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The immune checkpoint ligand PD-L1 and the transmembrane mucin MUC1 are upregulated in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), where they contribute to its aggressive pathogenesis. Here, we report that genetic or pharmacological targeting of the oncogenic MUC1 subunit MUC1-C is sufficient to suppress PD-L1 expression in TNBC cells. Mechanistic investigations showed that MUC1-C acted to elevate PD-L1 transcription by recruitment of MYC and NF-κB p65 to the PD-L1 promoter. In an immunocompetent model of TNBC in which Eo771/MUC1-C cells were engrafted into MUC1 transgenic mice, we showed that targeting MUC1-C associated with PD-L1 suppression, increases in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and tumor cell killing. MUC1 expression in TNBCs also correlated inversely with CD8, CD69, and GZMB, and downregulation of these markers associated with decreased survival. Taken together, our findings show how MUC1 contributes to immune escape in TNBC, and they offer a rationale to target MUC1-C as a novel immunotherapeutic approach for TNBC treatment. Significance: These findings show how upregulation of the transmembrane mucin MUC1 contributes to immune escape in an aggressive form of breast cancer, with potential implications for a novel immunotherapeutic approach. Cancer Res; 78(1); 205–15. ©2017 AACR.

The EZH2 histone methyltransferase is a member of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) that is highly expressed in diverse human cancers and is associated with a poor prognosis. MUC1-C is an oncoprotein that is similarly overexpressed in carcinomas and has been linked to epigenetic regulation. A role for MUC1-C in regulating EZH2 and histone methylation is not known. Here, we demonstrate that targeting MUC1-C in diverse human carcinoma cells downregulates EZH2 and other PRC2 components. MUC1-C activates (i) the EZH2 promoter through induction of the pRB→E2F pathway, and (ii) an NF-κB p65 driven enhancer in exon 1. We also show that MUC1-C binds directly to the EZH2 CXC region adjacent to the catalytic SET domain and associates with EZH2 on the CDH1 and BRCA1 promoters. In concert with these results, targeting MUC1-C downregulates EZH2 function as evidenced by (i) global and promoter-specific decreases in H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), and (ii) activation of tumor suppressor genes, including BRCA1. These findings highlight a previously unreported role for MUC1-C in activating EZH2 expression and function in cancer cells.

Apical–basal polarity and epithelial integrity are maintained in part by the Crumbs (CRB) complex. The C--terminal subunit of MUC1 (MUC1-C) is a transmembrane protein that is expressed at the apical border of normal epithelial cells and aberrantly at high levels over the entire surface of their transformed counterparts. However, it is not known whether MUC1-C contributes to this loss of polarity that is characteristic of carcinoma cells. Here it is demonstrated that MUC1-C downregulates expression of the Crumbs complex CRB3 protein in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. MUC1-C associates with ZEB1 on the CRB3 promoter and represses CRB3 transcription. Notably, CRB3 activates the core kinase cassette of the Hippo pathway, which includes LATS1 and LATS2. In this context, targeting MUC1-C was associated with increased phosphorylation of LATS1, consistent with activation of the Hippo pathway, which is critical for regulating cell contact, tissue repair, proliferation, and apoptosis. Also shown is that MUC1-C--mediated suppression of CRB3 and the Hippo pathway is associated with dephosphorylation and activation of the oncogenic YAP protein. In turn, MUC1-C interacts with YAP, promotes formation of YAP/β-catenin complexes, and induces the WNT target gene MYC. These data support a previously unrecognized pathway in which targeting MUC1-C in TNBC cells (i) induces CRB3 expression, (ii) activates the CRB3-driven Hippo pathway, (iii) inactivates YAP, and thereby (iv) suppresses YAP/β-catenin–mediated induction of MYC expression. Implications: These findings demonstrate a previously unrecognized role for the MUC1-C oncoprotein in the regulation of polarity and the Hippo pathway in breast cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 14(12); 1266–76. ©2016 AACR.

B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (BMI1) is a component of the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) complex that is overexpressed in breast and other cancers, and promotes self-renewal of cancer stem-like cells. The oncogenic mucin 1 (MUC1) C-terminal (MUC1-C) subunit is similarly overexpressed in human carcinoma cells and has been linked to their self-renewal. There is no known relationship between MUC1-C and BMI1 in cancer. The present studies demonstrate that MUC1-C drives BMI1 transcription by a MYC-dependent mechanism in breast and other cancer cells. In addition, we show that MUC1-C blocks miR-200c-mediated downregulation of BMI1 expression. The functional significance of this MUC1-C→BMI1 pathway is supported by the demonstration that targeting MUC1-C suppresses BMI1-induced ubiquitylation of H2A and thereby derepresses homeobox HOXC5 and HOXC13 gene expression. Notably, our results further show that MUC1-C binds directly to BMI1 and promotes occupancy of BMI1 on the CDKN2A promoter. In concert with BMI1-induced repression of the p16INK4a tumor suppressor, we found that targeting MUC1-C is associated with induction of p16INK4a expression. In support of these results, analysis of three gene expresssion data sets demonstrated highly significant correlations between MUC1-C and BMI1 in breast cancers. These findings uncover a previously unrecognized role for MUC1-C in driving BMI1 expression and in directly interacting with this stem cell factor, linking MUC1-C with function of the PRC1 in epigenetic gene silencing.

Aberrant expression of the DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and disruption of DNA methylation patterns are associated with carcinogenesis and cancer cell survival. The oncogenic MUC1-C protein is aberrantly overexpressed in diverse carcinomas; however, there is no known link between MUC1-C and DNA methylation. Our results demonstrate that MUC1-C induces the expression of DNMT1 and DNMT3b, but not DNMT3a, in breast and other carcinoma cell types. We show that MUC1-C occupies the DNMT1 and DNMT3b promoters in complexes with NF-κB p65 and drives DNMT1 and DNMT3b transcription. In this way, MUC1-C controls global DNA methylation as determined by analysis of LINE-1 repeat elements. The results further demonstrate that targeting MUC1-C downregulates DNA methylation of the CDH1 tumor suppressor gene in association with induction of E-cadherin expression. These findings provide compelling evidence that MUC1-C is of functional importance to induction of DNMT1 and DNMT3b and, in turn, changes in DNA methylation patterns in cancer cells.

The cancer immune microenvironment is of importance for the effectiveness of immunotherapy; however, its dysregulation is poorly understood. The MUC1-C oncoprotein is aberrantly overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and has been linked to the induction of PD-L1. The present work investigated the effects of targeting MUC1-C in an immuno-competent MUC1 transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mouse model. We show that Lewis Lung Carcinoma cells expressing MUC1-C (LLC/MUC1) exhibit upregulation of PD-L1 and suppression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In studies of LLC/MUC1 cells growing in vitro and as tumors in MUC1.Tg mice, treatment with the MUC1-C inhibitor, GO-203, was associated with the downregulation of PD-L1 and induction of IFN-γ. The results further demonstrate that targeting MUC1-C results in enhanced effector function of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) as evidenced by increased expression of the activation marker CD69, the degranulation marker CD107α, and granzyme B. Notably, targeting MUC1-C was also associated with marked increases in TIL-mediated killing of LLC/MUC1 cells. Analysis of gene expression data sets further showed that overexpression of MUC1 in NSCLCs correlates negatively with CD8, IFNG and GZMB, and that decreases in CD8 and IFNG are associated with poor clinical outcomes. These findings in LLC/MUC1 tumors and in NSCLCs indicate that MUC1-C→PD-L1 signaling promotes the suppression of CD8+ T-cell activation and that MUC1-C is a potential target for reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment.

// Ashujit Tagde 1 , Hasan Rajabi 1 , Dina Stroopinsky 2 , Reddy Gali 3 , Maroof Alam 1 , Audrey Bouillez 1 , Surender Kharbanda 1 , Richard Stone 1 , David Avigan 2 and Donald Kufe 1 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 2 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 3 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Correspondence to: David Avigan, email: // Donald Kufe, email: // Keywords : MUC1-C, DNMT1, DNA methylation, decitabine, CDH1 Received : April 25, 2016 Accepted : May 22, 2016 Published : June 01, 2016 Abstract Aberrant DNA methylation is a hallmark of acute myeloid leukemia (AML); however, the regulation of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), which is responsible for maintenance of DNA methylation patterns, has largely remained elusive. MUC1-C is a transmembrane oncoprotein that is aberrantly expressed in AML stem-like cells. The present studies demonstrate that targeting MUC1-C with silencing or a pharmacologic inhibitor GO-203 suppresses DNMT1 expression. In addition, MUC1 expression positively correlates with that of DNMT1 in primary AML cells, particularly the CD34+/CD38- population. The mechanistic basis for this relationship is supported by the demonstration that MUC1-C activates the NF-κB p65 pathway, promotes occupancy of the MUC1-C/NF-κB complex on the DNMT1 promoter and drives DNMT1 transcription. We also show that targeting MUC1-C substantially reduces gene promoter-specific DNA methylation, and derepresses expression of tumor suppressor genes, including CDH1 , PTEN and BRCA1 . In support of these results, we demonstrate that combining GO-203 with the DNMT1 inhibitor decitabine is highly effective in reducing DNMT1 levels and decreasing AML cell survival. These findings indicate that (i) MUC1-C is an attractive target for the epigentic reprogramming of AML cells, and (ii) targeting MUC1-C in combination with decitabine is a potentially effective clinical approach for the treatment of AML.

Multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines and primary tumor cells are addicted to the MYC oncoprotein for survival. Little is known, however, about how MYC expression is upregulated in MM cells. The mucin 1 C-terminal subunit (MUC1-C) is an oncogenic transmembrane protein that is aberrantly expressed in MM cell lines and primary tumor samples. The present studies demonstrate that targeting MUC1-C with silencing by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 editing or with the GO-203 inhibitor is associated with downregulation of MYC messenger RNA and protein. The results show that MUC1-C occupies the MYC promoter and thereby activates the MYC gene by a β-catenin/transcription factor 4 (TCF4)-mediated mechanism. In this way, MUC1-C (1) increases β-catenin occupancy on the MYC promoter, (2) forms a complex with β-catenin and TCF4, and, in turn, (3) drives MYC transcription. Analysis of MM cells using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction arrays further demonstrated that silencing MUC1-C is associated with downregulation of MYC target genes, including CCND2, hTERT, and GCLC Analysis of microarray data sets further demonstrated that MUC1 levels positively correlate with MYC expression in MM progression and in primary cells from over 800 MM patients. These findings collectively provide convincing evidence that MUC1-C drives MYC expression in MM.

Dysregulation of MYC expression is a hallmark of cancer, but the development of agents that target MYC has remained challenging. The oncogenic MUC1-C transmembrane protein is, like MYC, aberrantly expressed in diverse human cancers. The present studies demonstrate that MUC1-C induces MYC expression in KRAS mutant non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, an effect that can be suppressed by targeting MUC1-C via shRNA silencing, CRISPR editing, or pharmacologic inhibition with GO-203. MUC1-C activated the WNT/β-catenin (CTNNB1) pathway and promoted occupancy of MUC1-C/β-catenin/TCF4 complexes on the MYC promoter. MUC1-C also promoted the recruitment of the p300 histone acetylase (EP300) and, in turn, induced histone H3 acetylation and activation of MYC gene transcription. We also show that targeting MUC1-C decreased the expression of key MYC target genes essential for the growth and survival of NSCLC cells, such as TERT and CDK4. Based on these results, we found that the combination of GO-203 and the BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1, which targets MYC transcription, synergistically suppressed MYC expression and cell survival in vitro as well as tumor xenograft growth. Furthermore, MUC1 expression significantly correlated with that of MYC and its target genes in human KRAS mutant NSCLC tumors. Taken together, these findings suggest a therapeutic approach for targeting MYC-dependent cancers and provide the framework for the ongoing clinical studies addressing the efficacy of MUC1-C inhibition in solid tumors. Cancer Res; 76(6); 1538–48. ©2016 AACR.

MUC1 is overexpressed in human carcinomas. The transcription factor SNAIL can activate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells. In this study, in renal carcinoma, we demonstrate that (i) MUC1 and SNAIL were overexpressed in human sarcomatoid carcinomas, (ii) SNAIL increased indirectly MUC1 expression, (iii) MUC1 overexpression induced EMT, (iv) MUC1 C-terminal domain (MUC1-C) and β-catenin increased SNAIL transcriptional activity by interaction with its promoter and (v) blocking MUC1-C nuclear localization decreased Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation and SNAIL expression. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that MUC1 is an actor in EMT and appears as a new therapeutic target.

Renal cell carcinoma corresponds to 5% of all adult malignancies and originates from renal tubules. The main histologic subtype is represented by clear renal cell carcinoma. Ninety percent of cRCC present a biallelic inactivation of the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene resulting in constitutive activation of hypoxia signaling pathway via the Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) -1 transcription factor that contributes to the physiology of tumours. cRCC is typically highly resistant to conventional systemic therapies. MUC1 is a membrane-anchored mucin and its cytoplasmic tail (CT) can interact with many signaling pathways and act as a co-transcription factor to activate genes involved in tumor progression and metastasis. Previous studies have shown that MUC1 is diffusely overexpressed in cRCC and MUC1 overexpression has been found to be associated with metastatic disease and a worse prognosis.MUC1 is overexpressed in renal cell carcinoma with correlation to prognosis and has been implicated in the hypoxic pathway, the main renal carcinogenetic pathway. In this context, we assessed the effects of MUC1 overexpression on renal cancer cells properties. Using shRNA strategy and/or different MUC1 constructs, we found that MUC1-extracellular domain and MUC1 CT are both involved in increase of migration, cell viability, resistance to anoikis and to decrease of cell aggregation in cancer cells. We also showed that MUC1 is involved in cRCC chemoresistance by inducing chemoresistance genes expression like ABCG2 and GSTO2. Invasiveness depends only on MUC1 CT. Then, by using siRNA strategy and/or pharmacological inhibitors or peptides, we showed that sheddases ADAM10, ADAM17 and gamma-secretase are necessary for MUC1 C-terminal subunit (MUC1-C) nuclear location and in increase of invasion property. Finally, MUC1 overexpression increases ADAM10/17 protein expression suggesting a positive regulatory loop. In conclusion, we report that MUC1 acts in renal cancer progression and MUC1-C nuclear localization is driving invasiveness of renal cancer cells through a sheddase/gamma secretase dependent pathway. MUC1 appears as a therapeutic target by blocking MUC1 cleavage or nuclear translocation by using pharmacological approach and peptide strategies., Le carcinome rénal représente 5% des tumeurs de l’adulte et se développe au niveau des tubules rénaux. Le sous-type histologique majeur des cancers du rein est le carcinome rénal à cellules claires (cRCC). 90% des cRCC présentent une inactivation biallélique du gène suppresseur de tumeur de Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) induisant une activation constitutive de la voie de l’hypoxie via le facteur de transcription HIF1-α (Hypoxia Inducible Factor) qui contribue à la physiologie des tumeurs. Les cRCC sont des tumeurs à la fois radio- et chimiorésistantes, rendant la prise en charge thérapeutique des patients très difficile.Nos recherches consistaient en l’étude des rôles de la mucine membranaire MUC1, dont la queue cytoplasmique (MUC1 CT) peut interagir avec différentes voies de signalisation et agir en tant que co-activateur transcriptionnel de nombreux gènes impliqués dans la progression tumorale et la diffusion métastatique. Des travaux antérieurs réalisés au laboratoire montraient que la surexpression de MUC1 observée dans les cRCC était associée au statut métastatique des patients et marquait un mauvais pronostic. Cette surexpression de MUC1 est également impliquée dans la voie de l’hypoxie, voie majeure de la carcinogenèse rénale. Le premier objectif de l’étude était donc de déterminer les effets de la surexpression de MUC1 sur les propriétés des cellules de cRCC. Nous montrons ainsi que le domaine extracellulaire de MUC1 ainsi que sa partie cytoplasmique sont impliqués dans l’augmentation des capacités migratoires et de la viabilité des cellules cancéreuses rénales et qu’elle leur confère une résistance à l’anoïkis, programme de mort cellulaire déclenché lorsque la cellule perd ses contacts avec les cellules voisines ou avec la matrice extra-cellulaire et diminuent les propriétés d’agrégation des cellules tumorales. Nous montrons également que MUC1 est impliquée dans la chimiorésistance des cRCC en induisant l’expression de genes de chimiorésistance comme ABCG2 et GSTO2. Nous montrons par ailleurs que les propriétés invasives des cellules de cRCC sont exclusivement liées à MUC1 CT. Le deuxième objectif de l’étude était d’identifier les mécanismes moléculaires à l’origine du clivage de MUC1 CT. En utilisant différentes stratégies (siARN, inhibiteurs pharmacologiques et peptides), nous montrons pour la première fois que deux sheddases, ADAM10 et ADAM17 et la gamma secrétase sont nécessaires au clivage de MUC1 C, permettant ainsi sa délocalisation nucléaire et l’augmentation des propriétés invasives des cellules de cRCC. Enfin, nous montrons que la surexpression de MUC1 augmente l’expression protéique d’ADAM10/17, suggérant une boucle de régulation positive existant en conditions pathologiques.En conclusion, notre étude souligne le rôle de MUC1 dans la progression tumorale rénale et montre que la localisation nucléaire de MUC1-C est à l’origine de l’acquisition d’un phénotype invasif et chimiorésistant via l’action des sheddases ADAM10/17 et de la gamma secrétase. MUC1 apparait alors comme une cible thérapeutique potentielle intéressante dans la prise en charge des cRCC.

Renal cell carcinoma corresponds to 5% of all adult malignancies and originates from renal tubules. The main histologic subtype is represented by clear renal cell carcinoma. Ninety percent of cRCC present a biallelic inactivation of the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene resulting in constitutive activation of hypoxia signaling pathway via the Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) -1 transcription factor that contributes to the physiology of tumours. cRCC is typically highly resistant to conventional systemic therapies. MUC1 is a membrane-anchored mucin and its cytoplasmic tail (CT) can interact with many signaling pathways and act as a co-transcription factor to activate genes involved in tumor progression and metastasis. Previous studies have shown that MUC1 is diffusely overexpressed in cRCC and MUC1 overexpression has been found to be associated with metastatic disease and a worse prognosis.MUC1 is overexpressed in renal cell carcinoma with correlation to prognosis and has been implicated in the hypoxic pathway, the main renal carcinogenetic pathway. In this context, we assessed the effects of MUC1 overexpression on renal cancer cells properties. Using shRNA strategy and/or different MUC1 constructs, we found that MUC1-extracellular domain and MUC1 CT are both involved in increase of migration, cell viability, resistance to anoikis and to decrease of cell aggregation in cancer cells. We also showed that MUC1 is involved in cRCC chemoresistance by inducing chemoresistance genes expression like ABCG2 and GSTO2. Invasiveness depends only on MUC1 CT. Then, by using siRNA strategy and/or pharmacological inhibitors or peptides, we showed that sheddases ADAM10, ADAM17 and gamma-secretase are necessary for MUC1 C-terminal subunit (MUC1-C) nuclear location and in increase of invasion property. Finally, MUC1 overexpression increases ADAM10/17 protein expression suggesting a positive regulatory loop. In conclusion, we report that MUC1 acts in renal cancer progression and MUC1-C nuclear localization is driving invasiveness of renal cancer cells through a sheddase/gamma secretase dependent pathway. MUC1 appears as a therapeutic target by blocking MUC1 cleavage or nuclear translocation by using pharmacological approach and peptide strategies.; Le carcinome rénal représente 5% des tumeurs de l’adulte et se développe au niveau des tubules rénaux. Le sous-type histologique majeur des cancers du rein est le carcinome rénal à cellules claires (cRCC). 90% des cRCC présentent une inactivation biallélique du gène suppresseur de tumeur de Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) induisant une activation constitutive de la voie de l’hypoxie via le facteur de transcription HIF1-α (Hypoxia Inducible Factor) qui contribue à la physiologie des tumeurs. Les cRCC sont des tumeurs à la fois radio- et chimiorésistantes, rendant la prise en charge thérapeutique des patients très difficile.Nos recherches consistaient en l’étude des rôles de la mucine membranaire MUC1, dont la queue cytoplasmique (MUC1 CT) peut interagir avec différentes voies de signalisation et agir en tant que co-activateur transcriptionnel de nombreux gènes impliqués dans la progression tumorale et la diffusion métastatique. Des travaux antérieurs réalisés au laboratoire montraient que la surexpression de MUC1 observée dans les cRCC était associée au statut métastatique des patients et marquait un mauvais pronostic. Cette surexpression de MUC1 est également impliquée dans la voie de l’hypoxie, voie majeure de la carcinogenèse rénale. Le premier objectif de l’étude était donc de déterminer les effets de la surexpression de MUC1 sur les propriétés des cellules de cRCC. Nous montrons ainsi que le domaine extracellulaire de MUC1 ainsi que sa partie cytoplasmique sont impliqués dans l’augmentation des capacités migratoires et de la viabilité des cellules cancéreuses rénales et qu’elle leur confère une résistance à l’anoïkis, programme de mort cellulaire déclenché lorsque la cellule perd ses contacts avec les cellules voisines ou avec la matrice extra-cellulaire et diminuent les propriétés d’agrégation des cellules tumorales. Nous montrons également que MUC1 est impliquée dans la chimiorésistance des cRCC en induisant l’expression de genes de chimiorésistance comme ABCG2 et GSTO2. Nous montrons par ailleurs que les propriétés invasives des cellules de cRCC sont exclusivement liées à MUC1 CT. Le deuxième objectif de l’étude était d’identifier les mécanismes moléculaires à l’origine du clivage de MUC1 CT. En utilisant différentes stratégies (siARN, inhibiteurs pharmacologiques et peptides), nous montrons pour la première fois que deux sheddases, ADAM10 et ADAM17 et la gamma secrétase sont nécessaires au clivage de MUC1 C, permettant ainsi sa délocalisation nucléaire et l’augmentation des propriétés invasives des cellules de cRCC. Enfin, nous montrons que la surexpression de MUC1 augmente l’expression protéique d’ADAM10/17, suggérant une boucle de régulation positive existant en conditions pathologiques.En conclusion, notre étude souligne le rôle de MUC1 dans la progression tumorale rénale et montre que la localisation nucléaire de MUC1-C est à l’origine de l’acquisition d’un phénotype invasif et chimiorésistant via l’action des sheddases ADAM10/17 et de la gamma secrétase. MUC1 apparait alors comme une cible thérapeutique potentielle intéressante dans la prise en charge des cRCC.

International audience; MUC1 is a membrane-anchored mucin and its cytoplasmic tail (CT) can interact with many signaling pathways and act as a co-transcription factor to activate genes involved in tumor progression and metastasis. MUC1 is overexpressed in renal cell carcinoma with correlation to prognosis and has been implicated in the hypoxic pathway, the main renal carcinogenetic pathway. In this context, we assessed the effects of MUC1 overexpression on renal cancer cells properties. Using shRNA strategy and/or different MUC1 constructs, we found that MUC1-extracellular domain and MUC1-CT are involved in increase of migration, cell viability, resistance to anoikis and in decrease of cell aggregation in cancer cells. Invasiveness depends only on MUC1-CT. Then, by using siRNA strategy and/or pharmacological inhibitors or peptides, we showed that sheddases ADAM10, ADAM17 and gamma-secretase are necessary for MUC1 C-terminal subunit (MUC1-C) nuclear location and in increase of invasion property. Finally, MUC1 overexpression increases ADAM10/17 protein expression suggesting a positive regulatory loop. In conclusion, we report that MUC1 acts in renal cancer progression and MUC1-C nuclear localization drives invasiveness of cancer cells through a sheddase/gamma secretase dependent pathway. MUC1 appears as a therapeutic target by blocking MUC1 cleavage or nuclear translocation by using pharmacological approach and peptide strategies.

MUC1, an O-glycoprotein membrane-bound mucin, is overexpressed in clear-cell carcinomas (cRCC) with correlation to two prognostic factors, tumor-node metastasis stage and nuclear Fürhman grade. Previously (Aubert et al, Cancer Res 2009), we have shown that MUC1 was significantly overexpressed in metastatic cRCC vs non-metastatic cRCC and MUC1 is a target gene of HIF-1 transcription factor which is a part of the hypoxia pathway, the main renal carcinogenetic pathway. To better understand the roles of MUC1 in cRCC, we used two renal cell lines expressing MUC1 (Caki-2) or not (ACHN cells). Caki-2 cells were stably transfected with shRNA targeting MUC1 and ACHN cells with an expressing vector containing MUC1 cDNA. Flow cytometry assay and confocal microscopy showed a homogenous membrane expression of MUC1 but also in the nucleus. In vitro studies underlined MUC1 role in the invasion, migration and anchorage-independent growth. In contrast, MUC1 had no role in proliferation and clonogenicity. Cellular agreggation test showed that MUC1 expression is associated with a decrease of cell-cell interactions. Phospho-JNK and phospho-p38 levels were higher in MUC1 expressing cells. Transcriptomic analysis results performed on 44K Agilent Microarrays suggest that MUC1 is a candidate in chemoresistance. Subcutaneous xenograft will be also performed. Our results show that MUC1 plays a role in biological properties of renal cancer cells suggesting the important function for this mucin in tumor progression and confirms its potential as a therapeutic target in this type of cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2737. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2737

Accumulating data suggest that epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in cancer progression. Sarcomatoid carcinoma represents a high-grade transformation and an EMT-like pattern. Up to 8% of conventional renal cells cancers (cRCC) present with sarcomatoid carcinoma component that portends a worse prognosis. MUC1, a membrane-bound glycoprotein is known to be over-expressed in cRCC with correlation to prognosis. Indeed, we showed that MUC1 overexpression is correlated with a metastatic phenotype using tissue microarray sampling 27 cRCC of same TNM stage. Also, we demonstrated in a series of 15 RCC with sarcomatoid component, the loss of epithelial markers and the acquisition of mesenchymal markers compared to conventional carcinomatous areas. MUC1 was significantly overexpressed along with Snai1, a major actor of EMT, in sarcomatoid component. So, we hypothesized that MUC1 could be regulated by Snai1. Bioinformatic analyses revealed two Snai1 E-boxes at -84/-72 on MUC1 promoter. Cotransfection studies of MUC1 promoter and Snai1 expression vectors in renal cells lines showed an induction of MUC1 transcriptional activity by luciferase assays. Mutagenesis site-directed of both Snai1 E-boxes in renal cells lines induced loss MUC1 transcriptional activity. By chromatin immunoprecipation assay and gel shift analysis we will demonstrate a direct interaction between Snai1 and MUC1 promoter. In conclusion, all these data revealed that MUC1, usually considered as an epithelial marker, is overexpressed during cancer linked EMT process with a direct regulation by Snai1 suggesting that MUC1 plays a role in renal cancer progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5250. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5250