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Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) of prostate is an unusual type of mesenchymal neoplasm that can elicit a benign or malignant phenotype. It represents a diagnostic challenge as it can simulate poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and various mesenchymal neoplasms of prostate. We report a case of prostate SFT in a 54-year-old patient, which was clinically misdiagnosed as nodular hyperplasia of prostate with cystitis. However, on follow-up, he was not relieved by the designated treatment. Furthermore, he complained of exacerbation of symptoms and consequently, had to undergo open prostatectomy. Based on histopathological and immunohistochemical (IHC) assessment, a diagnosis of SFT of the prostate was rendered. Additionally, we have discussed the histological mimics of SFT and the diagnostic and prognostic importance of IHC while evaluating such lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Follicular dendritic cell neoplasms are extremely rare. Information regarding the accurate treatment and prognosis is limited owing to their rarity; thus, this tumor encompasses a domain to be brought into focus. Clinical and pathological diagnoses warrant a high index of suspicion as this entity is not considered in routine clinical practice. Histopathologically it mimics various other neoplasms which lead to higher chances of misdiagnosis at initial evaluation. Use of follicular dendritic cell immunohistochemical markers CD 21 and CD 35 helps in rendering a definitive diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumefactive fibroinflammatory lesions (TFLs) are rare idiopathic benign fibrosclerosing lesions that clinically simulate a malignancy. TFLs are seen more frequently in males between 10 and 74 years of age. The usual site of involvement is the head and neck region, but rarely the extremities may be involved. Coexisting fibrosclerotic processes have been reported including retroperitoneal fibrosis, sclerosing cholangitis, sclerosing mediastinal fibrosis, and orbital pseudotumors. The etiology of this poorly understood entity remains unknown. Possible suggestions include exaggerated responses or autoimmune reactions to any chronic infection. The clinical and radiological appearance of TFLs is that of malignancy, but histopathology reveals them to be a benign process broadly classified under non-neoplastic, fibroinflammatory proliferations. The treatment strategies for these lesions are not well defined and variable and include steroids, surgery, and radiotherapy either alone or in combination. TFLs, albeit not fatal, have a high recurrence rate; patients should, therefore, be kept on long-term follow-up. We describe a young female patient presenting with a rapidly developing cheek swelling, which was diagnosed histopathologically as a TFLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichoepithelioma is a benign tumor of follicular origin that presents as small, skin-colored papules predominantly on the face. When more than one family member is affected, the disease is known as multiple familial trichoepithelioma (MFT). It is a rare autosomal dominant skin disease. Malignant transformation is very rare. We describe here a case that developed malignant neoplasm in a setting of multiple trichoepithelioma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unilateral malignant pleural effusion as an initial manifestation that leads to the diagnosis of an underlying acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a rare event. Early and accurate diagnosis of this case is important for prompt and adequate therapy. We present the case of an18-year-old male who presented to the emergency department with severe respiratory distress. Chest X-ray revealed a unilateral massive right-sided pleural effusion. Cytological examination of the pleural fluid led to the diagnosis of underlying acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Subsequent hemogram, bone marrow aspirate and flow cytometry analysis confirmed the diagnosis of T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The patient underwent induction chemotherapy which led to significant clinical improvement due to resolution of the pleural effusion. The patient is on follow up at present. This case report exemplifies and highlights the importance of cytopathological analysis of body cavity fluids in the diagnosis of underlying unsuspected malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the kidney are rare tumors representing about 1% of all sarcomas. Extraskeletal primitive neuroectodermal tumors may be found in the genitourinary tract, the testes, ovaries, uterus, or pancreas. Renal primitive neuroectodermal tumors are frequently aggressive and almost 30% of all newly diagnosed cases present with distant metastases. Surgical intervention, intensive chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation therapy are the best choices for management. We discuss the case of a 22-year-old male who presented with a left renal mass. He underwent nephrectomy followed by histopathological examination. Microscopic and immunohistochemical examination revealed a primitive neuroectodermal tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although epitrochlear lymph nodes may be enlarged as a part of generalized lymphadenopathy, isolated enlargement of epitrochlear lymph nodes is rarely seen. Epitrochlear lymph node involvement, as a first presentation, is rarely seen in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. We describe non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a 60-year-old male who presented with isolated epitrochlear lymphadenopathy along with other organ involvement, including the kidneys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cytological examination of effusions helps to differentiate between benign and malignant effusions, but fails a definitive diagnosis in a number of cases. The main problem here is to distinguish reactive mesothelial cells from neoplastic cells. Aim: In the present study, we used argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) staining for diagnosis of benign and malignant effusions. Materials and Methods: In this study, 100 cases of effusion samples were taken and centrifuged. Four smears were prepared from sediment, one each for Leishman, hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining and two for AgNOR staining. AgNORs were counted as black dots in the nuclei of all abnormal cells using ×100 oil immersion objective. Their dispersion and shape was compared in benign, malignant and atypical cases. Results: Out of 50 pleural effusion samples, 29 were benign, 10 were malignant and 11 atypical. Among the 47 peritoneal effusion samples, 27 were benign, 16 were malignant and 4 atypical. Out of three cases of pericardial effusion samples, one was benign and two were malignant. All effusions were subjected to AgNOR staining. The benign group consisted of cells showing 1 to 2 dots of regular size and shape. In malignant group, 3 to 5 dots of variable size, shape and irregular contours were observed per cell. In atypical group, the reactive mesothelial cells showed 1 to 2 dots, malignant cells showed 3 to 4 irregular dots. Thus, a differentiation was noted between activated mesothelial cells and malignant cells, which was not possible in Leishman and H and E-stained smears alone. Conclusion: Therefore, AgNOR can be branded as an extremely useful additional diagnostic tool for cytodiagnosis of effusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder is a rare tumor accounting for 0.06% of all bladder tumors and 1% of all pheochromocytomas. The distinction of paragangliomas from urothelial carcinoma is likely to be critical because of differences in therapeutic management. We report a case of 24-year-old female who presented with a complaint of intermittent hematuria and no other characteristic symptoms of paraganglioma. Ultrasonography revealed a lobulated mass arising from the anterior wall of the urinary bladder. Imaging studies and other relevant investigations were inconclusive. Transurethral resection was done and sent for histopathology. On histopathology, final diagnosis of paraganglioma was made. Patient is symptom-free postoperatively and is on regular follow-up 6 monthly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marjolin's ulcers are malignancies that arise in chronic venous ulcers, scars, burns, long-standing wounds or sinuses. The most common type of carcinoma arising in the Marjolin's ulcer is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), followed by basal cell carcinoma. Verrucous SCC (VSCC) comprises about 3% of all SCCs. It is most commonly diagnosed in the oral cavity, and the incidence is approximately one in a million/year. To the best of our knowledge, malignancy arising in a postnephrectomy sinus has never been described before. We herein report a case of VSCC in a sinus developed after nephrectomy done for renal stones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloroma, also called granulocytic sarcoma (GS) or Myeloid Sarcoma, is a rare malignant extra-medullary neoplasm of myeloid precursor cells. It is usually associated with myeloproliferative disorders but its appearance may precede the onset of leukaemia. The presence of a chloroma is certainly a sign of poor prognosis. We report a case of chloroma in a middle aged female without a prior history of leukemia in the perianal skin region with clinical diagnosis of perianal abscess. When there is no concomitant leukaemia, diagnosis of chloroma may be difficult. Differential diagnoses include acute lymphoblastic leukemia, large cell NHL, lymphoblastic lymphoma, Ewing's sarcoma and cutaneous T cell lymphoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are reporting a 62 year old male, who over a period of 1 year, developed a symmetric eruption of hundreds of brownish papules, with spontaneous regression of some lesions. The clinical and histopathological fiindings were compatible with the diagnosis of generalized eruptive histiocytoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 19-year-old pregnant female suffering from swelling in the submandibular region. It mentions that ultrasonography revealed hypoechoic lesion with cystic changes. It also mentions the presence of foamy and pigment-laden macrophages and multinucleated giant cells along with lymphocytes. It also mentions that ectopic thyroid was diagnosed in the submandibular mass.

Abstract: Hepatic tuberculosis particularly in the absence of military tuberculosis is rare. It can occur as a primary case or due to reactivation of an old tubercular focus. We report case of a 24 year old married female who died of primary hepatic tuberculosis. She had no evidence of tuberculosis elsewhere. Appropriate treatment initiated early can result in marked recovery whereas failure to recognize this entity can prove to be fatal. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Sebaceous carcinoma of the ocular adnexa is a malignant neoplasm which has aggressive local behavior and can metastasize to regional lymph nodes and distant organs. It is a malignant neoplasm known to masquerade as other benign and less malignant lesions, resulting in delay in diagnosis and relatively high morbidity and mortality. Aspiration cytological features of this neoplasm have not been well characterized in the literature. We report a case of this tumor diagnosed on fine needle aspiration. Clinically, a diagnosis of chalazion was made and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed. Cytological diagnosis of a malignant tumor with closest resemblance to sebaceous carcinoma was suggested which was confirmed on histopathology. Eyelid reconstruction was done after histopathological confirmation of tumor-free margins. The article highlights the role of FNAC in early diagnosis and subsequent appropriate surgical management of eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma to prevent recurrence and metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cysticercosis is a condition that occurs when man is infected with larvae of Taenia solium. Oral cysticercosis is a rare event, and it represents difficulty in clinical diagnosis. A case of oral cysticercosis in 11 year old girl is presented which complained of painless swelling for 6 months. A FNAC was performed which revealed bluish pink fibrillary material and interspersed nuclei and fragments of wall of larvae. Patient was treated with antihelminthic. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A letter to the editor is presented about a case of primary neuroendocrine breast carcinoma.

Xanthogranulomatous cystitis (XC) is a rare benign disease of unknown etiology. A case of XC in a 30-yearold male is presented due to sparcity of such case report in medical literature. Patient evaluation included clinical, biochemical and radiological studies before treatment. Histological study revealed the rare diagnosis. Patient was asymptomatic at eight weeks follow-up after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pancytopenia is a clinicohematological problem with wide spread discriminated diagnosis. A through evaluation of patient is necessary to identify the cause as large number of patients has reversible etiology and early diagnosis may be lifesaving. Diagnosis of pancytopenia requires microscopic examination of bone marrow aspirates to assess the overall cellularity and morphology. This study was conducted with the aim to find out the cause of pancytopenia on the basis of bone marrow findings. Methods: The present study was conducted in the department of pathology over a period of one year. A total of 169 patients were included in the study that fulfilled the criteria of pancytopenia. A detailed clinical history and physical examination followed by complete blood count, peripheral smear examination and bone marrow aspiration was done in all cases. Results: There was slight male predominance with male to female ratio of 1.2:1. The majority of patients were in second and third decade. The main cause of pancytopenia was megaloblastic anemia followed by mixed nutritional deficiency anemia and others. Conclusion: This study emphasized that in developing countries like India majority of the patients had reversible etiology and patients can be put on a trial of hematinics and close haematological follow up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]