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Objective: To compare the clinical and radiographic parameters around short (6 to 8 mm in length) and long (11 mm in length) dental implants placed in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)., Material and Methods: Forty-five male patients with T2DM (Group-1) and 42 male non-diabetic controls (Group-2) who had undergone implant therapy in the posterior mandible were included. Depending upon the length of the implant, patients were divided into two subgroups: (a) patients with short implants (6-8 mm long) and (b) patients with long implants (11 mm long). Peri-implant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and crestal bone loss (CBL) were measured at 18 and 36 months of follow-up in both groups. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were measured at baseline and after 18 and 36 months of follow-up in both groups. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant., Results: The mean age of patients in groups 1 and 2 was 42.5 and 40.6 years, respectively. The mean HbA1c levels at baseline among patients in groups 1 and 2 were 7.7% and 4.5%, respectively. At 18 and 36 months of follow-up, the mean HbA1c levels among patients in groups 1 and 2 were 6.6% and 4.5% and 6.5% and 4.4%, respectively. The mean duration of T2DM among patients that received short and long implants was 4.3 years and 4.1 years, respectively. There was no significant difference in PI, BOP, PD and CBL around implants placed in both groups at 18 and 36 months of follow-up. Success rate of short and long dental implants was 100% in both groups., Conclusion: Short implants can demonstrate clinical and radiographic stability in a manner similar to conventional long implants in patients with and without T2DM. The role of oral hygiene and glycemic maintenance in this scenario cannot be disregarded., (© 2016 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

There are no studies that have compared the clinical and radiographic status around immediately loaded (IL) and conventional loaded (CL) implants placed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim was to compare the clinical and radiographic status around IL and CL implants placed in T2DM patients. One hundred and eight diabetic patients [55 with IL implants (Group 1) and 53 with CL implants (Group 2)] were included in this cross-sectional study. All implants were placed in healed sites in the maxillary and mandibular premolar and molar regions and supported single restorations. All patients underwent full mouth mechanical debridement biannually. Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, clinical [bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing depth (PD) ≥ 4 mm] and radiographic [crestal bone loss (CBL)] peri-implant parameters were measured for both groups at 12- and 24-month follow-up. Group comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test (P < 0·05). The mean age and duration of T2DM in groups 1 and 2 were 50·6 ± 2·2 and 51·8 ± 1·7 years, and 9·2 ± 2·4 and 8·5 ± 0·4 years, respectively. At 12- and 24-month follow-up, the mean HbA1c levels in groups 1 and 2 were 5·4% (4·8-5·5%) and 5·1% (4·7-5·4%) and 5·1% (4·7-5·2%) and 4·9% (4·5-5·2%), respectively. At 12- and 24-month follow-up, there was no statistically significant difference in peri-implant BOP, PD and CBL in both groups. It was concluded that clinical and radiographic status is comparable around IL and CL implants placed in patients with T2DM. The contribution of careful case selection, oral hygiene maintenance and glycaemic control is emphasised., (© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: The purpose of the present 24-month follow-up longitudinal study was to compare the clinical and radiographic status of platform-switched implants placed in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)., Material and Methods: In total, 45 male non-smokers were included. In Group-1, there were 23 patients with T2DM, and patients in Group-2 comprised of 22 self-reported non-diabetic controls. Under local anesthesia, platform-switched implants were placed in the mandible. Peri-implant bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), marginal bone loss (MBL) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were measured at 12 and 24 months of follow-up. Participants were also enrolled in a biannual oral hygiene maintenance program., Results: The mean age of participants in groups 1 and 2 were 42.4 years (40-46 years) and 41.8 years (39-44 years), respectively. In Group-1, the mean duration of T2DM was 14.5 ± 0.7 months. At 12 and 24 months of follow-up, there was no significant difference in the mean HbA1c levels among patients in groups 1 and 2. At 12 and 24 months of follow-up, there was no significant difference in peri-implant BOP, PD and MBL in both groups., Conclusions: Platform-switched implants can remain clinically and radiographically stable in patients with T2DM in a manner similar to non-diabetic individuals. However, it is emphasized that bone loss around implants is influenced by several factors (such as oral hygiene status, glycemic control and tobacco smoking) and not merely platform switching., (© 2016 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: The aim of the present 2-year follow-up study was to assess the effect of oral hygiene maintenance on hemoglobin Alc (HbA1c) levels and peri-implant parameters around immediately-loaded dental implants placed in type-2 diabetic patients with varying glycemic levels., Material and Methods: Ninety-one individuals were divided into three groups. In group 1, 30 systemically healthy individuals were included (HbA1c < 6%). Patients in group 2 and 3, comprised of 30 patients with T2DM (HbA1c 6.1-8%); and 31 patients with T2DM (HbA1c 8.1-10%) respectively. In all groups, patients received immediately loaded bone level implants. All participants were enrolled in a 6 monthly periodontal/peri-implant maintenance program. Peri-implant bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and marginal bone loss (MBL) were measured at 6, 12, and 24 months of follow-up., Results: Mean preoperative HbA1c levels in patients in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 4.5%, 6.8%, and 8.7% respectively. In group-1, there was no significant difference in HbA1c levels at all follow-up durations. Among patients in groups 2 and 3, there was a significant decrease in HbA1c levels at 24-months follow-up than 6-months follow-up. At 6 months follow-up, BOP, PD, and MBL were significantly higher among patients in group-3 than group-1. At 12 and 24 months follow-up, there was no significant difference in BOP, PD, and MBL in all groups., Conclusions: Oral hygiene maintenance reduces hyperglycemia and peri-implant inflammatory parameters around immediately loaded dental implants placed in type 2 diabetic patients., (© 2016 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: There are no studies that have assessed the efficacy of mechanical debridement (MD) with and without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of periimplant inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the present 12-month follow-up study was to assess the efficacy of MD with and without adjunct aPDT in the treatment of periimplant inflammation in patients with T2DM., Methods: Sixty-seven patients with diagnosed periimplant inflammation and T2DM were included. Treatment-wise, the patients were divided into 2 groups: (a) test-group (n=34): patients receivedMD+aPDT; and (b) control group (n=33): patients received MD only. Periimplant bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) ≥4mm and mesial and distal marginal bone loss (MBL) were measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 months of therapy in both groups. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the periimplant BOP, PD, MBL and HbA1c levels in both groups. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant., Results: Mean preoperative hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) for patients in the control group and test group were 8.5% and 8.8%, respectively. In the control group, there was no significant difference in HbA1c levels at all follow-up durations. Among patients in test group, there was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in HbA1c levels at 6 and 12 months of follow-up. Both PD and BOP were significantly lower in the test group compared to the control group at all follow-up durations. At 6 and 12 months of follow-up, there was no significant difference in MBL in both groups., Conclusion: In patients with T2DM, MD with adjunct aPDT is more effective in the treatment of periimplant inflammation compared with MD alone., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background and Aim: Effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) with and without adjunctneodymium-doped:yttrium, aluminum and garnet (Nd:YAG) lasertherapy in the treatment of periodontal inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains uninvestigated. The aim of the present short-term pilot study was to assess efficacy of NSPT with adjunct Nd:YAG laser therapy in the treatment of periodontal inflammation in patients with and without T2DM., Methods: Twenty-two patients with T2DM (Group-1) and 22 controls (Group-2) were included. Teeth on test- and control-sites underwent NSPT with and without Nd:YAG laser therapy, respectively. Periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP] and probing pocket depth⩾4mm [PPD]) were measured at baseline and after 1 and 3months. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were measured at baseline and after 3months., Results: In Group-1, PI, BOP and PPD⩾4mm were higher at the control-sites (6.4% [P<0.05], 5.5% [P<0.05] and 3.5% [P<0.05], respectively) than test-sites (1.5%, 2.1% and 1.1%, respectively) at 1-month follow-up. In Group-2, PI, BOP and PPD⩾4mm were higher at the control-sites (4.2% [P<0.05], 2.2% [P<0.05] and 2.2% [P<0.05], respectively) than test-sites (1.2%, 1.3% and 1.1%, respectively). At 3-months follow-up, there was no difference in PI, BOP and PPD⩾4mm among test- and control-sites in both groups. At 3-month follow-up, mean HbA1c levels were comparable among patients in groups 1 and 2 (5±0.2% and 4.6±0.1%, respectively)., Conclusion: These short-term pilot results support our hypothesis that NSPT+Nd:YAG laser therapy is more effective in reducing periodontal inflammation in patients with and without T2DM than when NSPT is used alone. Further long-term randomized controlled clinical trials are needed in this regard., (Crown Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)