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Evidence of the relationship between fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) levels, dietary quality and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rural populations is limited. Here, we aimed to investigate the association between fecal SCFA levels and T2DM and the combined effects of dietar quality on T2DM in rural China. In total, 100 adults were included in the case-control study. Dietary quality was assessed by the Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 (AHEI-2010), and SCFA levels were analysed using the GC-MS system. Generalised linear regression was conducted to calculate the OR and 95 % CI to evaluate the effect of SCFA level and dietary quality on the risk of T2DM. Finally, an interaction was used to study the combined effect of SCFA levels and AHEI-2010 scores on T2DM. T2DM participants had lower levels of acetic and butyric acid. Generalised linear regression analysis revealed that the OR (95 % CI) of the highest acetic and butyric acid levels were 0·099 (0·022, 0·441) and 0·210 (0·057, 0·774), respectively, compared with the subjects with the lowest tertile of level. We also observed a significantly lower risk of T2DM with acetic acid levels > 1330·106 μg/g or butyric acid levels > 585·031 μg/g. Moreover, the risks of higher acetic and butyric acid levels of T2DM were 0·007 (95 % CI: 0·001, 0·148), 0·005 (95 % CI: 0·001, 0·120) compared with participants with lower AHEI-2010 scores (all P < 0·05). Acetate and butyrate levels may be important modifiable beneficial factors affecting T2DM in rural China. Improving dietary quality for body metabolism balance should be encouraged to promote good health.

Objective: The purpose of the current study was to investigate associations between spicy food intake and serum lipids levels in Chinese rural population., Design: Information on spicy food flavour and intake frequency was obtained using a two-item questionnaire survey. Dietary data were collected using a validated thirteen-item FFQ. Fasting blood samples were collected and measured for total cholesterol (TC), TAG, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were employed to examine the relationship between spicy food and serum lipids levels according to the spicy food flavour and intake frequency, respectively., Setting: A cross-sectional study in Henan Province., Participants: 38 238 participants aged 18-79 years old., Results: Spicy flavour and intake frequency were consistently associated with decreased TC and non-HDL-cholesterol levels but mildly associated with elevated TAG levels. Each level increment in spicy flavour was inversely associated with high TC (OR: 0·91; 95 % CI 0·88, 0·93) and high non-HDL-cholesterol (OR: 0·88; 95 % CI 0·85, 0·91) but positively associated with high TAG (OR: 1·04; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·07). Similarly, 1-d increment in spicy food intake frequency was also inversely associated with high TC (OR: 0·92; 95 % CI 0·91, 0·94) and high non-HDL-cholesterol (OR: 0·91; 95 % CI 0·89, 0·93) but positively associated with high TAG (OR: 1·04; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·06)., Conclusions: Spicy food intake was mildly associated with increased risk of abnormal TAG level, significantly associated with decreased risk of abnormal TC and non-HDL levels. Spicy food intake may be contribute to the management of lipid levels.

Recent studies on whether dairy consumption is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have yielded inconsistent results, so we explored the relationship between dairy consumption and T2DM through a large-sample, cross-sectional study and a meta-analysis. In the meta-analysis, summary relative risks (RRs) of 23 articles were compiled with a random effects model, and a restricted cubic spline regression model was used to explore whether there is a nonlinear relationship between dairy intake and T2DM risk. This cross-sectional study used baseline data from 38,735 participants of the Henan Rural Cohort study and the association between dairy consumption and T2DM was analyzed by a logistic regression model. The meta-analysis revealed a borderline negative significant association between total dairy intake and risk of T2DM, the RR and 95% confidence interval (CI) was 0.94; (0.89, 1.00), and the risk was lowest at 270 g daily dairy intake. In the cross-sectional study, there were 3654 T2DM patients and 68.3 percent of the respondents had no dairy intake. The average intake of dairy in the total population was 12 g per day. Fully adjusted analyses suggested positive associations, with an odds ratio (OR) comparing the highest with the zero intake of 1.34 (95% CI: 1.22, 1.48) for all participants, which was unaffected by sex. Dairy intake in rural areas of Henan province is low, and we found, in the context of overall low dairy intake, that a high intake was positively associated with T2DM, which is inconsistent with the meta-analysis results suggesting that dairy has marginal protective effects against T2DM.

Purpose: Type 2 diabetes is a complex disease determined by variable genes and environmental factors. The study was designed to investigate the effect of interactions of four polymorphisms of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) with fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake on type 2 diabetes in a rural population of China., Methods: A total of 4411 participants from the rural areas of Henan, China were included in the study. Multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic splines were used to estimate the associations between polymorphisms and risk allele score of SOCS3 and type 2 diabetes in different groups. Haplotype analysis was conducted to examine the effects of linkage inheritance at these four loci on type 2 diabetes., Results: Three of the four polymorphisms showed significant associations with type 2 diabetes in the less F&V intake group after adjusting the covariates, the odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were 1.24 (1.08-1.41) for rs4969168, 1.16 (1.02-1.32) for rs9892622, and 1.21 (1.06-1.39) for rs9914220. No significant association was detected in the more F&V intake group. The obvious dose-response relationship between the risk allele score and type 2 diabetes was also noted only in the less F&V intake group., Conclusions: Variants of SOCS3 gene were associated with type 2 diabetes and the associations could be modified by the F&V intake.

Aims: This meta-analysis aimed to quantitatively examine the possible associations between total meat, red meat, processed meat, poultry and fish intakes and type 2 diabetes (T2D)., Methods: Relevant articles were identified in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases using a search time up to January 2019. Generalized least-squares trend estimations and restricted cubic spline regression models were used for analysis., Results: Twenty-eight articles were included in the analysis. When comparing the highest with the lowest category of meat intake, the summary relative risk of T2D was 1.33 (95% CI: 1.16-1.52) for total meat, 1.22 (95% CI: 1.16-1.28) for red meat, 1.25 (95% CI: 1.13-1.37) for processed meat, 1.00 (95% CI: 0.93-1.07) for poultry and 1.01 (95% CI: 0.93-1.10) for fish. In the dose-response analysis, each additional 100g/day of total and red meat, and 50g/day of processed meat, were found to be associated with a 36% (95% CI: 1.23-1.49), 31% (95% CI: 1.19-1.45) and 46% (95% CI: 1.26-1.69) increased risk of T2D, respectively. In addition, there was evidence of a non-linear dose-response association between processed meat and T2D (P=0.004), with the risk increasing by 30% with increasing intakes up to 30g/day., Conclusion: Our meta-analysis has shown a linear dose-response relationship between total meat, red meat and processed meat intakes and T2D risk. In addition, a non-linear relationship of intake of processed meat with risk of T2D was detected., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The relationship between dietary protein consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been inconsistent. The aim of this meta-analysis was to explore the relations between dietary protein consumption and the risk of T2D. We conducted systematic retrieval of prospective studies in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Summary relative risks were compiled with a fixed effects model or a random effects model, and a restricted cubic spline regression model and generalized least squares analysis were used to evaluate the diet-T2D incidence relationship. T2D risk increased with increasing consumption of total protein and animal protein, red meat, processed meat, milk, and eggs, respectively, while plant protein and yogurt had an inverse relationship. A non-linear association with the risk for T2D was found for the consumption of plant protein, processed meat, milk, yogurt, and soy. This meta-analysis suggests that substitution of plant protein and yogurt for animal protein, especially red meat and processed meat, can reduce the risk for T2D.

Objectives: Recent data relating to the association between spicy food intake frequency and abdominal obesity are limited, especially in low-income areas. Therefore, the study explored the relationship between spicy food intake frequency and abdominal obesity, and assessed the role of energy intake as a mediator of these associations in a rural Chinese adult population., Design: Cross-sectional study., Setting: Rural Chinese adult population., Participants: Subjects from Henan Rural Cohort Study (n=28 773)., Primary Outcome Measures: The effects of spicy food intake frequency on abdominal obesity were analysed by restricted cubic spline and logistic regression, and the mediation effect was analysed using the bootstrap method., Results: The adjusted percentages of abdominal obesity were 47.32%, 51.93%, 50.66% and 50.29% in the spicy food intake subgroups of never, 1-2 day/week, 3-5 day/week and 6-7 day/week, respectively. An inverse U-shaped association was found between spicy food intake frequency and abdominal obesity (p<0.01). Compared with subjects who never consumed spicy food, the adjusted ORs (95% CIs) in the 1-2 day/week, 3-5 day/week and 6-7 day/week subgroups were 1.186 (1.093, 1.287), 1.127 (1.038, 1.224) and 1.104 (1.044, 1.169), respectively. Furthermore, the increased odd of abdominal obesity related to more frequent spicy food intake was mediated by higher fat energy intake; the direct and indirect effects were 1.107 (1.053, 1.164) and 1.007 (1.003, 1.012), respectively., Conclusions: The data indicated that spicy food intake increased the risk of abdominal obesity, and fat energy intake may be a mediator of this association in rural Chinese populations. Clarifying the mechanisms will facilitate the development of novel preventive and therapeutic approaches for abdominal obesity., Trial Registration Number: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objective: To analyze dietary energy and macronutrients intake among Chinese older adults from 2010 to 2012., Methods: Data was from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. Dietary intake information was collected by three days food recall and weighed record of edible oil and condiments among 16 612 older adults. Daily energy and three macronutrients intake were calculated according to Chinese Food Composition 2004 and 2009 edition, and then evaluated by 2013 Chinese dietary reference intake., Results: The daily average energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat intake of Chinese older adults was(1840. 9 ± 636. 7) kcal/d, (255. 9 ± 106. 8) g/d, (55. 6±22. 7) g/d and(66. 8±35. 0) g/d, respectively. The mean proportion of energy supplied from carbohydrate, protein and fat was(55. 7% ± 12. 1%), (12. 3% ± 3. 4%)and(32. 5% ± 11. 7%), respectively. Total energy intake, carbohydrate intake and proportion of energy from carbohydrate among urban elderly were lower than that in rural, whereas protein and fat intake as well as their contribute rate for energy were higher in urban than those in rural. Regardless of urban and rural areas, four regions and genders, there was a decreasing trend of energy and macronutrient intake with the increase of age(P<0. 01). There 57. 0% of male and 53. 8% of female had lower protein intake than the recommended value, while 56. 7% of male and 56. 8% of female had higher fat contribution for energy upper than 30%. The rate of protein intake deficiency among participants aged 60-69 years old, 70-79 years old, 80 years old and above was 51. 0%, 61. 2% and 68. 6% respectively, and the proportion of energy from fat that exceeded 30%was 56. 9%, 56. 3% and 57. 1%, respectively., Conclusion: The daily average macronutrients intake model was unreasonable with higher fat but lower protein among Chinese older adults.

Objective: To understand the status of milk consumption in Chinese elderly from 2010 to 2012 and to compare with the status in 2002., Methods: Using dietary data of the 24 h recall method for 3 consecutive days and food weighting method from the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010- 2012 and the Chinese Nutrition and Health Survey in 2002, to analyze the consumption status of dairy products in Chinese elderly and the change between the past ten years., Results: The average milk consumption for Chinese elderly was 32. 7 g / d. Rate on intake of dairy products during the three survey days was 21. 59%. Liquid milk was the most usual type of milk consumption. The milk consumption in urban area was significantly higher than rural area( P < 0. 001). The milk consumption of people in ≥70 years old was significantly higher than the people in 60- 69 years old( P < 0. 001). The proportion of Chinese elderly whose total amount of milk intake reached Chinese dietary guidelines recommended level( 300 g / d) was merely1. 21%. The milk intake of Chinese elderly in 2010- 2012 reduced 5%-43% comparedto 2002. The milk consumption in 60- 69 years old people in urban reduced the most obviously. The gap between urban and rural made narrower., Conclusion: The consumption of dairy products was seriously inadequate in Chinese elderly and the trend was reducing.

Objective: To analyze salt intake among Chinese aged 60 and above in2010- 2012., Methods: Data was from 2010- 2012 Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance. Salt and condiment intake information of Chinese elderly was collected by the 3-condecutive days-24-hour dietary recall and food weighting method, the average salt intake was calculated based on energy percentage of family members., Results: The daily average salt intake of Chinese elderly was( 8. 8 ± 6. 8) g / d, the level was( 9. 5 ± 7. 2) g / d for male and( 8. 2 ± 6. 3) g / d for female, ( 7. 9 ± 6. 2) g / d for urban areas and( 9. 9 ±7. 2) g / d for rural areas. Salt intake among the elderly in big cities, medium-sized and small cities, general rural and poor rural was( 7. 3 ± 5. 8) g / d, ( 8. 6 ± 6. 6) g / d, ( 9. 9 ±6. 9) g / d and( 10. 1 ± 7. 9) g / d, respectively. The average daily salt intake decreased with increasing age and also declined with the increase of per capita annual income, while the average daily intake of salt increased from illiteracy to primary school and thendecreased in junior middle-school or above. Compared with the salt recommendation( less than 6g / d) from Chinese residents dietary guidelines 2016 edition, there were only37. 7% of elderly meet with salt recommendation, 41. 0% of participants were in the level between 6 g to 11 g, and 21. 4% were higher than 12 g. Urban participants whose salt intake were less than 6 g, 6 g to 11 g and higher than 12 g accounted for 43. 4%, 40. 3%and 16. 3%, while in rural areas these percentage were 30. 7%, 41. 7% and 27. 6%, respectively., Conclusion: The daily average salt intake among Chinese elderly was still in high level, and the elderly should reduce salt consumption gradually.

Objective: To analyze the dietary factors on sarcopenia in elderly in Beijing and provide nutritional recommendations for the sarcopenia., Method: A total of 830 participants aged 60 and above and without serious diseases were selected from two representative communities in Beijing. A cross-sectional research design was used, including inquiry investigation, dietary surveys (food frequency questionnaire) anthropometry, muscle mass and functional assessment., Results: The prevalence of sarcopenia was 20.1% in this area, the men was 17.1%, while the women was 21.6% (P > 0.05). The prevalence of sarcopenia in the five age groups has significant statistically difference (chi2 = 19.03, P = 0.0008) and increased with age rising (Z = -4.18, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of sarcopenia would be downward if the time of exercise prolonged and body mass index (BMI) increased (P < 0.05). The prevalence of sarcopenia in the group of meat consumption <35, 35-70, > 70 g/d was 24.5%,19.9% and 15. 3% (chi2 = 6.02, P = 0.0492), respectively (trend test for groups comparison, Z = 2.45, P =0.0141). The prevalence of sarcopenia in the group of egg consumption <35, 35-60, >60 g/d was 25.8%, 18.7% and 11.3% (chi2 = 6.50, P = 0.0388), respectively ( trend test for groups comparison, Z =2. 55, P = 0.0109). The prevalence of sarcopenia in the group of energy consumption < 1612, 1612-2109, > 2109 kcal/d was 25.8%,19.5% and 15. 0% (x2 = 8. 19 , P = 0. 0158), respectively (trend test for groups comparison, Z = 2.87, P = 0.0042). The prevalence of sarcopenia in the group of protein consumption < 58.2, 58.2 - 78.4, > 78.4 g/d was 25.3%, 18.2% and 16.7% (chi2 = 5.97, P = 0. 0505 ) , respectively (Z = 2.28, P = 0.0227). After controlling the influence of age, BMI, exercise and education, meat consumption (beta = -0.1703, P = 0.0119), egg consumption (beta = -0.1545, P = 0.0302) and the high quality protein consumption (beta = -0.1805, P = 0.0302) were negatively related with sarcopenia., Conclusion: Animal food, such as meet and egg, is an important protective factor for sarcopenia. Therefore, it is the first important thing for the elderly to ensure adequate energy intake, then you should increase the animal food intake which contains high quality protein to prevent sarcopenia.

Objective: To investigate the dietary pattern during pregnancy and the compositions of fatty acids of phosphatidylcholine (PC) during pregnancy in different regions of China., Method: 35 Health women of each region were recruited from three different geographical regions in China: Jurong (an inland region close to freshwater), Rizhao (a coastal region) and Xushui (an inland region with limited access to freshwater). All women were long-term residents of their respective region. Their dietary status (including consumption frequency of food and consumption of culinary oil) during second trimester pregnancy was recorded and the fatty acid composition of PC in plasma during late pregnancy (34 weeks gestation) was quantified by GC., Results: The consumption frequency of marine fish in Rizhao was significant higher than in other two regions. The main n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of PC in plasma was docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in all regions. The composition of DHA in three regions were (3.31 +/- 0.77) %, (3.74 +/- 1.21) % and (2.44 +/- 0.63) %, respectively. The composition of DHA in Xushui was significant lower than in other two regions (P < 0.017). There was positive relationship between consumption frequency of marine fish and composition of DHA of PC in plasma (r = 0.337, P < 0.05)., Conclusion: There was relationship between pregnant women's fatty acids composition of PC in plasma and their dietary. The consumption of food with high content of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy would be more practical for DHA store of pregnant women.

Purpose: A significant shift in meal pattern with frequent eating out was closely associated with multiple chronic outcomes, but with limited evidence on hyperuricemia. We aimed to explore the associations between eating out and serum uric acid (SUA) as well as hyperuricemia. Methods: A total of 29,597 participants were recruited from the Henan Rural Cohort Study. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to collect dietary data, including the frequency of eating out. Linear regression models were used to examine the association of eating-out frequency with SUA and BMI. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline were performed to assess the association and dose–response relationship between eating-out frequency and hyperuricemia. The mediation effect of BMI between eating out and the risk of hyperuricemia was evaluated. Results: Eating out was significantly associated with higher SUA levels in the total population and males (P < 0.001). Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CIs) of hyperuricemia were 1.26 (1.09, 1.46) for the total population and 1.18 (1.00, 1.40) for males (≥ 7 times/week vs 0 time/week). A non-linear positive dose–response relationship between eating-out frequency and hyperuricemia was observed. Furthermore, BMI played a partial mediating role in the relationship between eating out frequency and hyperuricemia, which explained 30.7% in the total population and 44.8% in males. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that eating out was associated with increased SUA levels and elevated hyperuricemia risk in rural China, especially in males. Moreover, the relationship was partly mediated by BMI. Clinical trials: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699 (2015-07-06). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]