Search

This study investigates the relationship between countries’ structural economic vulnerability (EVI) and the bilateral aid received from donors, including in the context of higher degree of trade openness and/or financial openness. The empirical analysis suggests that donors’ bilateral aid supply to Least developed countries (LDCs) increases when the latter experience higher EVI. A rise in EVI in non-Least developed countries (non-LDCs) does not lead to higher donors’ aid supply. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that the impact of EVI on bilateral aid inflows could be dependent upon the degree of trade openness or financial openness but not on both together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate change arena comprises a diverse set of interacting actors from international, national and local levels. The multilevel architecture has implications for low-carbon technology deployment in developing countries, an issue salient to both development and climate objectives. The paper examines this theme through two inter-related questions: how do (or don't) low-carbon technologies get deployed in India's built environment, and what implications can be drawn from the Indian case for effective low-carbon technology development and transfer for developing countries? By examining the multilevel linkages in India's buildings sector, the paper shows how the interactions between governance levels can both support and hinder technology deployment, ultimately leading to inadequate outcomes. The potential of these linkages is hobbled by aspects of the national context (federated energy governance and developing-country capacity limitations), yet can also be enabled by other features (the climate policy context, which may motivate international actors to fill domestic capacity lacunae). Reflecting on the India case, the paper makes recommendations for improved low-carbon technology deployment in developing countries: (1) technology development and transfer collaboration on a 'need-driven' approach, (2) development of the specific types of capacity required across the entire innovation chain and (3) domestic strengthening of the coordination and agendas across and between governance levels. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the contribution of Alice H. Amsden to development economics. Topics include the dramatic changes that occurred in the world economy which describes as "Shifting Wealth", the developing countries that are trying to catch up with the high-income countries and the development economics that focuses on the growth and industrialization in developing counties to achieve structural transformation through aids and financial funding.

As developed economies have substituted away from manufacturing towards services, so too have developing countries--to an even greater extent. Such sectoral change may be premature for economies that never fully industrialised in the first place. This article presents evidence that countries with smaller manufacturing sectors substitute away from manufacturing to a larger extent, suggesting a trade channel through which falling international relative prices of manufacturing lead price-taking developing economies to substitute accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper distinguishes three types of countries (rich, middle-income, and preindustrial) and focus on the latter, which, in contrast to the other two, didn't complete their industrial and capitalist revolutions. Can pre-industrial countries be governed well and under democracy? Today democracy is a universal value, and, so, these countries are under pressure from the West and from its own society to be democratic, even though they do not dispose of mature enough societies in which the economic surplus is appropriated through the market. In fact, no country completed its industrial and capitalist revolution within the framework of even a minimal democracy. Additionally, pre-industrial countries are extremely difficult to govern because they usually don't have a strong nation and capable states. This double pressure represents a major obstacle to their development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration is an important event of 21st century and has changed the dynamics of many societies. Throughout human history migration has reflected people's yearning and attitudes to have a comfortable life. The growing scale of international migration is a response to the constant demand of workers in labour market of receiving countries. Migration has resulted in the economic and social development of developing countries. Labour migration is a boon to Central Asian economies and plays a conclusive role in keeping their economies afloat especially of Tajikistan as Tajikistan's current trajectory, is not able to do enough to remediate its citizen's abrasive socio economic plight. Tajikistan is the origin country of labour migrants and agile participant of global migratory process. The present paper is an attempt to analyze the nature and potent of such an substantial migratory flow in order to assess its influence, together with other internal trends on the future of the country. Moreover, it is an attempt to comprehensively explain and analyze these trends of migratory flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the existing literature on trade liberalisation and its effect on the economies of developing countries. It will also briefly examine the theory of comparative advantage which is seen as justification for global trade liberalisation under the auspices of the World Trade Organization. This process is also associated with greater openness, economic interdependence and deepening economic integration with the world economy. The study is important because once again the international institutions strongly advocate trade and financial liberalisation in developing countries. The proponents of trade liberalisation argue that multilateral trade negotiations would achieve these goals, and poor countries particularly would benefit from it. However, such policies may increase vulnerability and make developing countries further hostages of international finance capital. Adoption of open market policies in agriculture would also mean the abandoning of self-reliance and food sovereignty, which may have wider consequences in terms of food shortages, food prices and rural employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several papers discussed at a forum held during June 16-19, 2016 in Punjabi University, Patiala, India, on globalization, employment, and agriculture is presented. Topics include the effect of economic globalization on agriculture and employment, industrialization as agriculture in developing countries, and ways to increase employment.

A concern when conducting stated preference valuation studies in rural developing or very low income contexts is the use of monetary willingness to pay (WTP) estimates. In circumstances where cash incomes are extremely low, a significant proportion of the population are not engaged in waged labour and the exchange of goods or services is augmented through barter or work exchange, the role of money is likely to be different from that within an urban developed setting. As such, ability to pay using money may be impaired and downwardly biased when compared with other mediums of exchange. In recognition of this several studies have used hypothetical labour contributions as payment vehicles and a common finding is that households are more often willing to contribute labour than they are money. In this paper we present the results of a split sample DCE using money and labour contributions as payment vehicles for improved drinking water quality in Kandal Province, Cambodia. We find little differences between the payment vehicles in terms of attribute non-attendance, marginal utilities of attributes or derived welfare values. We argue that this provides support for the use of WTP in rural developing areas where there are functioning labour markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the interdependence between countries in the North and the South and the role of the developed countries in the North toward developing countries in the South. In 1979, 43 percent of Japanese merchandise exports were sold in the nonoil exporting developing countries, 36% of the U. S. merchandise exports that year went to the same markets as did 32% of Australian merchandise exports. The global economic, political, and ecological situation is deteriorating in the world. However, for the most part Northern leaders and communicators refuse to look beyond domestic, economic, or eastern based security issues. The developing countries should be given some responsibility for the direction of the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund.

As a traditional energy and carbon intensive sector, it becomes imperative for the global paper industry to realize green development. This paper aims to provide guidance for the green transformation of global paper industry by evaluating the global paper industry green development level in a systematic and dynamic way. This paper employs text-mining method to develop paper industry green development evaluation indicator system and adopts market-extended LCA model and entropy-TOPSIS method to calculate the paper industry green development level of 48 countries/regions. The results show that during 2000–2030 the paper industry green development level of developing countries improves faster than developed countries, where those of developing and developed countries increase from 0.3369 to 0.3938 and from 0.5120 to 0.5517 respectively and the gap between them narrows from 0.1751 to 0.1579. The comparative analysis reveals that the paper industries of developed and developing countries are in different green development stages. Developing countries, represented by China, improve greatly in economic and social dimensions, but decline seriously in ecological dimension due to enlarging resource consumption and environmental damages. On the contrary, developed countries tend to saturate in economic and social dimensions and have been improving fast in ecological dimension, gradually realizing the decoupling of industrial economic development and environmental damages. To further promote the global paper industry green development, developing countries should focus on promoting the coordinated development between economic growth and environment protection and developed countries should play a leading role in the global green transformation by promoting optimal allocation of resources and cross-regional communications of green technologies. • A paper industry green development indicator system is developed based on text mining. • A global paper industry green development model is built with market-extended LCA. • Complex interactions among the indicators are internalized in the evaluation. • A spatial-temporal analysis is performed on global paper industry green development level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Developing countries face the dual challenges of industrialising and 'catching up' while mitigating CO 2 emissions. • Medium- and high-technology manufacturing is associated with lower emissions than low-technology manufacturing, with differences varying by the income levels of countries. • A shift to more technology-intensive manufacturing could be one aspect of environmentally sustainable industrialisation in developing countries. Industrialisation is an important engine of growth and 'catch up', but also associated with harmful carbon dioxide emissions and hence with climate change. This poses a challenge for sustainable industrial development, particularly for late industrialisers on how to industrialise while also mitigating carbon dioxide emissions. This paper investigates the effect of technology intensity across manufacturing industries on carbon dioxide emissions: are medium- and high-technology manufacturing industries less emissions-intensive than low-technology manufacturing industries in developing countries? The paper analyses this relationship for a panel of 68 developing and emerging economies over the period 1990–2016, by adapting the environmental Kuznets curve and the stochastic effect by regression on population, affluence and technology approaches. Using two alternative measures of emissions and estimating generalised method of moments model, the results show that medium- and high-technology manufacturing industries are associated with lower carbon dioxide emissions than low-technology manufacturing industries. The results also show that these differences vary by the income levels of countries. These findings have important policy implications, suggesting that a shift towards more technology-intensive manufacturing production processes may be a more environmentally sustainable industrialisation path for developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive industrialization is creating enormous economic gaps, chaos and unequal societies that are approaching dangerous limits. Simultaneously, large quantities of residues, waste and ecological footprints have been created in detriment to the natural environment and the quality of life of most of the planet's population, mainly in developing regions. This presents most innovators with a new dilemma: Invest in sustainable long-term projects with low economic returns, or innovate in short-term incremental production and negotiate the environmental harm caused by an excessive industrialization. In fact, a significant milestone emerges from these arguments. Somehow, we must reverse the perverse cycle created by industrialization and transform the current ecological footprint into valuable assets, for all sub-systems of the biosphere. A proposal has been designed to go beyond sustainability and create sustainable wealth, based on the modification of the conventional growth paradigm, that can be used to regenerate regional natural resources and simultaneously be economically competitive and capable of offering important social benefits to the community. The proposed framework, SWIT (Sustainable Wealth creation based on Innovation and Technology) has been developed to provide multiple businesses of zero-value residue industrial ecology processes (ZRIES), inserted into circular value ecosystems (CVES), all managed and governed by a sustainable sharing value system for the benefit of a community. Several cases of the application of the sustainable wealth creation framework, mainly in developing countries, are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major current concerns in administrative science is the scarcity of partnership-based administration in developing countries, where the capacity of local government is generally weak. Due to the impact of globalisation, the growth of information technology and the rise of third sector organisations, public administration has adopted a new paradigm but given it different names i.e., partnership, public-private partnership, networking, sound governance, good governance etc. As a result, the notion of partnership has emerged as one of the key approaches to meeting the governance challenges of the new millennium focusing, in particular, on building and strengthening the capacity of local governance. As a model, the sustainability of a social system based solely on state capacity has failed in most developing countries. As such, this paper intends to analyse the prospects for partnership based local governance in the developing countries. We argue that there is no alternative to building partnerships at the local government level between the state, private and civil society in order to improve the capacity of local government, enabling it to better attain sustainability, ensure good governance and promote participation in an attempt to mitigate the problems of social exclusion and fragmentation in the delivery of services and products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taiwan changed from a traditional agriculture society into an industrialized modern country within roughly one century. This fast development was regarded as a model for developing countries. Taiwan together with Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea became known as the Four Asian newly industrialized countries (NICs) in the 1970s, recognized for their successful economic development. However, on its way to becoming a high-income developed country, Taiwan encountered a number of difficulties. Some of them might have been caused by the political threat from China, but there were other challenges that were common to many middle income countries. Taiwan's experiences of the latter may offer lessons to other developing countries. The difficulties for Taiwan caused by China may offer more alarming lessons for countries—including developing countries—that face growing interactions with China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the issues regarding the intellectual property protection rights (IPR) as a precondition for attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) as the least developed countries (LDCs). It mentions IP global protection by rich countries to the pre-Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS) on IP rights claims. It also mentions IP protection is related to industrialization and development of countries.

In this paper, we characterize optimal redistributive taxes and subsidies on a discrete good which is available in different qualities. We assume that utility function of each consumer is such that his willingness-to-pay for quality increases with income. This separates the rich and the poor through the quality levels of the good actually purchased by them and allows the government to tax the rich and subsidize the poor. It is shown that the deadweight loss associated with the optimal policy may be zero. The notion of a consumer equilibrium introduced in the paper suggests a method for estimating the quality of a good as perceived by the consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the implications and consequences of the rise of BRICS for the developing world and for global governance. In doing so, it examines BRICS’ increasing importance among developing countries and their growing significance in the world economy, situated in historical perspective, and considers the factors underlying the evolution of the group as an economic and political formation. This is followed by an analysis of the possible economic impact of future growth in BRICS on other developing countries, which could be complementary or competitive, positive or negative. In conclusion it discusses the potential influence of BRICS, extending beyond economics to politics, in the wider global context, with reference to international institutions and cooperation among developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Many construction projects in developing countries are unsustainable. Whether built by multi-national companies, non-government organizations (NGO's) or a deployed military force, projects are too often beyond the capabilities of local populations to build, operate, maintain or even relate to culturally. This paper examines definitions of sustainability, sustainability rating systems, lessons learned from unsustainable projects and sustainable construction research. Projects are often unsustainable in the developing world because the social aspect of sustainability is not fully considered. The authors examine case studies from a variety of organizations to illustrate best practices in socially sustainable projects. This paper considers how architects, engineers, builders, owners and communities in developing countries can best apply social sustainability to find appropriate design and construction solutions that maximize life-cycle project success. To that end, the authors recommend applying these social sustainability processes to projects in the developing world: 1. Secure land in a way that is legal and sensitive to local culture 2. Engage the community in the entire life cycle of the project 3. Design with sensitivity to the local culture 4. Design for maximum efficiency of limited water supplies 5. Design locally sustainable systems for energy and thermal comfort 6. Design for the safety of the occupants by incorporating local codes while acknowledging international standards 7. Design projects that can be safely constructed by the local population (given training opportunities) 8. Build using locally understood construction methods 9. Build with locally sustainable and affordable materials [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid proliferation of the Internet gave rise to the concept and practice of electronic commerce (e-commerce, from here onwards), which has become a common phenomenon in the world today. Internet-based economic structures and information groups are the new business reality, as organisations and individuals revel in the ease of purchasing commodities and services from foreign shores. Most developing countries, however, are far from experiencing this reality due to many factors which act as obstacles for e-commerce to flourish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing countries, including Nigeria, aim to achieve industrialisation and sustainable development. However, there are few empirical studies that examined the impact of industrialisation-led economic transformation on carbon emissions in developing countries. This is the focus of this study. The paper investigates the impact of industrial value-added on CO 2 emissions in Nigeria using the Kaya Identity framework and Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF), Johansen׳s cointegration technique and vector error correction model (VECM). The data spans from 1980 to 2011. The result of the ADF test indicates that continual long term policies that exert permanent shocks on the variables are required to achieve economic development, industrialisation and CO 2 reduction. The result of the analysis shows that industrial value-added has an inverse and significant relationship with CO 2 emissions, which suggests that there is no evidence that industrialisation increases carbon emissions in Nigeria. GDP per capita and population has positive and significant impacts on CO 2 emission. Energy intensity and carbon intensity has positive but very weak significant impact (at 10% level) on CO 2 emission. The paper recommends that policy makers in Nigeria should pursue pragmatic industrialisation policies coupled with modest decarbonisation and energy-efficiency measures in order to ensure long term industrial, economic and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is motivated by the notion of technological interdependence to understand technological change and learning in the context of Taiwan's quest for industrial upgrading and innovation. A distinctive feature of Taiwan's postwar economic development was decentralized industrialization, which gave rise to a system of production networks consisting of numerous small- and medium-enterprise parts makers and processing specialists who focused on intermediate input instead of final product. Contrary to the latecomer literature that stresses lead/large firms in driving technological learning, this article, through an in-depth case study of Taiwan's bicycle manufacturing, argues that breakthroughs were accomplished at the intermediate level by parts makers in the system of decentralized production. Thus, technological interdependence through cross-industry learning accounts for the parts makers' learning. The article then illustrates the process of technological change and diffusion through the adaptation and application processes of entrepreneurs and bicycle manufacturers in commercializing new technologies. This article contributes to STS studies by introducing the industrial dynamics and structural dimensions of entrepreneurs' and manufacturers' learning to open the black box of technological change and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential for small self-contained grid systems to provide electricity for currently unserved regions of the developing world is widely recognised. However planning and managing the electrical demand that will be supported, so that a mini-grid system is not overloaded and its available resource is used as fully as possible, is actually more difficult than for a large scale grid system. This paper discusses the mathematical reasons why this is the case, and describes a practical software tool for mini-grid demand estimation and planning that is complementary to the widely used HOMER software. This software tool is made available for download on an open source basis. Finally a conclusion is offered that mini-grid systems should aim to serve at least 50 households so that demand variability is more manageable and economies of scale can be realised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Value chains are characterized by power asymmetries, with lead firms in the dominating position and dominated firms mainly in developing countries which compete worldwide to take over certain tasks in the production process of goods. The competitive pressure to produce at low cost in low value adding segments of global value chains (GVCs) increases the pressure for low wages and poor working conditions. Industrialization in the low-value segment can increase productivity and living standards to a certain extent in economically underdeveloped countries, but in the end the allocation of production in GVCs prevents any true catching up, leaving developing countries stuck in the so-called middle-income trap. Vertical GVCs based on subcontracting typically lead to very low value added, low technological spillover and the worst working conditions. Vertical GVCs based on FDI are on average more advantageous, but without government rules and interventions they are not a ladder to eventually joining the group of developed countries. There is no doubt that decent working conditions have to be established at all levels of value chains. In addition, unions should support and join efforts to create more democracy in multinational companies and push for an economically and socially fairer investment and subcontracting policy which strengthens training and technological transfer. Unions can play a significant role in industrial and other policies which are important for catching up, as well as supporting initiatives to devise global regulations and sanctions for multinational companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"One Belt and One Road" and Free Trade Zones are two of China's new opening-up strategies developed in response to the changed domestic and international circumstances. Implementation of these strategies can provide China with a sounder market economic system and a better external environment. It can not only help China to further develop into a high income country, but also facilitate the industrialization and modernization of other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for the construction of multi-purpose hydrotechnical systems is the reality of each country, because their construction assumes the solution of many key issues for its survival as a functional community. Due to their location and functions, these systems inevitably affect some natural processes and balances; therefore, they are often criticized by environmental and other movements whose only focus is on the conservation of nature. The further aim of this analysis is to contribute to a better understanding of costs and benefits of building these systems, but also to the methodology of the process of explaining which would, in many cases, eliminate the present, and often unnecessary doubts about what, where and how to build. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to empirically investigate the impact of economic growth, oil consumption, financial development, industrialization and trade openness on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, particularly in relation to major oil-consuming developing economies. This study utilizes annual data from 1980 to 2012 on a panel of 18 developing countries. Our empirical analysis employs robust panel cointegration tests and a vector error correction model (VECM) framework. The empirical results of three panel cointegration models suggest that there is a significant long-run equilibrium relationship among economic growth, oil consumption, financial development, industrialization, trade openness and CO2emissions. Similarly, results from VECMs show that economic growth, oil consumption and industrialization have a short-run dynamic bidirectional feedback relationship with CO2emissions. Long-run (error-correction term) bidirectional causalities are found among CO2emissions, economic growth, oil consumption, financial development and trade openness. Our results confirm that economic growth and oil consumption have a significant impact on the CO2emissions in developing economies. Hence, the findings of this study have important policy implications for mitigating CO2emissions and offering sustainable economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we try to explain the concept of middle-income trap from the viewpoint of international trade. We conduct an empirical analysis on the relationship between income levels and net export ratios for different types of goods for trapped and non-trapped countries separately. Our findings indicate that industrial upgrading appears to occur exactly as depicted by the flying-geese (FG) model for non-trapped countries. Trapped countries tend to depend on the export of primary commodities and industrialization appears to be driven by forward linkages to processed goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artigo fornece um panorama dos principais impasses que se impõem aos países em desenvolvimento no que diz respeito à industrialização e ao comércio internacional. O autor examina os matizes envolvidos nas estratégias de incremento da exportação de produtos manufaturados e argumenta que a retomada do crescimento regional requer apoio não apenas de políticas voltadas para esse setor, mas também de acordos monetários e de cooperação destinados a garantir a estabilidade dos mercados.This article focuses on the main aspects concerning trade, foreign direct investment and industrialization in developing countries. The author states that a return to stable and rapid regional growth needs to be underpinned not only by policies directed at the upgrading of production and exports, but also by accompanying regional monetary arrangements and cooperation designed to ensure the stability of financial markets.

This article recounts the transformations that have taken place in the textile industry in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, over the course of the past 30 years. It reveals the importance of the local setup and the links that have built up between companies, markets, and the state and its departments. It also exposes the difficulties experienced by companies as they try to adapt to their changing environment, whether in terms of opportunities offered by the domestic or international markets, or new regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a multi-sector endogenous innovation model that is able to take changing productive relations among sectors into account. It is shown that while productivity and demand shocks do not induce any changes in productive relations and linkage effects, shocks in the productivity of R&D increase both backward and forward linkages. Key sectors are characterized as having high forward and backward linkages, which are consistent with the definition of key sectors in the existing empirical studies. However, vertical specialization generates not only sectors with high backward and low forward linkages, but also sectors with low backward and high forward linkages. As a consequence of this vertical specialization, the latter sectors become key sectors, in the sense that they have significant effects on business fluctuations. This implies that general-purpose technology sectors emerge, and sector-specific policies for these sectors play a critical role in economic development and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Proceedings of the Faculty of Economics in East Sarajevo / Zbornik Radova Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Istočnom Sarajevu is the property of University of East Sarajevo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Currently, technological parks constitute the most organisational and conceptually developed type of innovation centres and entrepreneurship. This results in the fact that they can be encountered in all highly developed countries in the world. They are also formed in the catching-up countries. However, one should consider whether the stimulation of innovation in the countries, which are not based on knowledge through institutional solutions used in the developed countries will turn out to be effective, because there is a technological gap between these countries. The aim of the article was therefore to determine, using the probit modelling, the direction and strength of technological parks on the innovation activity. The study covered two provinces: Silesian, which is one of the most developed regions in Poland and Pomeranian with the intermediate industrial system. The influence of technological parks on innovation was determined basing on the survey conducted in 1453 industrial enterprises. The main conclusions are brought down to the following theses: (1) using technological parks increases the chance for the implementation of new solutions by enterprises, (2) parks to a greater extent stimulate the innovation activity in the developed province, (3) enterprises entering in the cross-regional network relations favours the selection of the technological park as the catalyst for innovation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farm households in developing countries generally allocate a major portion of their resources to staple food production, mainly for self-consumption. Hence, many of them are more or less delinked from the market. It is well recognized, however, that market participation is crucial for farm households to ensure a flow of cash income, leading to poverty alleviation and improved livelihoods. Thus, it is meaningful to understand what factors affect farm households' decision to sell food crops, which is important for strengthening their linkages with markets. The empirical literature on impacts of market linkages has seldom focused on the determinants of market participation. Using rice farm households in Bangladesh and applying a double-hurdle model, this article demonstrates that the provision of general education and the development of agricultural infrastructure such as irrigation facilities can strengthen the market linkages of farm households by enhancing their marketable surplus through increased production. By contrast, rainfall beyond the optimum level, drought spells, and flood incidences can weaken market linkages by reducing their marketable surplus through decreased production. Specific policies such as investment in general education are drawn up based on the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, features of urbanization of 24 underdeveloped mountainous counties (UMCs) in Hubei Province are analyzed and summarized, which includes low rates of urbanization, significant nonlocal urbanization, undeveloped three industries, and a homogeneous spatial layout of underdeveloped towns. Moreover, our analysis reveals that driving forces originating from favorable macro policies, medium economy, and micro elements are needed to speed up the urbanization in such areas. Based on the case study, we proposes a new path pattern for urbanization of these UMCs in western & central China. In principle, this pattern mainly consists of two important strategies which are driven by a simultaneous development of industry and trade and the exploitation of local characteristics in both economics and culture. In addition, the practice of such a new urbanization path should be carried out through incremental development together with the construction of node-centralizing towns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How and why do developmental state institutions persist? We address this conceptual question through an empirical puzzle: even though Pakistan and Turkey, like South Korea and Taiwan, constructed postwar developmental state institutions, the Pakistani and Turkish economies have been unable to upgrade to higher value-added production following the Korean and Taiwanese experience. If, as many scholars argue, the creation of developmental state institutions is necessary and sufficient for high growth outcomes, how can we understand the divergence between these two sets of cases? We argue that that the persistence of developmental state institutions is contingent on the absence of articulated opposition from agrarian actors and provincial capitalists against regimes of industrial promotion. While Korea and Taiwan suppressed or co-opted potential challengers from the countryside, such actors in Pakistan and Turkey effectively challenged the developmental state in the mid-1970s. We suggest that the politics of developmental state persistence are analytically distinct from the origins of developmental states, thus enabling a more dynamic understanding of the relationship between the politics of developmental state institutions and late industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast urbanization and industrialization in developing countries result in significant stormwater runoff pollution, due to drastic changes in land-use, from rural to urban. A three-year study on the stormwater runoff pollutant loading distributions of industrial, parking lot and mixed commercial and residential catchments was conducted in the Tongsha reservoir watershed of Dongguan city, a typical, rapidly industrialized urban area in China. This study presents the changes in concentration during rainfall events, event mean concentrations (EMCs) and event pollution loads per unit area (EPLs). The first flush criterion, namely the mass first flush ratio (MFFn), was used to identify the first flush effects. The impacts of rainfall and catchment characterization on EMCs and pollutant loads percentage transported by the first 40% of runoff volume (FF40) were evaluated. The results indicated that the pollutant wash-off process of runoff during the rainfall events has significant temporal and spatial variations. The mean rainfall intensity (I), the impervious rate (IMR) and max 5-min intensity (Imax5) are the critical parameters of EMCs, while Imax5, antecedent dry days (ADD) and rainfall depth (RD) are the critical parameters of FF40. Intercepting the first 40% of runoff volume can remove 55% of TSS load, 53% of COD load, 58% of TN load, and 61% of TP load, respectively, according to all the storm events. These results may be helpful in mitigating stormwater runoff pollution for many other urban areas in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past years, developing countries have become extremely interesting for researchers, as well as for capital investors. Dominated by growth and industrialization, but lacking macroeconomic indicator stability or sufficiently mature financial markets, these countries make it acutely necessary to identify measures that will stimulate foreign investors to invest and that will ensure the financial stability for SMEs. One such measure is increasing the quality of corporate governance at the level of small and medium-sized enterprises, where it is currently almost absent. This article aims to help raise awareness of the need to implement good corporate management practices at the level of companies in developing countries and especially in Romania. This paper uses a questionnaire in order to evaluate the state of the corporate governance in Timis county and offers some suggestions on what should be done for a higher corporate governance quality in the case of small and medium-sized companies in Romania, with the purpose of establishing a connection between governance quality and business performance of SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the sectoral effects on female absolute and relative employment in 39 least developed countries. Random and fixed effects estimation techniques were used on a panel data for the period 1991–2010. Our results shed light on the importance of the sectoral effects on female employment. Specifically, we find that while changes in the agriculture sector output tend to significantly favor female employment in both absolute and relative terms, those in the services, manufacturing, and nonmanufacturing industry sectors tend to have negative effects when significant. Besides the sectoral effects, an increase in female access to education and industrialization, and a decrease in reproduction responsibilities play an important role in enhancing female production responsibilities. Nonetheless, the role of infrastructure development in lessening women’s unpaid care burden and consequently increasing their employment opportunities cannot be underestimated in both absolute and relative terms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to suggest that firms should transpose bottom-of-the-pyramid (BOP) strategies to top-of-the-pyramid (TOP) countries through adapted business models, noting that strategies usually apply to developing countries. This would enable them to address the consequences of the economic crisis that has increased the number of poor and financially constrained customers in developed countries. Design/methodology/approach - This is a conceptual article based on current research and multiple examples from real-world companies that have implemented BOP business models. These are viewed from the angle of frugal innovation, a fresh perspective on innovation as an outcome and process, which means innovating while significantly economizing the use of scarce resources. Findings - The paper explains how firms should adapt the three dimensions of their business models (value proposition, resources and competences and organization) to transpose BOP business models to TOP countries. Limitations and advantages of this transposition are also detailed. Research limitations/implications - A lack of prior research on how firms can confront poverty in TOP countries is emphasized. Further studies are needed to help firms adapt to the new economic conditions in TOP countries. Practical implications - Practitioners can use the recommendations herein to adapt their business models and address dramatic economic and social changes in the developed countries in which they function. Originality/value - Considering the differences between developed and developing countries, firms should promote a BOP mind-set, rather than struggling to transpose full BOP business models to TOP settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wheel of industrialization that spun throughout the last century resulted in urbanization coupled with modifications in lifestyles and dietary habits. However, the communities living in developing economies are facing many problems related to their diet and health. Amongst, the prevalence of nutritional problems especially protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) and micronutrients deficiencies are the rising issues. Moreover, the immunity or susceptibility to infect-parasitic diseases is also directly linked with the nutritional status of the host. Likewise, disease-related malnutrition that includes an inflammatory component is commonly observed in clinical practice thus affecting the quality of life. The PEM is treatable but early detection is a key for its appropriate management. However, controlling the menace of PEM requires an aggressive partnership between the physician and the dietitian. This review mainly attempts to describe the pathophysiology, prevalence and consequences of PEM and aims to highlight the importance of this clinical syndrome and the recent growth in our understanding of the processes behind its development. Some management strategies/remedies to overcome PEM are also the limelight of the article. In the nutshell, early recognition, prompt management, and robust follow up are critical for best outcomes in preventing and treating PEM. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Private Chinese outbound investment, not as well-known as government-led investment, offers special opportunities and challenges for Africa today. The significance of Chinese private-sector investment is already visible in the burgeoning manufacturing sector in some parts of Africa, and the trend will continue to grow in the near future. The underlying force behind this trend is the increased pressure of industrial restructuring in coastal China, which drives some labour-intensive firms to relocate to other parts of the developing world. African host-country governments can respond to this phenomenon with proactive development policies and strategies to maximise private Chinese investment for the benefit of their own economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use/land cover (LULC) change occurs due to natural and anthropogenic causes. In developing countries, rapid industrialization and urbanization imposes a major threat to natural environment. Present study was carried out to monitor the LULC changes due to urbanization in a rapidly changing river basin, India. The purpose of choosing the river basin was to analyze past changes and predict possible consequences within a defined natural boundary. Multi-temporal images acquired from Landsat and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites between 1992-2009 as well as a digital elevation model was used to generate historical and current LULC pattern in the basin. An object based image analysis technique was employed for precise classification of multi-temporal images followed by GIS-based change detection studies. The study reveals that the built up area has increased significantly and added 288 km2 between 1992 - 2009. Increase in built up area is attributed to decrease in wastelands and agricultural land. The expansion of built up area along major transportation networks, specifically after the year 2000 shows the rapid rate of urbanization in the basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]