1 ♂, one puparium COSTA RICA Alajuela, La Garita, Fca. Periodistas 14.i.1994 ex Hylocereus costaricensis (F.A.C. Weber) Britton and Rose 1909 (Cactaceae); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, two puparia COSTA RICA Heredia, Santo Domingo, INBioparque 15.vii.2000 ex decaying columnar cactus E. G. H., G. E. R.., Published as part of Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste & Maier, Chris T., 2009, Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species, pp. 697-749 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4) on pages 704-705, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443474

COPESTYLUM COCHABAMBA ROTHERAY, MARCOS & HANCOCK SP. NOV. Adult: Male holotype: face with lateral margins inflated and with slight lateral tubercles near the eye margins below the antennae. Face indented slightly from just above margin of mouth so lower part of face appears as a narrow projection (view from in front). Face and genae yellow and yellow haired except for some black hairs on the central tubercle and on the lower lateral margins of the face. Face without vittae. Tubercle large and prominent and elongate oval in side view. Mid point of tubercle appearing below the mid point between the antennae and the mouth Fig. 5). Frons yellow with black hairs. Antennae yellow with plumose arista and basoflagellomere slightly constricted in the middle and 2.5¥ as long as broad, rounded apically. Ocellar triangle dark yellow and black haired, suture about same length as ocellar triangle. Eyes with yellow hairs reaching lower margins, slightly longer on top of head. Ground colour of mesonotum black except for vague yellowish lateral and posterior margins and transverse suture also yellow marked. Postpronotum well developed, forming a rounded yellow lobe as wide as long with long, yellow and black hairs and two to three black bristles on posterolateral margin. In profile view mesonotum has mixed length pale and black hairs but when viewed from behind, mesonotum has an alternating pattern of hairy, gold and black stripes. Lateral margins with mixed long pale hairs and black bristles. Posterior margin with a row of eight+, thin, prescutellar black bristles, these bristles stronger towards the medial line. Scutellum dark yellow with mixed length black hairs except for pale haired margins and posterior margin with six very strong, socketed, black bristles. Pleurae black except for yellow mark on dorsal margin of posterior anepisternum and densely coated in long yellowish hairs and a row of six+ black bristles on the posterior anepisternum. Wing membrane hyaline, without microtrichia. Legs black with yellowish tibiae and completely black haired. All sternites brown, shiny with long pale hairs. Tergites 1–3 dark yellow, tergite 4 black all coated in short and posteriorly reclined black hairs. Hairs on tergite 4 longer than on other abdominal tergites. Genitalia: in profile view, surstylus longer than basally wide, rounded and slightly tapered at the apex with dark bristles on the inner and anterior sides. Cerci flat tipped. In profile view, epandrium longer than basally broad. Hypandrium indented ventrobasally with below, a rounded ridge across the ventral margin. Hypandrium smoothly punctured and covered with fine pile. Superior lobe dorsally rounded and with a hook shaped apex (Figs 10, 11). Female: Similar to holotype male; width of vertex about 2/5 width of head. Length: Body 13.0– 13.1 mm; wing 12.5 mm (N = 2). Puparium: Anterodorsal margin of mesothorax with enlarged setae and spicules. Dorsal vestiture of abdomen spread across folds and not strongly confined to medial transverse bands. Crochets translucent with red tips. Posterior breathing tube dark brown, short, about 1/10 as wide as puparium, AP only 0.6¥ as long as TR is wide, coriaceous not tapering and slightly bulging ventrally with midventral groove ending before halfway point to TR. Pupal spiracles about 1.6¥ as long as AP and 1.2¥ as wide apart as a pupal spiracle is long. Material examined: Holotype: male with puparium BOLIVIA, Cochabamba, ix.2004, ex decaying Opuntia. Known only from this locality, collected by G. E. R. and E. G. H. (NMS). Paratype: 1 ♀ with puparia, same data as holotype (HM). Etymology: The name refers to ‘Cochabamba’, the Bolivian locality where the larva of the type specimen was collected. Taxonomic notes: In the Scutellata group key of Fluke (1951), the adult of C. cochabamba keys out to C. rectum (Wulp, 1882). Fluke (1951) provided a description of a species that he determined as C. rectum but questioned whether his determination was correct on the basis of discrepancies between his specimens and the description of recta given by Wulp. Copestylum cochabamba differs from both C. recta Wulp and C. rectum sensu Fluke (1951) in the following combination of characters: a flattened not a well rounded facial tubercle, black not pale haired facial margins, pale not black hairs on the abdominal sternites, and in the male genitalia by a rectangular not squareshaped epandrium with surstyli that are taller rather than shorter than basally long. The puparium of C. cochabamba is distinguished from other early stages of the Scutellatum group by the dark brown posterior breathing tube which does not taper, AP about half as long as TR is wide and the pupal spiracles which are about as long as TR is wide., Published as part of Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste & Maier, Chris T., 2009, Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species, pp. 697-749 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4) on pages 713-714, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443474, {"references":["Fluke CT. 1951. Syrphid flies related to Volucella scutellata Macquart. American Museum Novitates 1503: 1 - 83."]}

COPESTYLUM SIMILE GIGLO- TOS, 1892 Larva and puparium: Anterior fold with a wide spicule band extending from just above the antennomaxillary organs to the apex. Spicules confined to the extreme ends of the longitudinal folds of the prothorax, only one or two further along between the folds. Crochets of metathoracic prolegs forming a w-shaped band. Metathorax with lateral folds bearing broad setae at sensilla 4 and 5. Anal lobe with spicules. Posterior breathing tube with AP 1.4¥ length of TR, matt and shiny in parts and tapering. Pupal spiracles about 0.78¥ length of AP. Taxonomic notes: Copestylum simile is most similar to other members of the Marginatum group having an AP longer than the width of the TR. It differs from these species in having a wide band of spicules on the anterior fold, bands of broad setae on the anterior margins of the transverse folds on the dorsum of the abdomen, and in having a tapered posterior breathing tube. Material examined (CIBIO, NMS): 2 ♀, two puparia MEXICO, Tehuacán, Puebla Zapotitlán, Salinas, Jardín Botánico 6–10.vii.1999 E. G. H., M. A. M., G. E. R. ex decaying fallen M. geometrizans (Cactaceae); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, three puparia MEXICO, Tehuacán, Puebla Zapotitlán, Salinas, Plan de Fierro 10.vii.1999 E. G. H., M. A. M., G. E. R. ex decaying fallen unidentified cactus; 1 ♂, one puparium MEXICO, Tehuacán, Puebla Zapotitlán, Salinas, Plan de Fierro 10.vii.1999 E. G. H., M. A. M., G. E. R. ex decaying fallen M. geometrizans., Published as part of Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste & Maier, Chris T., 2009, Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species, pp. 697-749 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4) on page 709, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443474

COPESTYLUM HAMBLETONI (FLUKE, 1951) Puparium: Anterodorsal margin of mesothorax with enlarged setae, not spicules. Dorsal vestiture of abdomen spread across folds and not strongly confined to medial transverse bands although shorter in front and behind. Crochets translucent with dark red tips. Posterior breathing tube dark brown, long almost as long as puparium is wide with AP about 0.8¥ as long as TR is wide, coriaceous and faintly punctate and tapering sharply to about 0.5¥ of width of TR (Fig. 61). Pupal spiracles short, about 0.7¥ as long as AP and about 1.4¥ as wide apart as a pupal spiracle is long (Figs 56, 57). Material examined: 2 ♂, 3 ♀, five puparia (CIBIO), 1 ♀ and puparium (NMS), PERU, Trujillo, Cerro Campana, 17.i.2005, ex decaying columnar Cactaceae, E. melanostele. Known only from Cerro Campana, Trujillo, Peru, collected by M. A. M. (CIBIO). Taxonomic notes: The puparium of C. hambletoni is distinguished from other Scutellatum group species considered here by the long posterior breathing tube with its sharply tapering AP and the crochets on the prolegs, which have dark red tips., Published as part of Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste & Maier, Chris T., 2009, Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species, pp. 697-749 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4) on page 714, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443474, {"references":["Fluke CT. 1951. Syrphid flies related to Volucella scutellata Macquart. American Museum Novitates 1503: 1 - 83."]}

COPESTYLUM DISPAR (MACQUART, 1846) Puparium: Posterior breathing tube, shiny and faintly nodulate below TR. Above TR shiny to coriaceous. AP 0.75¥ as long as TR is wide, faintly punctate. Pupal spiracles sharply bent over at halfway point and separated by 1.2¥ the length of a pupal spiracle. Taxonomic notes: This species may be distinguished from others in the group by the sharply curved pupal spiracles and the faintly punctured AP which is about 0.75¥ as long as TR is wide. Material examined (CIBIO, NMS except where stated): 2 ♂, 3 ♀, five puparia MEXICO Oaxaca, Valerio Trujano 14.vii.1999 E. G. H., M. A. M., G. E. R. ex P. hollianus; 1 ♀, one puparium MEXICO Oaxaca, Valerio Trujano 15.vii.1999 E. G. H., M. A. M., G. E. R. ex F. latispinus; 2 ♀, two puparia COSTA RICA Puntarenas, Buenos Aires, Sabanas Esperanza, 3–9.ix.2000 BHB ex decaying leaves of Furcraea cabuya Trel. (Agavaceae) (INBio); 1 ♂, 4 ♀, five puparia MEXICO Chiapas, Mazapa de Maderos, 850 m, 22–25.vi.2004 ex columnar cactus M. A. M. and C. P. B.., Published as part of Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste & Maier, Chris T., 2009, Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species, pp. 697-749 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4) on page 720, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443474

COPESTYLUM COCKERELLI (CURRAN, 1927) Puparium: Anterodorsal margin of mesothorax with enlarged setae (conspicuously longer than surrounding vestiture, not spicules. Dorsal vestiture of abdomen confined to medial areas of transverse folds. Crochets entirely black. Posterior breathing tube dark brown, short, less than half as wide as puparium, AP short, only about 0.4¥ as long as TR is wide, lightly punctate, tapering but bulging out horizontally (Fig. 60). Pupal spiracles as long as AP and about 2.5¥ as wide apart as a pupal spiracle is long. Material examined: 1 ♂, 3 ♀, four puparia PERU, Trujillo, Cerro Campana, 17.i.2005, ex decaying columnar Cactaceae, Espostoa melanostele (Vaupel) Bullock 1938, collected by M. A. M. (CIBIO); 1 ♀, one puparium same data as previous specimens (NMS). Taxonomic notes: The puparium of C. cockerelli is distinguished from other Scutellatum group larvae considered here by the dorsal vestiture of the abdomen being confined to medial areas of the transverse folds, the entirely black crochets, and the short, horizontally bulging AP., Published as part of Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste & Maier, Chris T., 2009, Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species, pp. 697-749 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4) on page 714, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443474

COPESTYLUM TETETZOI MARCOS, HANCOCK & ROTHERAY SP. NOV. Adult: Male holotype: face with lateral margins inflated and sharply tapered from just above margin of mouth (view from in front). Face yellow with a narrow (about as wide as antennal bases are apart) black, mid-dorsal vitta extending from the base of the antennae to the margin of the mouth and face yellow haired. Tubercle slight and below mid point between antennae and mouth. Frons black with black hairs. Lateral vittae black reaching mouth and genae black and pale haired (Fig. 3). Antennae dark yellow and arista densely pilose with short, incurved hairs and basoflagellomere dorsally not excavated and more than 3¥ as long as broad. Ocellar triangle black with long black hairs and suture same length as ocellar triangle. Eyes black haired, hairs longer at top of head and reaching lower margin. Eye hairs denser and darker in the middle of the eye forming a vertical, black stripe. Ground colour of mesonotum black except for uniformly pale yellow lateral margins and a medial pair of triangular shaped yellow markings on the posterior margin. Mesonotum with mostly long hairs with a few shorter ones on the posterior margin. Longer hairs about 2¥ as long as shorter hairs. Hairs white except for some black hairs on the lateral margins and short, black hairs on the posterior margin. Mesonotum with a pair of dusted stripes dorsocentrally ending before the transverse suture. Scutellum yellow with short black hairs and long pale hairs. Pleurae black, only pale on the dorsal part of posterior anepisternum and with long white hairs on posterior anepisternum, anepimeron, and katepisternum. Wings hyaline, without markings or microtrichia. Legs black haired and blackish with knees and basal two thirds of tibiae yellow. Sternites 1, 2, and 3 yellow and pale haired, fuscous medially, remaining sternites black and black haired except anterior corners of sternite 4 with a pair of yellow spots. Tergites black except tergite 2 with yellow triangular spots tapering almost to a point towards the medial line and reaching the side margins. Tergite 3 with a pair of semicircular spots in anterior two thirds and not reaching side margins. Tergite 4 with a pair of yellow bars on the anterior margin and not reaching the side margins. Tergite 1 pale haired except for posterior lateral margins. Tergite 2 pale haired except black haired on posterior third and medial line. Tergite 3 black haired except for pale hairs on anterolateral margins. Male genitalia: epandrium subrectangular in shape; surstylus square in shape, truncate at apex; hypandrium not inclined backwards, straight in lateral view; superior lobe with a hook-like, sharply tapered apex (Figs 14, 15). Female: Similar to holotype male except: frons with one medial and two lateral grooves; width of vertex about one fourth width of head. Length: Body 8.0–9.0 mm; wing 8.0– 9.5 mm (N = 8). Larva and puparium (Fig. 21): Anterior fold with a wide spicule band extending from just above the antennomaxillary organs to the apex. Spicules confined to the extreme ends of the longitudinal folds of the prothorax, only one or two further along between the folds. Crochets of metathoracic prolegs forming a w-shaped band. Metathorax with lateral folds bearing broad setae at sensilla 4 and 5. Anal lobe with spicules. Posterior breathing tube with AP 0.8¥ length of TR, with light punctures and not tapered. Pupal spiracles about 0.85¥ length of AP. Material examined: holotype: male with puparium MEXICO, Puebla, Tehuacán, Jardín Botánico, 1590 m (18°19′58″N, 97°27′28″W), 7.vii.1999, ex live decaying Neobuxbaumia tetetzo (F.A.C. Weber) Backeberg 1938 (Cactaceae), collected by M. A. M. (CIBIO). Paratypes: 2 ♂ and 3 ♀ with puparia, same data as holotype (CIBIO); 1 ♂, MEXICO, Puebla, San Juan Raya, 9.vii.1999, collected by M. A. M. (CIBIO), ex decaying Cactaceae; 1 ♀, MEXICO, Oaxaca, Santiago Dominguillo, 14.vii.1999, collected by M. A. M. (CIBIO), ex decaying Cactaceae; 1 ♀ MEXICO, Puebla, Zapotitlán Salinas, Jardín Botánico, 10.vii.1999, ex live decaying (Cactaceae), collected by E. G. H. (HM); 1 ♀, one puparium MEXICO, Oaxaca, Santiago Dominguillo 14.vii.1999 E. G. H., M. A. M., G. E. R. ex decaying stem of Ferocactus latispinus var. spiralis (Karw. ex Pfeiller) Taylor 1984; 3 ♂, 4 ♀, seven puparia, one larva MEXICO Tehuacán, Puebla Zapotitlán, Salinas, Jardín Botánico 7.vii.1999 E. G. H., M. A. M., G. E. R. ex decaying stems of fallen N. tetetzo; 1 ♂, one puparium MEXICO, Tehuacán, Puebla, Zapotitlán, San Juan Raya (El Salado) 9.vii.1999 E. G. H., M. A. M., G. E. R. ex decaying stem of fallen Neobuxbaumia mezcalaensis (Bravo) Backeb 1941 (Cactaceae) (NMS). Etymology: The name tetetzoi refers to the cactus species Neobuxbaumia tetetzo from which the holotype was reared. Taxonomic notes: The adult of this species can be easily separated from other Marginatum group adults by the male genitalia, black frons, and wings hyaline without brown spots. The larva and puparium of C. tetetzoi is similar to C. bequaerti and C. lentum in having an AP which is shorter than the width of the TR. The nontapering punctured AP separate C. tetetzoi from C. lentum and the absence of anterior spiracles separates it from C. bequaerti., Published as part of Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste & Maier, Chris T., 2009, Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species, pp. 697-749 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4) on pages 709-710, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443474