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Purpose: High dietary acid load (DAL) may have an influence on anthropometric indices. Given that there was no study on the association between DAL and anthropometric indices children and adolescents, the current study was aimed to examine the association between DAL and anthropometric indices in Iranian children and adolescents., Methods: Students aged 6-18 years were recruited using a multi-stage, cluster sampling method from 30 provinces of Iran. Dietary intake was assessed through a validated food frequency questionnaire. Height (Ht), weight (Wt), neck circumference (NC), waist circumference (WC), wrist circumference, and hip circumference (HC) were measured. WC-to-HC ratio (WHR), WC-to-Ht ratio (WHtR), body mass index (BMI) z-score, tri-ponderal mass index (TMI), and parental BMI were computed. Potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) were used to estimate DAL. The association between DAL and anthropometric indices was evaluated using linear regression models., Results: In total, 5326 students (46.92% girls), with mean (standard deviations (SD)) age of 12.50 (3.14) years participated in the study (response rate: 98.13%). After adjusting for confounders, there was a significant association between NEAP and NC (P < 0.05). Also, an inverse association was observed between PRAL and NEAP with parental BMI (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Our findings showed a direct association between diet-induced acid load and NC and an inverse association between DAL indices and parental BMI. More well-designed clinical studies are warranted to confirm our results and the underlying mechanisms., Level of Evidence: Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Objective: Acid-base status, which can be affected by dietary acid load (DAL), has been associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Given the limited published literature on DAL, the aim of this study was to examine the association between DAL and risk factors for CVD and prevalence of MetS in young women., Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 371 women (20-50 y of age). Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. DAL was evaluated through potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP). The associations between DAL (both PRAL and NEAP) with categories of biochemical factors (fasting blood sugar, triacylglycerol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol), anthropometric parameters (body mass index and waist circumference) and the prevalence of MetS based on the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III) were assessed using binary logistic regression in crude and adjusted models., Results: The median values of PRAL and NEAP were 8.93 and 46.77 mEq/d, respectively. After adjustment for several covariates, a significant positive association was observed between PRAL and serum triglyceride levels (odds ratio [OR], 4.28; 95% CI, 1.67-10.99; P = 0.002). Moreover, there were positive associations between NEAP with overweight and obesity (body mass index ≥25 kg/m 2 ; OR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.92-4.93; P = 0.0001), waist circumference (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.37-3.75; P = 0.001), and serum triglyceride levels (OR, 4.92; 95% CI, 1.87-12.92; P = 0.001)., Conclusion: Compared with women with a low DAL score, women with a higher DAL score had higher weight, waist circumference, and triglyceride concentrations., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Aim: There is limited evidence regarding the association between the Elderly Dietary Index (EDI) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. The aim of the study was to examine how the EDI relates to CVD risk factors in elderly men., Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 362 elderly men aged 60 to 80 years old. Diet was measured with a validated and reliable food frequency questionnaire. The EDI assesses adherence to nutritional recommendations for older adults based on the Modified MyPyramid for Older Adults. The EDI includes meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, cereals, legumes, olive oil, bread and dairy products. Anthropometric indices, biochemical markers and blood pressure were measured using standard methods. Multivariate logistic regression assessed relationships between tertiles of EDI scores and CVD risk factors., Results: The mean age and body mass index of participants were 65.43 ± 5.63 years and 25.34 ± 3.17 kg/m 2 , respectively. After controlling for potential confounders, the EDI was inversely associated with the risk of obesity and overweight (Odds ratio [OR]: 0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.27, 0.89; P = .004) and was associated with a reduced likelihood of elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.41; P < .001)., Conclusions: Higher EDI was associated with lower risk of overweight and obesity and high LDL-C concentrations. However, there was no significant association between EDI and other CVD risk factors in elderly men., (© 2019 Dietitians Association of Australia.)

Given the limited research on dietary insulin load (DIL), we examined DIL in relation to cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory biomarkers in elderly men. For the present cross-sectional study, we recruited 357 elderly men. Dietary intake was assessed using FFQ. DIL was estimated by multiplying the insulin index of each food by its energy content and frequency of consumption and then summing the final value of all food items. After adjustment for covariates, a significant positive association was observed between high DIL with fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels (OR: 7·52; 95 % CI 3·38, 16·75; P=0·0001) and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (OR: 3·03; 95 % CI 1·54, 5·94; P=0·001). However, there was no association between high DIL and BMI (OR: 1·43; 95 % CI 0·75, 2·75; P=0·27), serum TAG level (OR: 0·82; 95 % CI 0·26, 2·59; P=0·73), HDL-cholesterol (OR: 2·03; 95 % CI 0·79, 5·23; P=0·13) and fibrinogen (OR: 1·57; 95 % CI 0·80, 3·06; P=0·18). Overall, elderly men with high DIL had higher FBS and hs-CRP levels than those with low DIL. Future studies are needed to clarify the association between DIL and other cardiovascular risk factors in both men and women.

This study aimed to systematically review and do a meta-analysis on available evidence on the association of diet quality indices with cancer mortality. We searched for relevant papers published up to August 2017 through Web of science, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Prospective cohort studies examined the association of any dietary quality indices with cancer mortality were included. Overall, 27 publications were included. There was significant inverse associations between the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet (HR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.91; I 2  = 81.8%), the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) (HR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.95; I 2 : 61.5), the healthy eating index (HEI) (RR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.89; I 2 : 89.5%) and cancer mortality. Significant associations with the lowest heterogeneity between Diet Quality Index (DQI) (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.89-0.93, I 2  = 0.0%), alternative Mediterranean Diet (aMED) (RR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.78-0.83, I 2  = 1.7%), and HEI-2010 (HR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.69-0.98, I 2  = 0.0%) and death due to cancer were also found. However, the Recommended Food Score, Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), and HEI-2005 were not related with cancer mortality. Adherence to DASH diet, AHEI, HEI, DQI, aMED, and HEI-2010 decreased the risk of cancer mortality.

Findings from previous studies on the association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and the risk of chronic diseases and mortality have been inconsistent. We aimed to summarize studies on the association of the DII and the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and mortality in a systematic review and meta-analysis. We performed a systematic search in PubMed/Medline, Web of Knowledge, and Scopus databases for relevant studies written in English and published until 31 December 2017. Studies that reported the relative risk (RR), odd ratio (OR) or hazard ratio (HR) for the most pro-inflammatory versus the most anti-inflammatory diets were included. Finally, 17 studies [CVD (n=6), MetS (n=5), mortality (n=6)] were included for systematic review and meta-analysis. Findings indicated a trend toward a positive relationship between the DII and the risk for CVD (pooled RR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.60; I 2 : 28.6%, p=0.21), all-cause mortality (pooled HR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.35; I 2 : 72.6%, p=0.003), CVD mortality (pooled HR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.57; I 2 : 74.0%, p=0.009) and cancer mortality (pooled HR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.53; I 2 : 62.5%, p=0.03). However, no significant association was found between the DII and the risk for MetS (pooled RR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.82, 1.24; I 2 : 32.6%, p=0.20). Although in the current meta-analysis the most pro-inflammatory diet versus the most anti-inflammatory diet was not associated with the risk of MetS, we observed a substantial association between the DII and the risk for CVD and all types of mortality. However, further cohort studies in different populations are needed to clarify this association., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Objective: Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most important public health problems in the world. Lifestyle modification including dietary changes such as following the Dietary to Stop Hypertension (DASH) plan is the first step to control HTN. The aim of the present study was to identify perceived barriers to following dietary recommendations in hypertensive patients in Zanjan, Iran., Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 200 outpatients (161 women, 39 men) with essential HTN (systolic blood pressure [SBP] ≥ 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure [DBP] ≥ 90 mmHg) were recruited from August to November 2012. A 29-item structured questionnaire was designed to assess perceived barriers to follow dietary recommendations. Validity and reliability were assessed by content validity index, content validity ratio, and Chronbach's alpha, respectively. An exploratory factor analysis with a principal component analysis extraction method and varimax rotation was performed to extract the underlying factors., Results: Mean age and body mass index (BMI) of participants were 46.9 ± 5.5 years and 30.6 ± 3.6 kg/m 2 , respectively. The exploratory factor analysis extracted 6 interpretable factors with eigenvalue > 1. In order of importance, they were social and environmental barriers (eigenvalue = 2.489), social gathering (eigenvalue = 2.379), compliance with recommended diet and preference of other family members (eigenvalue = 2.127), palatability of the recommended diet (eigenvalue = 1.972), emotional statues and psychological factors (eigenvalue = 1.921), and cost (eigenvalue = 1.845). Mentioned factors explained 44% of the total variance., Conclusion: Patients with HTN in our study perceived some barriers to following the recommended diet. In nutritional counseling, considering these barriers may be effective in improving the dietary adherence level in hypertensive patients.

The Holy Quran is a religious book of Muslims. In many verses of Quran, various foods are discussed. It seems that limited studies were performed on identification the nutritional verses and their frequencies in the Holy Quran. Therefore, the aims of present study were to establish a numerical model system for studying nutritional verses of Quran, determination of verses with nutritional concepts and frequency of foodstuffs in the Holy Quran. In this descriptive analytical study, "Ghamoos e Quran" and "Vazheyab" online softwares were used to determine the nutritional keywords in Quran. For searching, translating, and interpretation of verses, "Noor-e-Jami Tafasir version 2.1"; "Zekr" and "Pars Quran"softwares were applied. Sixty-four nutritional keywords and 257 nutritional verses were identified. Findings indicated that aliment/foods, eating, water/drinking words, and their derivatives are repeated 171, 109, and 131 times in the Holy Quran, respectively. According to the Holy Quran, except Haram foods (pork meat, wine, carrion meat, blood, and meat of animals not slaughtered properly in the Islamic manner), all foods are tayyeb (lawful). The Holy Quran contains many foodstuffs and verses with nutritional concepts and it recommends eating varied and balanced diet.

Background: Examining dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) diet based on other dietary quality indices can be helpful to clarify positive aspects of this healthy dietary pattern. We aimed to examine the association between the DASH diet score and some diet quality indices among Iranian women. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 304 women aged 20 to 50 years old were recruited. Dietary diversity score (DDS), dietary energy density (DED), adherence to DASH diet, Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) were examined as suggested by previous articles. Dietary quality indices, anthropometric indices, and dietary intake were categorized based on DASH tertiles. Semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire with 168 items was used for dietary assessment. Results: There were no significant differences in the demographic characteristics of participants across DASH tertiles (P > 0.05). Participants who adhered more to the DASH diet had lower DED than those with lower adherence (0.99±0.35 vs 1.26±0.30; P = 0.01). Significant differences were observed in the index of DDS across tertiles (P = 0.01), however no differences in nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and MAR (0.93) index across the DASH categories were found. Additionally, DDS to DED in the top tertile of the DASH diet was greater than the bottom one (6.7±2.9 vs 4.4±1.9; P = 0.001). Conclusion: The present study indicated that greater adherence to the DASH diet is inversely associated with DED and AHEI. As well as, there was a positive association between the DASH diet and DDS/DED ratio. However, more studies are needed to confirm the results of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although some earlier studies have indicated an association between dietary/urinary sodium and bone mass density (BMD), bone mass content (BMC), and the risk of osteoporosis (OS), findings are still conflicting. The aim of this study was to summarize the relation of dietary/urinary sodium with BMD, BMC, and the risk of OS.Methods: We conducted a systematic search up to April 2017 in PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science to find relevant studies. Articles with cross-sectional and cohort designs in which odds ratios (ORs), correlations (r), or beta coefficients were reported for the association between dietary/urinary sodium and OS, BMD, or BMC were included.Results: Pooling 11 effect sizes with a total of 39,065 people showed that higher sodium consumption significantly increased the risk of OS (OR = 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.41; p = 0.026), with high heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 68.0%; p = 0.001). Subgroup analyses showed significantly higher risk of OS in premenopausal women (OR = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.01-1.69; p = 0.036), in participants with a mean age older than 50 years (OR = 1.15; 95% CI, 1.04-1.28; p = 0.005), in dietary sodium intake subgroup (OR = 1.45; 95% CI, 1.19-1.77; p < 0.001), and in individuals with adjustment for energy (OR = 1.77; 95% CI, 1.38-2.27; p < 0.001). The correlation coefficients showed no significant association between urinary sodium and BMD (r = -0.46; 95% CI, -0.74 to -0.18; p = 0.02).Conclusions: We found a positive association between sodium intake and the risk of OS, while no association was found with urinary sodium. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between sodium intake and BMD. Due to high heterogeneity in this research, more studies are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]