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Erythematous painful cutaneous nodular lesions are associated with a host of disorders that may erupt acutely as a generalized or localized dermatitis or be associated with chronic and/or recurrent illnesses. This review discusses such disorders presenting with painful nodular lesions and attempts to provide a systematic approach to their clinical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on strawberry tongue which is a distinctive enanthem of the dorsum of the tongue characterized by the prominence of inflamed and hypertrophic fungiform papillae together with hyperemia. It mentions information on desquamation of the keratinized epithelium of the filiform papillae. It presents information on scarlet fever which is an acute febrile exanthematous illness associated with group A streptococcal pharyngitis mediated by an erythrogenic toxin.

Anticoagulants are the cornerstone of treatment of venous thromboembolism associated with various medical conditions and surgical procedures. They act on different steps of the coagulation pathway and are broadly categorized into heparins, vitamin K antagonists, and inhibitors of thrombin and factor Xa. The classification is evolving as newer and better oral and parenteral anticoagulants are being added. Anticoagulants in dermatology are important not only for their therapeutic application in cutaneous thrombotic dermatoses such as livedoid vasculitis, purpura fulminans, superficial and deep venous thrombosis and others but also for their use in non-thrombotic dermatoses such as lichen planus, recurrent oral aphthosis, chronic urticaria and several others. Further, the use of anticoagulants for any indication is associated with various adverse effects with dermatologic manifestations including specific reactions such as warfarin-induced skin necrosis, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and anticoagulant-associated cholesterol embolization syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 16-year-old female presented with more or less erythematous scaly papules involving both the axillae. The similarity of the lessions involving both the cubital fossae and groins is mentioned. The article discusses granular parakeratosis which is a rare acquired pruritic disorder of the flexures and affects both sexes and all ages.

Background. Cutaneous alterations are common in neonates. The majority of lesions are physiological, transient, or self-limited and require no therapy. Although much has been reported on the various disorders peculiar to the skin of infant, very little is known about variations and activity of the skin in neonates. Objective. To study the various pattern of skin lesions in newborn and to estimate the prevalence of physiological and pathological skin lesions in newborn. Methods. A total of 1000 newborns were examined in a hospital-based, cross-sectional prospective study in the period of November 2007 to May 2009. Results. The physiological skin changes observed in order of frequency were sebaceous gland hyperplasia (89.4%), Epstein pearls (89.1%), Mongolian spot (84.7%), knuckle pigmentation (57.9%), linea nigra (44.5%), hypertrichosis (35.3%), miniature puberty (13.3%), acrocyanosis (30.9%), physiological scaling (10.8%), and vernix caseosa (7.7%). Of the transient noninfective conditions, erythema toxicum neonatorum was seen in 23.2% newborns and miliaria crystallina in 3% newborns. The birthmarks in descending order of frequency were salmon patch (20.7%), congenital melanocytic nevi (1.9%), and cafe-au-lait macule (1.3%). Cutaneous signs of spinal dysraphism were sacral dimple (12.8%), meningomyelocele (0.5%), acrochordons (0.1%), and dermoid cyst (0.1%). Conclusion. The physiological and transient skin lesions are common in newborns particularly sebaceous gland hyperplasia, Epstein pearls, Mongolian spots, and erythema toxicum neonatorum. It is important to differentiate them from other more serious skin conditions to avoid unnecessary therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the various collagen vascular diseases seen in pediatric age group, discoid lupus erythematosus, systemic lupus erythematosus, neonatal lupus erythematosus, juvenile dermatomyositis and childhood scleroderma are common and of practical importance to clinicians. Various treatment modalities of these conditions have been discussed at length. Of these, some are conventional and routine, while others are used in challenging situations of these diseases. Autologous stem cell transplant, biological therapies, intravenous immunoglobulin and narrow band ultraviolet B are among the latest therapeutic options for these difficult-to-treat conditions in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nails are cutaneous appendages mostly involved in mechanical functions. However, nails may reflect presence of various systemic disorders evidenced by alteration of their shape, size, color or texture. Genodermatoses are multisystem disorders with cutaneous involvement. Many of the genodermatoses present with nail changes and some of these may be the clinical pointers to the diagnosis. Diagnostic clues to various genodermatoses derived from nail findings have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light microscopy of the hair forms an important bedside clinical tool for the diagnosis of various disorders affecting the hair. Hair abnormalities can be seen in the primary diseases affecting the hair or as a secondary involvement of hair in diseases affecting the scalp. Hair abnormalities also form a part of various genodermatoses and syndromes. In this review, we have briefly highlighted the light microscopic appearance of various infectious and noninfectious conditions affecting the hair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous vasculitides in childhood are rare and often present with clinical features distinct from adults. Diagnosis of cutaneous vasculitides in children was difficult because of lack of a satisfactory classification systems for this age group. A new international classification system for childhood vasculitis has been discussed in the following section along with important clinical features, diagnostic modalities, and recent therapeutic developments of important vasculitides in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides insights into the clinical significance of scars in dermatology. According to the authors, scars may serve as a clue for diagnosis by their typical morphology or may give rise to various dermatoses. They also discuss the classification of scars, dermatological conditions occurring in scars and characteristics morphology of scars and the diseases causing scars.

The article evaluates the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to vasculitis with cutaneous involvement of dermatologists. Vasculitis is a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of vessel walls wherein the process of detecting it may lead to vasculitic etiology. Furthermore , the different type of vasculitis were listed with their corresponding characteristics, conditions, its descriptions and approaches to treatment are discussed.

A 5-year-old boy was admitted for severe neurological impairment including hypotonia and loss of consciousness without preceding febrile illness. On examination, he had silver colored hair and bronze-tan over photo-exposed body parts. He was born of consanguineous parents and three of his elder siblings, who died in early childhood, had similar colored hair. Complete blood count and serum immunoglobulin levels were within normal limits. Peripheral blood smear did not show any cytoplasmic granules in neutrophils. Cerebro-spinal fluid examination did not reveal any abnormality. Light microscopic examination of the hair revealed irregular clumping of the melanin throughout the shafts. The patient died on the second day following admission. A clinical diagnosis of Elejalde disease was made. The clinical and genetic overlapping of the three silvery-hair syndromes has been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 6‑year‑old girl presented with progressive tightness of skin over pelvic and shoulder girdles. There was exaggerated lumbar lordosis, outer aspects of both the buttocks were flat and hollowed, and lower back and lumbar region showed mild hypertrichosis. Histopathological findings showed that there was no evidence of appendageal distortion. Stiff skin syndrome (SSS) is insidious in onset and either advances slowly or remains non‑progressive.

The article presents a case report of a 45-year-old female patient with a history of eczematous skin lesion over the left breast that resulted to nipple destruction. Initial diagnosis was unilateral Paget's disease of the nipple, based on the clear cytoplasm and large nuclei on the round cell intraepidermal neoplasia. Other possible diagnosis are eczema, psoriasis, superficial basal cell carcinoma and melanoma.

The article describes the case of a 30-year-old female with acquired digital fibrokeratoma. The patient was presented with a small, asymptomatic, dome-shaped lesion over the top of her right middle finger. She was diagnosed with keratotic papule with a collarette of skin. She had core blood vessels arranged in groups.