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immunogens in the culture media, DCs from As immunogens-immunized APP/PS1 transgenic mice showed stronger migration, endocytosis and higherMHC II expression than DCs from unimmunizedmice. Further, short As immunogens decreased the secretion of IL-12/IL-10, IL-6/IL-1s and increased the production of TGF-s by DCs from immunized APP/PS1 transgenic mice, but not those from unimmunized mice. Our data indicated that DCs from APP/PS1 transgenic mice were in low-response state to short As immunogens in vitro. Furthermore, immunization with short As immunogens in vivowaked up this abnormal state.Conclusions:Therefore, it is necessary to take abnormal DCs role into consideration in As immunotherapy.

We aimed to find functional and structural differences in neuropathy between patients with and without chronic pain following nerve injury. We included 30 patients requiring hand surgery after a trauma, with 21 reporting chronic pain for more than one year after the injury, while 9 did not suffer from injury-related chronic pain. We assessed mechanical sensitivity, thermal thresholds, electrically induced pain and axon reflex erythema and cutaneous nerve fiber density in skin biopsies of the injured site and its contralateral control. Epidermal fiber density of the injured site was reduced similarly in both patient groups. Thresholds for cold and heat pain and axon reflex areas were reduced in the injured site, but did not differ between the patient groups. Only warmth thresholds were better preserved in the pain patients (35.2 vs. 38.4°C). Neuronal CGRP staining did not reveal any difference between pain and non-pain patients. Epidermal innervation density correlated best to warmth detection thresholds and deeper dermal innervation density to the area of the axon reflex erythema. No specific pattern of subjective, functional or structural parameters was detected that would separate the neuropathy patients into pain and non-pain patients. Specific staining of additional targets may help to improve our mechanistic understanding of pain development.