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• Hericene A (HA) is an anti-diabetic constituent of Hericeum erinaceus. • The amounts of HA in different H. erinaceus were quantitated. • The ratio of agricultural by-products affected the HA production in H. erinaceus. • Dark condition is better for producing HA than light condition. • Incubation days for fruiting body exerted effects on HA production. Hericium erinaceus is an edible and medicinal mushroom, which has been traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes and memory disorders. Hericene A (HA) is known as one of the active constituents of H. erinaceus including α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Therefore, research for the development of H. erinaceus with high content of HA was carried out in this study. The effects of culture conditions including agricultural by-products, incubation days and light conditions were investigated. The highest HA production was achieved by agricultural by-products combination of sawdust 42% + cottonseed meal 12% + rice bran 7% + cottonseed hulls 19% + beet 13% with the value of 3.46 mg HA/g dry mushroom. The incubation days for fruiting bodies affected the HA content whereas little effect of mycelia growth periods. In addition, H. erinaceus grown in darkness contained a high amount of HA than those under light conditions. Taken together, the development of H. erinaceus with increased HA content can be achieved by optimization of cultivation conditions. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Four main lignans of Schizandra chinensis, such as schizandrin (S1), schizandrin A (S2), gomisin N (S3) and wuweizisu C (S4), were quantitated. • According to maturity of fruit, the content of S1, s2 increased while S3 and S4 decreased. • These lignans are present in fruit, stem, leaf and seed with different amounts and ratio of each lignan. • The stem of S. chinensis showed α-glucosiase inhibitory activity, followed by fruit and seed. • The inhibitory activity showed correlation with the amount of S4 in samples. The fruit of Schisandra chinensis has been used for the treatment of various metabolic diseases for a long time. The bioactive constituents of the fruit are known as lignans with dibenzocyclooctadienes skeletons. In this study, changes in the content of four main lignans of S. chinensis, schizandrin (S1), schizandrin A (S2), gomisin N (S3) and wuweizisu C (S4), and anti-diabetic activities at the different maturation stages of fruits were investigated. In addition, comparison of stem, leaf and seed with fruit was conducted in order to determine the optimum harvest time of fruit with high functionality and seek an alternative to use the other parts of plant except the fruit. In the results, the total content of four lignans were kept relatively constant and the amount of S1 and S3 were more than that of S2 and S4. According to fruit maturity, the content of S1 and S2 increased, on the contrary, S3 and S4 decreased. α-Glucosidase inhibitory effect was higher in early matured fruits and decreased in medium and late matured fruits. Considering the correlation between lignan content and α-glucosidase inhibitory effect, the content of S4 appeared to be highly related to the inhibitory effect. All of examined lignans were also detected in other parts of the plant, especially showed higher level in stem and seed than in leaf. However, the content of each lignan was different in each part, that is, high content of S4 was detected in stem whereas the content of S3 was higher in seed. For the breeding of new cultivars of S. chinensis, it is necessary to cultivate early-maturing varieties with a high content of active ingredients as well as to find an alternative approach to use the various plant parts including stem, leaf and seed. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hericium erinaceus, commonly called lion's mane mushroom , is an edible and medicinal mushroom that has been traditionally used for the treatment of metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal diseases and memory impairment. In this study, potential anti-hyperglycemic constituents were identified to support the traditional usage of H. erinaceus. The components of H. erinaceus were purified using various column chromatography techniques. The structure of the separated compounds was determined based on spectroscopic data analysis, i.e., 1D and 2D NMR analysis. The anti-hyperglycemic activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated by measuring the inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase activity. Molecular docking analysis was also conducted for elucidation of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of isolated compounds. Ten compounds including four new compounds, erinacenols A-D (1 – 4), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of H. erinaceus. Investigation of the anti-hyperglycemic effect of isolated compounds demonstrated that erinacenol D (4), 4-[3′,7′–dimethyl-2′,6′-octadienyl]-2-formyl-3-hydroxy-5-methyoxybenzylalcohol (6), hericene A (7), hericene D (8) and hericenone D (9) strongly inhibited α-glucosidase activity with IC 50 values of <20 μM. The structure activity relationship suggested the importance of long side chain for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Further analysis by molecular docking demonstrated the interaction of α-glucosidase and isolated compounds, which supported the inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase. Our present study demonstrated the beneficial effect of H. erinaceus by characterization of α-glucosidase inhibitory compounds, including four new compounds. This approach can be valuable support for the traditional use of H. erinaceus for the treatment of diabetes and metabolic diseases, which needs to be clarified by further in-vivo study. Image 1 • Lion's mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) inhibited α-glucosidase activity. • Ten compounds were isolated from the fruiting bodies of H. erinaceus. • Four compounds, erinacenols A-D, were newly reported. • Long side chain was suggested to be important for the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. • Interaction of α-glucosidase and compounds by molecular docking analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]