Search

We aimed to prospectively assess the association between variety and quantity of fruits and vegetables (FV) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) incidence and mortality due to the limited evidence. Our analysis included 2,918 adults with a follow-up period of 29,559 person-years. An inverse association was detected between fruit intake and the risk of incidence and mortality from CVD. We found no association between diversity scores of fruits, vegetables, and FV with CVD risk. Subjects with high quantity-high variety, high quantity-low variety, and low quantity-high variety of fruits, vegetables, or FV exhibited no difference in CVD risk compared to the subjects with low quantity-low variety intake. Increasing the variety of FV was associated with increases in the intake of β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, vitamin C, selenium, fibre, fat, and protein after adjustment for the quantity and covariates. We detected an inverse association between fruit intake and the incidence and mortality rates of CVD.

The evidence for a linkage between dietary intake of choline and betaine, a choline metabolism product, and the risk of hypertension (HTN) is limited. The current population-based cohort study was designed to investigate the possible association between dietary intake of choline and betaine with the risk of HTN in adults. This cohort study was conducted on the participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). Dietary intake of choline and betaine was calculated using the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) database. Hypertension was diagnosed as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or used drugs to treat hypotension. In this study, 2865 subjects participated and followed-up for a median of 7.4 years. During the follow-up period, 623 patients with hypertension (22.1%) were detected. Our results revealed per every 100 mg increased dietary intake of choline, the risk of developing HTN decreased by 16% (0.84; 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.96, P for trend = 0.009). No significant association was observed between habitual dietary intake of betaine and the risk of HTN (1.10; 95% CI: 0.88 to 1.38, P for trend = 0.21). After stratification based on age, sex, and BMI, each 100 mg per d increase in dietary choline decreased the risk of HTN occurrence in subjects younger than 55 years old by 17% (0.83; 95% CI: 0.71 to 0.96) and men by 21% (0.79; 95% CI: 0.66 to 0.95). The current study's findings provide further support to confirm the protective properties of choline and choline-rich foods against HTN.

This study was designed to investigate prospective associations between dietary habitual intakes of flavonoids and carotenoids and the development of an unhealthy metabolic phenotype. In this study 1114 adults, who had a healthy metabolic phenotype in the third examination cycle (2005-2008) participated. Dietary intakes of flavonoids and carotenoids were estimated using valid food frequency questionnaires evaluated during the study. Joint Scientific Statement criteria were used to define a metabolic unhealthy phenotype as meeting at least two criteria. During a median follow-up of 5.4 years, one standard deviation increase in total flavonoids reduced the risk of developing an unhealthy phenotype by 50% (95% CIs: 0.42-0.59), and inverse associations were observed for individual classes except anthocyanins, being the strongest for flavan-3-ols. Among carotenoid classes, a significant inverse association was only observed between lutein + zeaxanthin (HRs: 0.87, 95% CIs: 0.77-0.98) and the occurrence of an unhealthy phenotype. When data were stratified by baseline BMI, total flavonoids and individual classes of flavan-3-ols, flavonols, and flavones among both normal weight and overweight/obese individuals, isoflavones in those with excess weight and anthocyanins in normal weight individuals were inversely associated with the development of an unhealthy phenotype. Total carotenoids, β-carotene and lutein + zeaxanthin were significantly associated with the lower likelihood of the occurrence of an unhealthy phenotype, only among normal weight individuals. Higher intakes of flavonoids and their individual classes may contribute to the lower risk of a metabolic unhealthy phenotype in both normal weight and overweight/obese adults. Flavonoids may have more favorable metabolic health effects than carotenoids.

Background & Aims: In the past, some observational studies have been carried out on the relationship between milk and dairy intake and risk of acne occurrence; however, their results were conflicting. This study is a meta-analysis and dose-response analysis designed to evaluate the relationship between milk and dairy products and acne development., Materials & Methods: Data of the study were searched and collected from Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases. Study design, sex, age, exposure (i.e. dairy, milk, yogurt, cheese), dietary assessment method, acne ascertainment, total sample size, number of total subjects and cases in each category of exposure intake, OR, RR and PR with 95% CI in each category of exposure intake and adjusted variables were extracted., Results: Highest compared with lowest category of dairy (OR: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.20 to 5.67), total milk (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.31 to 1.66), low-fat milk (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.43) and skim milk (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.34 to 2.47) intake significantly was associated with the presence of acne. Results of dose-response analysis revealed a significant linear relationship between dairy, whole milk and skim milk and risk of acne and nonlinear association between dairy, milk, low-fat milk and skim milk intake and acne., Conclusion: In this meta-analysis we found a positive relationship between dairy, total milk, whole milk, low-fat and skim milk consumption and acne occurrence. In contrary, no significant association between yogurt/cheese and acne development was observed., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: There is inconsistent evidence regarding the potential role of L-arginine intake on kidney function. This study investigated the association of dietary L-arginine intake and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adults., Materials and Methods: We evaluated 1780 men and women participated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, followed for a median of 6.3 years. Dietary intakes of total L-arginine as well as animal- and plant-derived L-arginine were assessed using the validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, at baseline. Demographics, anthropometrics, and biochemical variables were evaluated at baseline and again after a 3-year and a 6-year follow-up. The incidence of CKD was assessed across tertiles of L-arginine and its categories using multivariable logistic regression models., Results: The mean dietary intakes of total, plant-derived, and animal-derived L-arginine were 4.1 ± 1.5 g/d, 1.8 ± 0.9 g/d, and 2.1 ± 0.8 g/d, respectively. In the fully-adjusted logistic regression model, the highest compared to the lowest intakes of animal-derived L-arginine (2.57 g/d versus 1.05 g/d) increased the risk of CKD (relative risk, 1.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 2.14, P = .02 for trend). Animal-derived L-arginine was negatively associated with changes of estimated glomerular filtration rate and creatinine clearance rate during the follow-up. There was no significant association between total or plant-derived L-arginine intakes and the risk of CKD after 6.3 years of follow-up., Conclusions: Our findings suggested an adverse effect of higher intakes of L-arginine from animal sources that could be a dietary risk factor for development of kidney disease.

Objectives: Dietary factors play an important role in the development of hypertension (HTN). In this study, we aimed to determine the possible effect of protein foods group and its subgroups on risk of HTN after 3-year follow-up in Iranian adults., Design: Prospective study in framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study., Subjects: A total of 1,152 healthy adults, aged 20 to 84 years participated and were followed-up for 3 years., Main Outcome Measure: Usual dietary intake was assessed using a 168-item validate semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire at baseline and again after 3 years. Protein foods group was considered as the sum of meats, poultry, seafood, eggs, beans and peas, nuts, and seeds. Blood pressure was measured at baseline and after 3 years, and HTN was diagnosed by the seventh report of Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure (JNC-VII). To assess the odds ratio of HTN in each tertile of protein foods group and its subgroup, a multivariate logistic regression adjusted for potential confounding variables was used., Results: Mean age of participants was 36.0 ± 11.2 years, and mean intake of protein foods group was 855 ± 343 g/week (range 70.5-3,450 g/week). After 3 years of follow-up, the incidence of HTN was 12.5%. There was no significant association between dietary intakes of the protein foods group, meats, poultry, seafood, beans and peas, and nuts and seeds and the occurrence of HTN over 3 years. However, 3-year incidence of HTN was significantly decreased in the highest tertile of eggs in compared with the lowest (odds ratio: 0.54; 95% confidence interval: 0.32-0.91; P for trend = .02)., Conclusion: Our findings indicated that egg consumption could have favorable effect against development of HTN., (Copyright © 2016 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: There is growing evidence regarding the potential properties of nitrate-rich foods in development of chronic diseases. In this study, we investigated the association of nitrate-containing vegetables (NCVs) and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD)., Methods: We evaluated 1546 eligible adult participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), at baseline (2006-2008) and again after 3 years (2009-2011). Dietary intake was collected using the validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Nitrate-containing vegetables and its categories including high-, medium-, and low-nitrate vegetables were defined. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and CKD were defined. Association between NCVs and CKD in the cross-sectional phase and the predictability of NCVs consumption in CKD occurrence were assessed using multivariable logistic regression models with adjustment for potential confounders., Results: Mean dietary intake of energy-adjusted NCVs was 298.0 ± 177.3 g/day. Highest compared to the lowest tertile of NCVs was accompanied with a significantly lower mean eGFR (76.6 vs. 83.3, mL/min/1.73 m(2), p < 0.001) and a higher prevalence of CKD (21.7 vs. 9.9%, p < 0.001). At baseline, higher intake of high-NCVs was associated with a 48% higher chance of having CKD (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.05-2.13). After 3 years of follow-up, there was no significant association between consumption of total NCVs and its categories with the occurrence of CKD., Conclusion: Considering the lack of association between high-NCVs intakes and the risk of CKD in prospective analysis, additional research is recommended to clarify possible effect of nitrate intakes from vegetables on kidney function.

Background/objective: The epidemiological association of phytochemical-rich foods with the risk of hypertension is unclear. This study aimed to determine the association of dietary phytochemical index (PI) with the occurrence of hypertension (HTN) after 3 years of follow-up in Tehranian adults., Subjects/methods: This prospective study was conducted on 1546 nonhypertensive subjects, aged 20-70 years. Dietary intake was collected by validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary PI was calculated as (dietary energy derived from phytochemical-rich foods (kcal)/total daily energy intake (kcal)) × 100. Blood pressure was measured at baseline and after 3 years of follow-up and HTN was defined by Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure criteria. The odds of HTN after 3 years in each quartile category of dietary PI were estimated by logistic regression model and adjusted for potential variables., Results: The mean age of participants was 38.0±12.0 years and 43% were male. The mean dietary PI was 29.1±11.8. After 3 years of follow-up, 265 (17.1%) new cases of HTN were identified. No significant changes were observed in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure across quartile categories of dietary PI. After adjustment for confounders, the odds (95% confidence interval) of HTN across quartiles of dietary PI were 1.00, 0.97 (0.62-1.38), 0.69 (0.45-1.07) and 0.52 (0.32-0.84) (P for trend=0.004)., Conclusions: Consumption of phytochemical-rich foods may prevent the development of HTN. Further investigations are, however, recommended.

Background: Phytochemicals are natural non-nutritive bioactive compounds found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and legumes, as well as other plant foods. In the present study, we assessed the dietary phytochemical index (PI) in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors among Iranian adults., Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted within the framework of third phase of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study 2006-2008. For the present study, 2567 subjects aged 19-70 years (1129 men and 1438 women) were selected randomly. Dietary data were collected using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire with 168 food items. The PI was calculated based on daily energy derived from phytochemical-rich foods. The odds ratios of abdominal obesity, impaired fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridaemia, low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and hypertension were assessed across PI quartile categories., Results: The mean (SD) age of participants was 39.4 (13.2) years. Participants in the upper quartile of PI were older, and had a lower weight and waist circumference. The mean (SD) of the PI was 17.3 (5.6), 25.5 (6.4), 32.7 (8.3) and 42.8 (10.5) in the first, second, third and fourth quartiles, respectively. Compared with those in the lower quartile of PI, participants in the upper quartiles had a 66% lower risk of abdominal obesity [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.23-0.51] and a 36% lower risk of hypertriglyceridaemia (95% CI, 0.47-0.86), after adjustment for potential confounders., Conclusions: Higher intakes of phytochemical-rich foods are associated with a lower risk of abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridaemia as the main cardiometabolic risk factors., (© 2013 The Authors Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics © 2013 The British Dietetic Association Ltd.)

Objective: Middle Eastern and North African countries are undergoing nutrition transition, a transition which is associated with an increased burden of non-communicable diseases. This necessitates the evaluation of dietary patterns in these regions. The present study aimed to assess changes in dietary patterns in Middle Eastern and North African countries between 1961 and 2007., Design: Availability of energy and fifteen main food items during 1961-2007 was examined using FAO food balance sheets from the FAOSTAT database., Setting: Fifteen countries including nine in the Middle East and six in North Africa were selected and the average availability of total energy and different food items in these regions were compared., Results: Over the 47 years studied, energy and food availability (apart from animal fats and alcoholic beverages) has increased in the Middle East and North Africa. In both regions the proportion of energy derived from meat and vegetable oils has increased significantly while that from cereals decreased significantly. In addition, the proportion of energy from milk and dairy products and vegetables has shown an ascending trend in North Africa while the proportion of energy from fruits has shown a descending trend in the Middle East., Conclusions: The study results reveal an unfavourable trend towards a Westernized diet in the Middle East and, to a certain extent, in North Africa. Tailored nutritional education encouraging healthy eating for prevention of the burden of chronic diseases in these countries seems essential.

Background: Although fast food consumption has drastically increased in Iran in recent years; there is a paucity of data in relation to the association between fast food consumption, dietary intake, and cardiovascular risk factors. This study aims to determine fast food consumption status among young and middle-aged Iranian adults, and to assess its impact on dietary intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors., Methods: This cross-sectional population-based study was conducted on 1944 young and middle-aged adults (840 men and 1104 women), who participated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006-2008). We collected dietary data by using a validated 168 item, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Total fast food consumption was calculated by summing up weekly consumption of the most commonly consumed fast foods in Iran., Results: Mean consumption of fast food was 161g/week (95% CI: 147-175) for young adults and 108 g/week (95% CI: 101-115) for middle-aged adults. Mean dietary intakes of energy, fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, meat, and soft drinks increased significantly (P < 0.05), while carbohydrate and refined grain consumption decreased (P < 0.01) across tertiles of fast food in both age groups. In young adults, dietary energy density and protein intake increased significantly (P < 0.01) where as intake of non-starchy vegetables and carotenoids decreased (P < 0.05). In middle-aged adults dietary intakes of fiber, folate, calcium, and fruits significantly decreased across fast food tertiles (P < 0.05). After adjustment for confounders, there was an association between fast food consumption and body mass index (BMI; β = 0.104; P < 0.01) and waist circumference (WC; β= 0.083; P < 0.01) in young adults, and serum triglycerides (β = 0.072; P < 0.05), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; β = -0.051; P < 0.05), and atherogenic index of plasma (β = 0.056; P < 0.05) in middle-aged adults., Conclusion: The results show that increased consumption of fast foods is associated with poor dietary intake and some of the CVD risk factors in Iranian adults.

Background and Objective: Hypertension in long time can cause cardiovascular disorders and increase chance of stroke. This study was done to determine the association between some dietary factors and risk of hypertension. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the fourth phase (2008-11) of Tehran lipid and glucose study (TLGS). In this study 6089 subjects (2807 males and 3282 females), aged 19-70 years, were participated and dietary, demographic, anthropometric and blood pressure of each subject were collected. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated and reliable food frequency questionnaire with 147-items. Odds ratio for hypertension according to quartiles of dietary factors was determined using logistic regression with adjustment for confounder variables. Results: The rate of hypertension was 29.8%. Mean of weight, body mass index, waist circumference, prevalence of abdominal obesity and alliteration in the hypertensive subjects were significantly higher than normotensive subjects (P