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Background: Ion beam therapy allows for a substantial sparing of normal tissues and higher biological efficacy. Synthetic single crystal diamond is a very good material to produce high‐spatial‐resolution and highly radiation hard detectors for both dosimetry and microdosimetry in ion beam therapy. Purpose: The aim of this work is the design, fabrication and test of an integrated waterproof detector based on synthetic single crystal diamond able to simultaneously perform dosimetric and microdosimetric characterization of clinical ion beams. Methods: The active elements of the integrated diamond device, that is, dosimeter and microdosimeter, were both realized in a Schottky diode configuration featured by different area, thickness, and shape by means of photolithography technologies for the selective growth of intrinsic and boron‐doped CVD diamond. The cross‐section of the sensitive volume of the dosimetric element is 4 mm2 and 1 μm‐thick, while the microdosimetric one has an active cross‐sectional area of 100 × 100 μm2 and a thickness of about 6.2 μm. The dosimetric and microdosimetric performance of the developed device was assessed at different depths in a water phantom at the MedAustron ion beam therapy facility using a monoenergetic uniformly scanned carbon ion beam of 284.7 MeV/u and proton beam of 148.7 MeV. The particle flux in the region of the microdosimeter was 6·107 cm2/s for both irradiation fields. At each depth, dose and dose distributions in lineal energy were measured simultaneously and the dose mean lineal energy values were then calculated. Monte Carlo simulations were also carried out by using the GATE‐Geant4 code to evaluate the relative dose, dose averaged linear energy transfer (LETd), and microdosimetric spectra at various depths in water for the radiation fields used, by considering the contribution from the secondary particles generated in the ion interaction processes as well. Results: Dosimetric and microdosimetric quantities were measured by the developed prototype with relatively low noise (∼2 keV/μm). A good agreement between the measured and simulated dose profiles was found, with discrepancies in the peak to plateau ratio of about 3% and 4% for proton and carbon ion beams respectively, showing a negligible LET dependence of the dosimetric element of the device. The microdosimetric spectra were validated with Monte Carlo simulations and a good agreement between the spectra shapes and positions was found. Dose mean lineal energy values were found to be in close agreement with those reported in the literature for clinical ion beams, showing a sharp increase along the Bragg curve, being also consistent with the calculated LETd for all depths within the experimental error of 10%. Conclusions: The experimental indicate that the proposed device can allow enhanced dosimetry in particle therapy centers, where the absorbed dose measurement is implemented by the microdosimetric characterization of the radiation field, thus providing complementary results. In addition, the proposed device allows for the reduction of the experimental uncertainties associated with detector positioning and could facilitate the partial overcoming of some drawbacks related to the low sensitivity of diamond microdosimeters to low LET radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to compare the response of two different types of solid‐state microdosimeters, that is, silicon and diamond, and their uncertainties. A study of the conversion of silicon microdosimetric spectra to the diamond equivalent for microdosimeters with different geometry of the sensitive volumes is performed, including the use of different stopping power databases. Method: Diamond and silicon microdosimeters were irradiated under the same conditions, aligned at the same depth in a carbon‐ion beam at the MedAustron ion therapy center. In order to estimate the microdosimetric quantities, the readout electronic linearity was investigated with three different methods, that is, the first being a single linear regression, the second consisting of a double linear regression with a channel transition and last a multiple linear regression by splitting the data into odd and even groups. The uncertainty related to each of these methods was estimated as well. The edge calibration was performed using the intercept with the horizontal axis of the tangent through the inflection point of the Fermi function approximation multi‐channel analyzer spectrum. It was assumed that this point corresponds to the maximum energy difference of particle traversing the sensitive volume (SV) for which the residual range difference in the continuous slowing down approximation is equal to the thickness of the SV of the microdosimeter. Four material conversion methods were explored, the edge method, the density method, the maximum‐deposition energy method and the bin‐by‐bin transformation method. The uncertainties of the microdosimetric quantities resulting from the linearization, the edge calibration and the detectors thickness were also estimated. Results: It was found that the double linear regression had the lowest uncertainty for both microdosimeters. The propagated standard (k = 1) uncertainties on the frequency‐mean lineal energy y¯F${\bar{y}}_{\rm{F}}$ and the dose‐mean lineal energy y¯D${\bar{y}}_{\rm{D}}$ values from the marker point, in the spectra, in the plateau were 0.1% and 0.2%, respectively, for the diamond microdosimeter, whilst for the silicon microdosimeter data converted to diamond, the uncertainty was estimated to be 0.1%. In the range corresponding to the 90% of the amplitude of the Bragg Peak at the distal part of the Bragg curve (R90) the uncertainty was found to be 0.1%. The uncertainty propagation from the stopping power tables was estimated to be between 5% and 7% depending on the method. The uncertainty on the y¯F${\bar{y}}_{\rm{F}}$ and y¯D${\bar{y}}_{\rm{D}}$ coming from the thickness of the detectors varied between 0.3% and 0.5%. Conclusion: This article demonstrate that the linearity of the readout electronics affects the microdosimetric spectra with a difference in y¯F${\bar{y}}_{\rm{F}}$ values between the different linearization methods of up to 17.5%. The combined uncertainty was dominated by the uncertainty of stopping power on the edge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate for the first time the potentialities of obtaining microdosimetric measurements in scanned clinical carbon‐ion beams using synthetic single crystal diamond detector and to verify the spectral conversion methods. Methods: Microdosimetric measurements were performed at different depths in a water phantom at the therapeutic scanned carbon‐ion beam of the National Center of Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO) in Pavia, using waterproof encapsulated diamond microdosimeter developed at "Tor Vergata" University. A monoenergetic carbon‐ion beam of 195 MeV/μ scanned over a square field of 2 × 2 cm2 was used. Experimental microdosimetric spectra were compared with those obtained with a propane‐filled Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counters (TEPCs) microdosimeter in the same facility at the same conditions. To this purpose, the spectra in diamond were converted to the spectra that would have been collected with a propane‐filled cylindrical sensitive volume by means of a novel analytic methodology, recently developed at MedAustron. Results: The microdosimetric spectra acquired by the diamond microdosimeter show different shapes in the 10 keV µm−1 ÷ 103 keV µm−1 lineal‐energy range at different water depths. In spite of the high counting rate, no spectral distortion, due to pile‐up events and polarization effects, were observed. The experimental spectra have a low detection threshold of about 6 keV µm−1 due to the electronic noise in the irradiation room. The comparison between the spectra converted to propane from diamond detector and the spectra collected directly with propane‐filled TEPC shows a good agreement in the whole lineal‐energy range. Furthermore this comparison confirms that diamond detector response is LET independent. The frequency‐ and dose‐mean lineal energy values were also assessed for all spectra. The frequency‐mean values obtained with diamond microdosimeter at different depths scales rather well with the absorbed dose values. Conclusions: Microdosimetric characterization of a synthetic single crystal diamond detector in high‐energy scanned carbon‐ion beams was performed. The results of the present study showed that this detector is suitable for microdosimetry of clinical carbon ion beams. In addition, the good agreement between the converted diamond spectra and those obtained with TEPC provides the first experimental validation of the spectra conversion methodologies as valuable tools for the comparison of spectra collected with different detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]