Search

In the article, brief information on the regulatory importance of social and natural conditions in the gradual changes of the epidemic process was given, and the successes and experience gained in the study of this problem in recent years were shared. The manifestation of the epidemic process differs according to the structure and intensity of the disease in different population groups, territory and time. The regulation (self-regulation) of the epidemic process is provided by the genotypically and phenotypically diverse and constantly changing, interacting system of parasite causative and human - host populations acting on the basis of feedback. Staged development of the epidemic process - parasite and host populations it is the result of the influence of life on each other in changing social and natural conditions. The diversity of the ecological features of individual types of causative agent determines the multifacetedness of the periodic change of the laws of the parasitic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article briefed on the epidemiological features of cytomegalovirus infection and shared the successes and experiences of studying these diseases in recent years. Cytomegaly is an infectious disease of viral origin that is fairly common and its manifestations can range from symptomatic forms of internal organs and the central nervous system to severe injuries. The detection of symptoms of cytomegaly in newborns confirms that the fetus is infected inside the uterus. The presence of cytomegalovirus in the mating of an infected newborn proves that infection occurs through the mating. However, the receipt of cytomegaloviruses from the skin and muscle of the embryo excluded through the surgical procedure, and samples made from the lungs and kidneys of the embryo perpetrated on their own, means that the fetus is infected through ciftia in the womb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides brief information on the history of the epidemiology of infectious and noninfectious diseases and shares the achievements and experience of studying these diseases in recent years. Epidemiology, as a general medical science, studies the causes, conditions, and mechanisms of population morbidity, its distribution across the territory, among different population groups, and within space. Currently, the list of infectious diseases cannot be said to decrease, because in fact, new infections are constantly appearing, but they are not always detected in time and sometimes run in a hidden, latent manner. In the history of medicine, there are known cases of the emergence of new diseases, but the etiological origin of which is unknown and which covered large areas and then disappeared. In recent years, the general principles and methodological bases of studying all diseases at the population level have been developed. For this purpose, the term epidemiology is widely used. After the bacteriological discoveries, epidemiology was formed as a science that studies the regularities of the epidemic the process during a century of development. The formation of epidemiology as a science about epidemics coincides with the period of the emergence of ancient medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, brief information on ways to prevent hospital-acquired infections and countermeasures was given, the successes achieved in the study of these diseases in recent years and the discovery of risk factors in practice were shared. Nosocomial infections aggravate the course of the main disease, sometimes put the patient's life at risk, and prolong the length of stay of patients in the hospital. Extremely high pathogenicity of hospital strains of bacteria formed in connection with long-term treatment of patients with severe forms of purulent-septic diseases causes high lethality. The mechanism and ways of infection of the causative agents of hospital infections depend on the profile of the inpatient, the contingent of patients, the volume of treatment-diagnostic procedures and manipulations. Diagnosis of nosocomial infections is based on detection of causative agents by microbiological methods, including molecular genetic methods. Typing of pathogens allows to characterize the outbreak, that is, to determine the source of infection, the mechanism of infection and their reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, brief information on the epidemiology of risk factors for the development of ischemic heart disease was given, the successes achieved in the study of these diseases in recent years and the detection of risk factors in practice were shared. Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is considered a major problem in the internal medicine clinic and is characterized as an epidemic of the 21st century. This is due to the increasing frequency of people suffering from ischemic heart diseases in different age groups, a high share of the loss of working capacity, as well as the fact that it is one of the leading causes of its lethality. The analysis of the long-term dynamics of the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, including angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, revealed a slight tendency towards an increase in their number. The incidence of cardiovascular disease in the population has marked regional differences, which are related to numerous factors. A whole range of factors, traditionally called risk factors, is now sufficiently well known to actually increase the risk of morbidity and mortality from IHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides brief information on the epidemiology of genetically conditioned diseases and shares the achievements and experience gained in the study of these diseases in recent years. Genetically determined diseases represent a classic example of vertical transmission of hereditary material that ensures health or the development of various pathological conditions. The concept of a vertical transmission mechanism, which is not random, but necessarily determined by evolution, is most often applied to genetically determined diseases. All qualities (characteristics) that determine individual changes within the limit of "norm" are genetically determined. The epidemiology of genetically determined diseases requires not only their study at the molecular level (using specific genetic testing methods), but also population studies based on the principles of epidemiological diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Better diagnostics are always essential for the treatment and prevention of a disease. Existing technologies for detecting infectious and non-infectious diseases are mostly tedious, expensive, and do not meet the World Health Organization's (WHO) ASSURED (affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free, and deliverable to end user) criteria. Hence, more accurate, sensitive, and faster diagnostic technologies that meet the ASSURED criteria are highly required for timely and evidenced-based treatment. Presently, the diagnostics industry is finding interest in microfluidics-based biosensors, as this integration comprises all qualities, such as reduction in the size of the equipment, rapid turnaround time, possibility of parallel multiple analysis or multiplexing, etc. Microfluidics deal with the manipulation/analysis of fluid within micrometer-sized channels. Biosensors comprise biomolecules immobilized on a physicochemical transducer for the detection of a specific analyte. In this review article, we provide an outline of the history of microfluidics, current practices in the selection of materials in microfluidics, and how and where microfluidics-based biosensors have been used for the diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Our inclination in this review article is toward the employment of microfluidics-based biosensors for the improvement of already existing/traditional methods in order to reduce efforts without compromising the accuracy of the diagnostic test. This article also suggests the possible improvements required in microfluidic chip-based biosensors in order to meet the ASSURED criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Better diagnostics are always essential for the treatment and prevention of a disease. Existing technologies for detecting infectious and non-infectious diseases are mostly tedious, expensive, and do not meet the World Health Organization’s (WHO) ASSURED (affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free, and deliverable to end user) criteria. Hence, more accurate, sensitive, and faster diagnostic technologies that meet the ASSURED criteria are highly required for timely and evidenced-based treatment. Presently, the diagnostics industry is finding interest in microfluidics-based biosensors, as this integration comprises all qualities, such as reduction in the size of the equipment, rapid turnaround time, possibility of parallel multiple analysis or multiplexing, etc. Microfluidics deal with the manipulation/analysis of fluid within micrometer-sized channels. Biosensors comprise biomolecules immobilized on a physicochemical transducer for the detection of a specific analyte. In this review article, we provide an outline of the history of microfluidics, current practices in the selection of materials in microfluidics, and how and where microfluidics-based biosensors have been used for the diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Our inclination in this review article is toward the employment of microfluidics-based biosensors for the improvement of already existing/traditional methods in order to reduce efforts without compromising the accuracy of the diagnostic test. This article also suggests the possible improvements required in microfluidic chip-based biosensors in order to meet the ASSURED criteria.