97 results
Search Results
52. Decomposing polarisation across developing countries: case study of China, India, and Indonesia.
- Author
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Muttaqien, Arip, O'Donoghue, Cathal, and Sologon, Denisa
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DEVELOPING countries ,CHINA studies ,DEMOGRAPHIC characteristics ,DECOMPOSITION method ,MARKET design & structure (Economics) - Abstract
We investigate the contributions of various factors in the differences in polarisation across China, India, and Indonesia using micro‐simulation and decomposition methods. Using household expenditure from harmonised data from these countries, China was found to have the highest polarisation, while India has the lowest. Using India as the base country, the differences in the labour market structures in India and Indonesia have a slightly decreasing effect on polarisation. The effects of the differences in demographic composition and expenditure structures/parameters, however, are uncertain. Further, the differences in polarisation between China and Indonesia can be explained mostly by the differences in the expenditure structures. China's expenditure structure tends to increase polarisation, as evidenced by the resulting reduction in the size of the middle class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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53. THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY OF CHINA AND INDIA -- A LONGTERM ANALYSIS.
- Author
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SMOLIŃSKA, KINGA
- Subjects
AGRICULTURE ,GROSS domestic product ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
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54. Internationalization and technological catching up of emerging multinationals: a comparative case study of China's Haier group.
- Author
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Duysters, Geert, Lemmens, Charmianne, Jintian, Yu, and Jacob, Jojo
- Subjects
GLOBALIZATION ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The article discusses the Chinese corporation Haier Group and compares the internationalization strategy of Haier Group to that of Tata Group, a conglomerate corporation in India. The case-study method used to examine Haier Group's growth is mentioned. The discussion includes the challenges of globalization such as the selection of host countries or region, the effects of organizational structure and diversification on internationalization, the two companies' entrepreneurship capabilities, and the impact of operational experiences in their individual domestic markets on the two Groups' expansion and globalization processes.
- Published
- 2009
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55. India's outward foreign direct investments in steel industry in a Chinese comparative perspective.
- Author
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Kumar, Nagesh and Chadha, Alka
- Subjects
FOREIGN investments ,STEEL industry ,COMPARATIVE studies ,INTERNATIONAL business enterprises ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The article discusses the steel industry and outward foreign direct investments (OFDI) that originate in the developing countries of China and India. The Indian and Chinese corporations, which are referred to as emerging multinational corporations, use OFDI to gain access to technology and raw materials as well as locational and ownership advantages overseas. Government policy toward OFDI, statistics concerning the production and consumption of steel in several countries including South Korea and Australia, and the names of companies making OFDI are discussed.
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- 2009
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56. Internationalization trajectories--a cross-country comparison: Are large Chinese and Indian companies different?
- Author
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Fortanier, Fabienne and van Tulder, Rob
- Subjects
GLOBALIZATION ,FOREIGN business enterprises ,DEVELOPING countries ,DEVELOPED countries - Abstract
The article discusses a cross-country comparison of the globalization strategies and the international expansion patterns of 256 large Chinese and Indian corporations. The longitudinal study focused on the 1990 to 2005 period and found that the new corporations from emerging markets were similar to established companies in developed countries in that they operate within the same sector. The four components that define the internationalization trajectory patterns of the multinational business enterprises that formed in the emerging markets of China and India, the aggressive nature of their expansion strategies, and the internationalization trajectories of companies from developed countries are mentioned.
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- 2009
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57. Drivers of Success for Market Entry into China and India.
- Author
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Johnson, Joseph and Tellis, Gerard J
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DEVELOPING countries ,EMERGING markets ,MARKET entry ,MARKET exit ,MARKET pricing ,MARKETING strategy ,ECONOMIC history - Abstract
China and India are the fastest-growing major markets in the world and the most popular markets for foreign entrants. However, no study has examined the success or failure of these entries. Using a new definition of success and a uniquely compiled archival database, the authors analyze whether and why firms that entered China and India succeeded or failed. The most important findings are rather counterintuitive: Smaller firms are more successful than larger firms, and firms entering more open emerging markets have less success. Other findings are that success is greater with earlier entry, greater control of entry mode, and shorter cultural and economic distances between the home and the host countries. Importantly, with or without control for these drivers, firms have less success in India than in China. The authors discuss the reasons for and implications of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2008
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58. Health Effects of Household Solid Fuel Use: Findings from 11 Countries within the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology Study.
- Author
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Hystad, Perry, Duong, MyLinh, Brauer, Michael, Larkin, Andrew, Arku, Raphael, Kurmi, Om P., Wen Qi Fan, Avezum, Alvaro, Azam, Igbal, Chifamba, Jephat, Dans, Antonio, du Plessis, Johan L., Gupta, Rajeev, Kumar, Rajesh, Lanas, Fernando, Zhiguang Liu, Yin Lu, Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio, Mony, Prem, and Mohan, Viswanathan
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RESPIRATORY disease risk factors ,MORTALITY risk factors ,CARDIOVASCULAR diseases risk factors ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,COOKING ,CAUSES of death ,DEVELOPING countries ,ELECTRICITY ,EPIDEMIOLOGICAL research ,FOSSIL fuels ,HEALTH status indicators ,HEART failure ,INDOOR air pollution ,INTERVIEWING ,LONGITUDINAL method ,OBSTRUCTIVE lung diseases ,LUNG tumors ,METROPOLITAN areas ,MYOCARDIAL infarction ,PNEUMONIA ,POWER resources ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,REGRESSION analysis ,RESEARCH funding ,RURAL conditions ,STROKE ,TUBERCULOSIS ,WORLD health ,PROPORTIONAL hazards models ,DATA analysis software ,STATISTICAL models ,INHALATION injuries ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Household air pollution (HAP) from solid fuel use for cooking affects 2.5 billion individuals globally and may contribute substantially to disease burden. However, few prospective studies have assessed the impact of HAP on mortality and cardiorespiratory disease. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to evaluate associations between HAP and mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and respiratory disease in the prospective urban and rural epidemiology (PURE) study. METHODS: We studied 91,350 adults 35-70 y of age from 467 urban and rural communities in 11 countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, India, Pakistan, Philippines, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe). After a median follow-up period of 9.1 y, we recorded 6,595 deaths, 5,472 incident cases of CVD (CVD death or nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure), and 2,436 incident cases of respiratory disease (respiratory death or nonfatal chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary tuberculosis, pneumonia, or lung cancer). We used Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for individual, household, and community-level characteristics to compare events for individuals living in households that used solid fuels for cooking to those using electricity or gas. RESULTS: We found that 41.8% of participants lived in households using solid fuels as their primary cooking fuel. Compared with electricity or gas, solid fuel use was associated with fully adjusted hazard ratios of 1.12 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.21) for all-cause mortality, 1.08 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.17) for fatal or nonfatal CVD, 1.14 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.30) for fatal or nonfatal respiratory disease, and 1.12 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.19) for mortality from any cause or the first incidence of a nonfatal cardiorespiratory outcome. Associations persisted in extensive sensitivity analyses, but small differences were observed across study regions and across individual and household characteristics. DISCUSSION: Use of solid fuels for cooking is a risk factor for mortality and cardiorespiratory disease. Continued efforts to replace solid fuels with cleaner alternatives are needed to reduce premature mortality and morbidity in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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59. Global Rules Mask the Mitigation Challenge Facing Developing Countries.
- Author
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Jiang, Xuemei, Peters, Glen P., and Green, Christopher
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DEVELOPING countries ,U.S. states ,CLIMATE change prevention ,RESEARCH & development - Abstract
Focusing on global mitigation pathways masks key aspects of technical, political, and social feasibility, which play out at the country level. We illustrate the dilemma between a "carbon law" (halving emissions every decade) at the global level and the nationally determined contributions submitted at the country level. Our results suggest that even if the United States, European Union, China, and India could strengthen their nationally determined contributions by 2050, the rest of the world is required to immediately change from their current course to a very rapid decrease in emissions reaching almost zero emissions by 2030, to achieve the Paris 2015 goal. The greatest mitigation challenges lie in the developing world. Real progress toward the Paris Agreement goal awaits an effective commitment by leading countries to undertake breakthrough research and development of low‐, zero‐, or even negative‐carbon‐emissions energy technologies that can be deployed at scale in the developing world. Key Points: Focusing on global mitigation pathways masks key aspects of technical, political, and social feasibility at the country levelEven if the United States, European Union, China, and India could strengthen their NDCs, the RoW would need to reach zero emissions by 2030 to achieve the Paris goal [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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60. Pakistan's Journey into Space.
- Author
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Ahsan, Ali and Khan, Ahmad
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DEVELOPING countries ,NATURAL resources ,SPACE industrialization ,PUBLIC-private sector cooperation ,SPACE - Abstract
Despite political, technological, and economic constraints, Pakistan is considered an aspiring space power with a relatively modest space program compared to the larger, more successful ones of China and India. Innovative leadership, smart allocation of national resources, and political will are all necessary for any country to progress in such a high-technology field. The Chinese and Indian space programs pose unique challenges and opportunities for Pakistan. Rivalry with India over its regional and extra-regional ambitions means that Pakistan would have to give serious thought towards bolstering its space program as part of its national outlook in the twenty-first century. Pakistan can utilize cordial relations with China to improve its nascent space infrastructure through collaborative efforts to gain eventual self-sufficiency for socioeconomic and strategic purposes in the South Asian region. While Pakistan may not have the economic clout of a bigger power, it can utilize the "Space 2.0" concept of multilateral and public-private partnerships to empower its space program, enhance its domestic scientific and technological base, and build an indigenous space industry that can reap dividends at home and abroad. This can also benefit Pakistan's needs to maintain strategic parity with India and stake its own claims as an emerging space nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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61. Association between life-course socio-economic status and prevalence of cardio-metabolic risk ractors in five middle-income countries.
- Author
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Ogunsina, Kemi, Dibaba, Daniel T., and Akinyemiju, Tomi
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CARDIOVASCULAR diseases ,DEVELOPING countries ,METABOLIC disorders ,SOCIAL classes ,HEALTH equity ,DISEASE prevalence ,CROSS-sectional method - Abstract
Background: The burden of non-communicable diseases has increased rapidly in low- and middle-income countries. Past studies have reported an association between socioeconomic status (SES) and cardio-metabolic risk factors, but most have focused on upper income countries. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between SES over the life-course and the burden of cardio-metabolic risk factors in middle-income countries.Methods: A total of 38 297 adults from China, Mexico, India, South Africa and Russia were included in this cross-sectional study. Life-course SES was defined based on maternal and participant education, and data on blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), self-reported diabetes and hypertension were obtained by trained interviewers. Descriptive, age standardized and multivariable adjusted analyses were conducted using survey weighted statistical procedures in SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).Results: Although 14% of men and 12% of women had current hypertension based on blood pressure measurements, only 2% of men and 4% of women were aware of their hypertensive status. Men with stable high life-course SES had higher odds of being overweight/obese (odds ratio OR = 2.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.30-3.10), diabetic (OR = 4.82, 95% CI = 2.07-11.2) and hypertensive based on self-report (OR = 3.42, 95% CI = 1.85-6.32) compared to men of low life-course SES. Among women, the odds of being overweight/obese were significantly higher among women with high life-course SES (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.08-2.08).Conclusions: Higher life-course SES for both men and women was associated with increased odds of overweight/ obesity, and additionally diabetes and hypertension for men in middle income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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62. Third World Awakens.
- Author
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Morain, Mary
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CONTRACEPTION ,BIRTH control ,DEVELOPING countries ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
Discusses family planning in the Third World. Comparison of monies spent of military upkeep and health; Indian and Chinese birth control efforts; 'Worldwatch Paper 80.'
- Published
- 1988
63. Comparative health system performance in six middle-income countries: cross-sectional analysis using World Health Organization study of global ageing and health.
- Author
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Alshamsan, Riyadh, Lee, John Tayu, Rana, Sangeeta, Areabi, Hasan, and Millett, Christopher
- Subjects
CHRONIC disease treatment ,MEDICAL care standards ,CLINICAL medicine ,COMPARATIVE studies ,DEVELOPING countries ,HEALTH services accessibility ,HEALTH status indicators ,INCOME ,HEALTH insurance ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,ETHNOLOGY research ,EVALUATION research ,KEY performance indicators (Management) ,CROSS-sectional method ,PATIENT-centered care - Abstract
Objective To assess and compare health system performance across six middle-income countries that are strengthening their health systems in pursuit of universal health coverage. Design Cross-sectional analysis from the World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health, collected between 2007 and 2010. Setting Six middle-income countries: China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa. Participants Nationally representative sample of adults aged 50 years and older. Main outcome measures We present achievement against key indicators of health system performance across effectiveness, cost, access, patient-centredness and equity domains. Results We found areas of poor performance in prevention and management of chronic conditions, such as hypertension control and cancer screening coverage. We also found that cost remains a barrier to healthcare access in spite of insurance schemes. Finally, we found evidence of disparities across many indicators, particularly in the effectiveness and patient centredness domains. Conclusions These findings identify important focus areas for action and shared learning as these countries move towards achieving universal health coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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64. Disability and ageing in China and India - decomposing the effects of gender and residence. Results from the WHO study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE).
- Author
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Williams, Jennifer Stewart, Norström, Fredrik, Ng, Nawi, and Stewart Williams, Jennifer
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OLDER people with disabilities ,LIFE expectancy ,POPULATION health ,GERIATRIC assessment ,AGING ,CHRONIC diseases ,LONGITUDINAL method ,PEOPLE with disabilities ,RESEARCH funding ,RURAL population ,WORLD health ,ETHNOLOGY research ,RESIDENTIAL patterns ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors - Abstract
Background: China and India are the world's two most populous countries. Although their populations are growing in number and life expectancies are extending they have different trajectories of economic growth, epidemiological transition and social change. Cross-country comparisons can allow national and global insights and provide evidence for policy and decision-making. The aim of this study is to measure and compare disability in men and women, and in urban and rural dwellers in China and India, and assess the extent to which social and other factors contribute to the inequalities.Methods: National samples of adults aged 50 to 79 years in China (n = 11,694) and India (n = 6187) from the World Health Organization (WHO) longitudinal Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 1 were analysed. Stratified multiple linear regressions were undertaken to assess disability differences by sex and residence, controlling for other biological and socioeconomic determinants of disability. Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition partitioned the two-group inequalities into explained and unexplained components.Results: In both countries women and rural residents reported more disability. In India, the gender inequality is attributed to the distribution of the determinants (employment, education and chronic conditions) but in China about half the inequality is attributed to the same. In India, more than half of the urban rural inequality is attributed to the distribution of the determinants (education, household wealth) compared with under 20% in China.Conclusions: Education and employment were important drivers of these measured inequalities. Overall inequalities in disability among older adults in China and India were shaped by gender and residence, suggesting the need for policies that target women and rural residents. There is a need for further research, using both qualitative and quantitative methods, to question and challenge entrenched practices and institutions and grasp the implications of global economic and social changes that are impacting on population health and ageing in China and India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
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65. Accommodating prosperity.
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CLIMATE change ,DEVELOPING countries ,UNITED Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992). Protocols, etc., 1997 December 11 - Abstract
The article focuses on an International Council for Capital Formation (ICCF) paper as a response of developing countries to climate change that will accommodate prosperity. According to David Montgomery and Sugandha Tuladhar, the Asia Pacific Partnership (APP) paper signed by partner countries including China, India and the U.S. hope to integrate technical, environmental and economic progress. It also notes that the potential of APP is comparable with what the Kyoto Protocol can achieve.
- Published
- 2007
66. Comparing Real GDP Across Countries: Comment and Rejoinder.
- Author
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Baneth, Jean
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GROSS domestic product ,DEVELOPING countries ,FINANCE - Abstract
The author discusses ways to determine the real gross domestic product (GDP). Topics discussed include his response to an article by David Henderson published in the periodical in 2015 who criticized the 1983 Atlas method of the World Bank; use of the international Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) to determine the GDPs; improvement in methods of the International Comparison Program (ICP) to raise PPP GDP of China and India; and joining of new developing countries in the ICP like Korea and Chile.
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- 2016
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67. Putting community first: mainstreaming CSR for community-building in India and China.
- Author
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Kochhar, Sarabdeep K.
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SOCIAL responsibility of business ,COMMUNITY development ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
Community-building is studied as a multidimensional process that leads to sustainable improvements in the well-being of individuals, families, communities, and society as a whole. The study looks at the role organizations play in developing countries as an integral function of inter-connectedness between organizations and community. A total of 100 Indian and Chinese organizations were analyzed for the available corporate social responsibility (CSR) information and initiatives using quantitative content analysis. The sample was drawn from the 2011Forbes Global2000 list. Significant differences were found between Indian and Chinese organizations in the levels of community-building. Findings also revealed information on the most common CSR terms, issues, and modes used by the organizations and how those differ culturally. Cultural scores on collectivism were also looked at for each country to analyze the relationship between organizations and community-building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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68. LEARNING DURING AND AFTER INTERNATIONALIZATION BY ENTREPRENEURIAL FIRMS FROM EMERGING ECONOMIES.
- Author
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KHAVUL, SUSANNA, BRUTON, GARRY D., CONGCONG ZHENG, and WOOD, ERIC
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EMERGING markets ,MARKET entry ,DEVELOPING countries ,CORPORATE growth ,INTERNATIONAL markets - Abstract
We develop and test a model that explains how entrepreneurial firms from emerging markets learn over the entire internationalization process and not simply before or immediately post entry. Using a sample of 216 firms from China, India and South Africa, we show that age at international entry and commitment of resources to international entry have inverted U-shape relationships with firm growth while the acquisition of network ties and proprietary technology have positive linear ones. The findings suggest that successful internationalization is not a discrete process; rather, it is a continuous effort through which entrepreneurial firms build knowledge over time taking advantage of diverse learning opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
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69. Southern comfort, eastern promise.
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BIOTECHNOLOGY , *HIGH technology , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *CREATIVE ability in technology , *INVENTIONS , *ANTIRETROVIRAL agents , *ANTIVIRAL agents , *INDUSTRIALIZATION , *GENERIC drugs , *GENERIC products , *COMMERCIAL products , *BUSINESS names ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The article discusses how countries such as India and China have shown they can move beyond western imitation to homegrown innovation in certain fields, such as telecommunications and information technology. The same is increasingly true of biotechnology, argues a report just published in Nature Biotechnology by a group at the University of Toronto. The study looks at the state of medical biotechnology in six developing countries--Brazil, China, Cuba, Egypt, India and South Africa--and one recently industrialised one, South Korea, to understand what it takes to build a healthy biotech sector. Many of the countries studied, which began investing in biotech in the 1980s, are starting to see the fruits of their labour. The number of scientific papers on health biotechnology published by researchers in Brazil and Cuba, for example, more than tripled between 1991 and 2002. Much of the biotech industry in the developing world is based on copying western innovation. But such generic manufacturing can be a springboard to more innovative activities. India's pharmaceutical firms are playing an important role in the global fight against AIDS by selling generic versions of anti-retroviral drugs at a fraction of the price charged by their western inventors in the rich world. There are plenty of other hurdles that the countries studied in the report need to tackle before their biotech blossoms fully. Brazil needs better links between academia and industry. Egypt's budding biotechnologists are short of cash from both government and private sources. India's regulatory system is slowing down product development. South Africa needs to do more to reverse its brain drain, and train more researchers to boost their ranks.
- Published
- 2004
70. Can China and India be Growth Drivers for Developing Asia?
- Author
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Banga, Rashmi and Kumar, Dinesh
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EMERGING markets ,DEVELOPING countries ,FOREIGN investments ,INTERNATIONAL markets ,TRANSITION economies - Abstract
India and China are two Asian emerging economies, the unprecedented growth of which have led many to argue that in the face of slowdown in growth of the North these emerging economies will act as the new growth drivers for the South. However, not much empirical evidence is available to support this argument. This article estimates the growth linkages between the developing Asia and the two Asian emerging economies in terms of co-integration and causation in their growth rates. Both short-term and long-term relationships are tested between growth of China and India with growth of the developing countries of Asia for the period 1970-2009. The issue of whether these countries can provide market for the South is also examined. The results show that whereas China has acted as a growth driver for the developing Asia, no empirical evidence of this is found for India.L'Inde et la Chine sont deux pays asiatiques émergents dont la croissance sans précédent laisse penser à beaucoup que, dans le contexte du ralentissement au Nord, ces économies émergentes agiront comme de nouveaux moteurs de croissance pour le Sud. Il existe cependant peu de preuves empiriques à l'appui de cette thèse. Cet article propose une estimation des liens de croissance entre l'Asie en développement et les deux économies asiatiques émergentes, en termes de co-intégration et de causalité entre leurs taux de croissance. Nous testons les liens, à court et à long terme, entre la croissance de la Chine et de l'Inde et celle des pays d'Asie en développement sur la période 1970-2009. La question de savoir si ces pays peuvent constituer un marché pour le Sud est également examinée. Les résultats montrent que la Chine joue effectivement le rôle de moteur de croissance pour l'Asie en développement, mais qu'il n'existe aucune preuve empirique que l'Inde joue le même rôle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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71. The use of non-standard motorcycle helmets in low- and middle-income countries: a multicentre study.
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Ackaah, Williams, Afukaar, Francis, Agyemang, Williams, Thuy Anh, Trinh, Hejar, A. R., Abdul, Ghaffar, Gururaj, Gopalkrishna, Hidalgo-Solórzano Elisa, Híjar Martha, Hyder, Adnan A., Inclán-Valadez, Cristina, Kulanthayan, Subramaniam, Norton, Robyn, Odero, Wilson, Owoaje, Eme T., Peden, Margie, Rajam, Krishnan, Abdul Razzak, Junaid, Oluwafunmilola Sangowawa, Adesola, and Shah, Jawaid
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TRAFFIC safety ,PREVENTION of injury ,DEVELOPING countries ,INTERVIEWING ,MOTOR vehicles ,RESEARCH funding ,SAFETY hats ,SURVEYS ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,CROSS-sectional method ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,LAW - Abstract
Background The use of non-standard motorcycle helmets has the potential to undermine multinational efforts aimed at reducing the burden of road traffic injuries associated with motorcycle crashes. However, little is known about the prevalence or factors associated with their use. Methods Collaborating institutions in nine low- and middle-income countries undertook cross-sectional surveys, markets surveys, and reviewed legislation and enforcement practices around non-standard helmets. Findings 5563 helmet-wearing motorcyclists were observed; 54% of the helmets did not appear to have a marker/sticker indicating that the helmet met required standards and interviewers judged that 49% of the helmets were likely to be non-standard helmets. 5088 (91%) of the motorcyclists agreed to be interviewed; those who had spent less than US$10 on their helmet were found to be at the greatest risk of wearing a non-standard helmet. Data were collected across 126 different retail outlets; across all countries, regardless of outlet type, standard helmets were generally 2-3 times more expensive than non-standard helmets. While seven of the nine countries had legislation prohibiting the use of non-standard helmets, only four had legislation prohibiting their manufacture or sale and only three had legislation prohibiting their import. Enforcement of any legislation appeared to be minimal. Interpretation Our findings suggest that the widespread use of non-standard helmets in low- and middle-income countries may limit the potential gains of helmet use programmes. Strategies aimed at reducing the costs of standard helmets, combined with both legislation and enforcement, will be required to maximise the effects of existing campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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72. Adjusting to BRICs in Glass Houses: Replacing Obsolete Institutions and Business Models.
- Author
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Aggarwal, Raj
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL competition ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,DEVELOPING countries ,FOREIGN investments - Abstract
Global adjustment to the rise of the BRIC and other emerging economies is an important challenge for firms in the advanced economies. Emerging market firms increasingly trade and invest globally while monetary imbalances continue to rise and hobble advanced economy firms. Advanced country firms feel like they live in glass houses as the tectonic forces of technology, demographics, globalization, sustainability, and climate change force obsolescence in their business models. In this article, this overseas projection of economic power by the rising new economies is illustrated by the Indian and Chinese overseas economic expansion focused on Africa. This analysis shows that noneconomic state‐driven entities are likely to be a significant part of the rise of South‐South economic trade and investment flows and it poses theoretical and practical problems for existing market‐based economic and geopolitical institutions. Global adjustment to these new realities is also challenging as existing multilateral institutions seem to be inadequate. These changes in the global environment have significant implications for policy makers and managers of global companies. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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73. India and China: Conflict, Competition, and/or Cooperation in the Age of Globalization.
- Author
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Ahmad, Aqueil
- Subjects
- *
GLOBALIZATION , *INTERNATIONAL markets , *INTERNATIONAL trade , *INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
India and China are two of the world's most ancient civilizations. For centuries they shared advanced ideas, inventions, religious and philosophical traditions. But their economies and societies stagnated during the colonial period. In the post-colonial era mutual relations suffered a setback due to political and boundary disputes. In contemporary times they have reemerged as leading techno-economic nations. It is high time for them to move beyond conflicts and start cooperating politically, economically, and technologically for mutual benefits. Recent developments and exchanges indicate that the ball is already rolling in that direction. Globalization for common good requires coming together rather than falling apart, sharing resources and assets rather than wasting them in endless conflicts. In the context of currently shifting global political and economic power, no two nations are better equipped than India and China to show the world how the common concerns of humanity can be addressed through mutual respect, friendship, healthy competition, and sharing of resources. This paper discusses some of these possibilities in the age of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
74. Human capital development: comparative analysis of BRICs.
- Author
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Ardichvili, Alexandre, Zavyalova, Elena, and Minina, Vera
- Subjects
PERSONNEL management ,HUMAN capital ,PUBLIC investments ,EDUCATION policy - Abstract
Purpose – The goal of this article is to conduct macro-level analysis of human capital (HC) development strategies, pursued by four countries commonly referred to as BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). Design/methodology/approach – This analysis is based on comparisons of macro indices of human capital and innovativeness of the economy and a review of related academic literature and government publications. Findings – The study results suggest that in terms of present human capital capacity Russia and Brazil are ahead of China and India. However, during the last decade the governments of the latter two countries have initiated impressive national programs of HC development, which include significant investment and targeted government regulation in such areas as primary and secondary education, vocational education and training, and higher education, especially in science and technology fields. Russia and Brazil have targeted programs in some of the above areas, but lack comprehensive long-term strategies, covering all the above areas and coordinating effort of various agencies and constituencies. Research limitations/implications – It is recommended to expand the scope of analysis to include other fast growing developing economies (e.g. Mexico, Indonesia, and Turkey). Originality/value – The article provides, for the first time, a comparison of human capital development indices and strategies of the four largest developing economies. The original feature of the article is a combination of the analysis of macro-level indices with an in-depth analysis of policy documents and academic literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
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75. URBANIZATION PROSPECTS IN ASIA: A SIX-COUNTRY COMPARISON.
- Author
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Rob, Ubaidur and Talukder, Noorunnabi
- Subjects
SOCIAL change ,DEVELOPING countries ,METROPOLITAN areas ,POPULATION ,POVERTY ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors - Abstract
Yet rural in nature, Asia is proceeding with a wide-ranging scale and fast pace of urbanization, resulting in accelerated economic growth. This article attempts a comparison on urbanization of six largest Asian countries: Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and the Philippines. Among these countries, urban transition is underway in China, Indonesia, and the Philippines, which are also on track to mature as middle-income countries. India and Pakistan will soon graduate from low-income to lower-middle income countries, reaching the platform for faster urbanization with consequent economic growth. Regardless of the level of urbanization across countries, cities generate four-fifths of national income and the prominence of cities in generating country's national income is escalating. Still, urbanization primarily takes place through the development of large cities with surrounding industrial zones. Large cities will continue to play a significant role in absorbing future anticipated growth, but a decrease of growth rates in large cities is expected. Most of future city growth will occur in medium- and small-sized cities where existing coverage of basic public services is grossly inadequate, that entails greater concentration of power, investment, and services. To maximize the benefits of urbanization, countries need to judiciously plan the course of future urbanization--whether it should be a concentrated growth, a balanced growth, or a distributed growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
76. Co-occurrence of anxiety and depression amongst older adults in low- and middle-income countries: findings from the 10/66 study.
- Author
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Prina, A. M., Ferri, C. P., Guerra, M., Brayne, C., and Prince, M.
- Subjects
MENTAL illness ,MENTAL depression ,DEVELOPING countries ,GERIATRIC assessment ,INTERVIEWING ,RESEARCH methodology ,CLASSIFICATION of mental disorders ,METROPOLITAN areas ,POISSON distribution ,REGRESSION analysis ,RURAL conditions ,SELF-evaluation ,SURVEYS ,TRANSLATIONS ,COMORBIDITY ,ANXIETY disorders ,DISEASE prevalence ,DATA analysis software ,OLD age - Abstract
BackgroundThere is relative little information about the prevalence and risk factors of co-morbid anxiety and depression in later life. These disorders are often associated with worse response to treatment than either condition alone, and researching their epidemiology in diverse settings is vital to policy makers. We therefore investigated the co-occurrence of anxiety and depressive syndromes amongst older adults living in developing countries and measured the separate and joint effect of these two disorders on levels of associated disability.MethodThe 10/66 study carried out cross-cultural surveys of all residents aged 65 years or over (n=15021) in 11 sites in seven countries (People's Republic of China, India, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Mexico and Peru). Anxiety was measured by using the Geriatric Mental State Examination and the Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy diagnostic system. Depression was assessed according to International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10) and EURO-D criteria. Disability was measured by using the World Health Organization's Disablement Assessment Scale Version II. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models were used to investigate the association of common mental disorders and disability.ResultsThe prevalence of co-occurring anxiety and depression (with the exclusion of subthreshold disorders) ranged between 0.9% and 4.2% across sites. Gender, socio-economic status, urbanicity and physical co-morbidities were associated with the different co-morbid states. Having both disorders was linked to higher disability scores than having anxiety or depression alone.ConclusionsGiven the close association of co-morbid anxiety and depression with disability, new policies to improve prevention, recognition and treatment will be needed to adapt to ageing populations and their mental health needs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
77. Evolving policies and the roles of public and private stakeholders in wastewater and faecal-sludge management in India, China and Ghana.
- Author
-
Murray, Ashley, Mekala, Gayathri Devi, and Chen, Xia
- Subjects
STAKEHOLDERS ,WASTEWATER treatment ,FECAL contamination ,SEWAGE sludge ,PUBLIC-private sector cooperation ,MANAGEMENT - Abstract
In this article the authors document evolving attitudes, policies and roles of stakeholders in wastewater and faecal-sludge management in India, China and Ghana. In each country there is momentum for expanding not just access to sanitation at the household/community levels, but also for greater treatment and safe end-of-life management of human excreta. Governments are increasingly looking to engage the private sector, but models of engagement that make a compelling business case and instil confidence in cost recovery will have to emerge before the private sector takes an active role in wastewater and faecal sludge treatment in low-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
78. Regulative institutions supporting entrepreneurship in emerging economies: A comparison of China and India.
- Author
-
Kshetri, Nir and Dholakia, Nikhilesh
- Subjects
ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,EMERGING markets ,GOVERNMENT regulation ,DEBATE ,BUSINESS enterprises ,ECONOMIC conditions in developing countries ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
China and India are touted as new entrepreneurship powerhouses. The two countries' different institutional history and characteristics have led to differences in environments related to entrepreneurship. There are some well-founded rationales as well as a number of misinformed and ill-guided viewpoints about the friendliness of the environment to support entrepreneurship in each country as well as the China-India differences concerning entrepreneurial environment. This article contributes to this debate by offering theoretical and empirical evidence regarding the differences in regulative institutions in the two economies. Specifically, we compare the state's regulative, participative, and supportive roles from the standpoint of entrepreneurship in the two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
79. How Do Rising Powers Rise?
- Author
-
Hart, AndrewF. and Jones, BruceD.
- Subjects
POWER (Social sciences) ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The idea that a single group of emerging powers, principally the BRIC states, are reshaping global politics is now prevalent. However, the basis of their newfound power is not well understood. Their influence is primarily a function of their regional clout, and their outsized weight in multilateral institutions; but also because the goals of US policy frequently play to emerging-power advantages. Investigation of how the emerging powers are choosing to wield this influence in the economic, financial, and security realms finds that, although they have some blocking power, the most prevalent strategies thus far have been to bargain hard to protect their own interests and national space, and to balance the growing influence of their BRIC counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
80. How Emerging Market Firms Compete in Global Markets.
- Author
-
Veliyath, Rajaram and Brouthers, Lance
- Subjects
EMERGING markets ,DEVELOPING countries ,GROSS domestic product - Abstract
The article discusses the development of emerging market firms in developing countries. It explores the emerging markets of China and India which have higher gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates than other developed countries. Moreover, the unique characteristics of emerging markets are offered.
- Published
- 2010
81. Flying Towards the Successful Skies: The Emerging Region Multinationals.
- Author
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Nigam, Roli and Su, Zhan
- Subjects
EMERGING markets ,ECONOMIC development ,GLOBALIZATION ,LITERATURE ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The article reports on the development of multinationals in the emerging markets of China, India, Brazil and other countries. It highlights the role of globalization on the growth and development of multinationals in the emerging economy. It also examines the literature of emerging country multinationals which could help understand and manage complexities in the future.
- Published
- 2010
82. South-South entrepreneurial collaboration in health biotech.
- Author
-
Thorsteinsdóttir, Halla, Melon, Christina C., Ray, Monali, Chakkalackal, Sharon, Li, Michelle, Cooper, Jan E., Chadder, Jennifer, Saenz, Tirso W., De Souza Paula, Maria Carlota, Wen Ke, Lexuan Li, Madkour, Magdy A., Aly, Sahar, El-Nikhely, Nefertiti, Chaturvedi, Sachin, Konde, Victor, Daar, Abdallah S., and Singer, Peter A.
- Subjects
INDUSTRIAL surveys ,BIOTECHNOLOGY ,DEVELOPING countries ,HEALTH - Abstract
The article offers information on a survey of entrepreneurial collaborations among health biotechnology firms in developing countries. According to the survey, though there is a high level of collaboration, there is also a lack of emphasis on new or improved health biotechnology products and processes. Countries included in the survey are Brazil, China, Cuba, Egypt, India, and South Africa and the number of firms surveyed is 467 wherein a total of 288 firms completed the survey. Survey authors recommend the integration of more South-South collaboration in their innovation policies and provide support for firms that want to promote innovation in health biotechnology.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
83. Below the radar: what does innovation in emerging economies have to offer other low-income economies?
- Author
-
Kaplinsky, Raphael, Chataway, Joanna, Clark, Norman, Hanlin, Rebecca, Kale, Dinar, Muraguri, Lois, Papaioannou, Theo, Robbins, P., and Wamae, Watu
- Subjects
TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,CONSUMERS ,EMERGING markets ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
Between 1970 and 2000, the proportion of global R&D occurring in low-income economies rose from 2 per cent to more than 20 per cent. However, this rising commitment to R&D does not easily translate into the emergence of a family of innovations meeting the needs of low-income consumers ‘at the bottom of the pyramid’, since much of these technological resources are invested in outdated structures of innovation. A number of transnational corporations are targeting these markets, but it is our contention that much of the previously dominant innovation value chains are either ignorant of the needs of consumers at the bottom of the pyramid or lack the technologies and organizational structures to meet these needs effectively. Instead, the firms and value chains which are likely to be most successful in these dynamic new markets are those which are emerging in China and India and other developing countries, disrupting global corporate and locational hierarchies of innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
84. The fall and rise of the Third World.
- Author
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Mohan, Brij
- Subjects
SECURITIES industry ,DEVELOPING countries ,SOCIAL development ,FINANCIAL crises - Abstract
This article unravels an array of possibilities about the much-hyped Post-American World. Notwithstanding the current Wall Street financial meltdown, war against terrorism, globalization and echoes of the new Cold War, the developing nations, including India and China, continue to muddle through a schizophrenic phase of social development that warrants dispassionate analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
85. Finding zones of convergence in a world of continental drift.
- Author
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Fold, Niels
- Subjects
ECONOMIC conditions in developing countries ,ECONOMIC development research ,SOCIAL justice ,FOOD prices ,FOOD riots ,ECONOMIC globalization ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The article discusses the intellectual and political challenges when dealing with the notion of continental drift as it relates to economic development and knowledge production in developing countries. The situation in Asia, Africa, and Latin America is examined in terms of global injustice, developing economies, and globalization. The article also discusses the crisis surrounding global food prices, including food riots and food security amongst the urban poor. New dietary patterns amongst the middle-class in the expanding economies of India and China and biofuel feedstock are viewed as primary causes of the crisis.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
86. The clean development mechanism in China and India: A comparative institutional analysis.
- Author
-
Ganapati, Sukumar and Liu, Liguang
- Subjects
UNITED Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992). Protocols, etc., 1997 December 11 ,GREENHOUSE gas mitigation ,INTERNATIONAL economic assistance -- Developing countries ,COMPARATIVE studies ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
This article provides a comparative institutional analysis of the success of the clean development mechanism (CDM) in China and India. Under the Kyoto Protocol, the CDM allows developed countries to receive credits toward meeting their environmental targets by investing in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction projects in developing countries. Each country has an established national agency called the designated national authority (DNA) to approve CDM projects. Since its inception in 2005, the CDM has leveraged more than 25 billion U.S. dollars for funding projects.
- Published
- 2008
87. RENTAS ECONÓMICA EN EL MARCO DE LA GLOBALIZACIÓN: DESARROLLO Y APRENDIZAJE.
- Author
-
Dabat, Alejandro, Ríos, Miguel A. Rivera, and Sztulwark, Sebastián
- Subjects
RENT (Economic theory) ,INTERNATIONAL economic integration ,GLOBALIZATION ,DEVELOPING countries ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,EMERGING markets - Abstract
Copyright of Problemas del Desarrollo. Revista Latinoamericana de Economía is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Instituto de Investigaciones Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2007
88. Technology Acquisition and Innovation in the Developing World: Wind Turbine Development in China and India.
- Author
-
Lewis, Joanna
- Subjects
ELECTRIC power production technology transfer ,WIND power industry ,ENERGY development ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
Although China and India rely on coal to fuel most of their electricity generation, both countries are also home to burgeoning wind power industries. India currently leads the developing world in manufacturing utility-scale wind turbines, and China is close behind. This study examines the technology development strategies that have been pursued by the companies Suzlon and Goldwind, India and China’s leading wind turbine manufacturers. While the institutional and other barriers present in large, developing countries such as China and India certainly challenge any simplistic notions of energy leapfrogging, an examination of wind turbine development in these countries has shown that substantial technical advances are possible in a relatively short time. While both Suzlon and Goldwind pursued similar licensing arrangements to acquire basic technical knowledge, Goldwind’s technology development model lacks Suzlon’s network of strategically positioned global subsidiaries that contribute to its base of industry knowledge and technical capacity. This examination of how two leading developing-country firms have acquired and assimilated advanced technologies provides crucial insights into facilitating international technology transfers, which will be an important component of any technological leapfrogging strategy to achieve lower greenhouse gas emissions in the developing world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
89. Environmental Reform in the Electricity Sector: China and India.
- Author
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D'Sa, Antonette and Murthy, K.V. Narasimha
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL protection ,ENVIRONMENTAL regulations ,ENVIRONMENTAL sciences ,ENVIRONMENTAL policy ,DEVELOPING countries ,ELECTRIC industries ,ELECTRICITY - Abstract
This article analyzes the challenges to effective environmental protection in the power sectors of China and India. Its analytical framework consists of identification of environmental policies and regulations affecting electricity generation, assessment of problems faced when implementing these policies and regulations, and finally recommendations for surmounting the barriers encountered. Environmental issues in the electricity sector have been addressed directly, through laws and governmental orders, and indirectly, through policies on alternative technologies and efficiency improvement. However, successful environmental regulation has been hampered in these large developing countries by the compelling need for energy and the consequent rapid increase in electricity generation. Solutions to these problems lie in combinations of cleaner and more-efficient generation, appropriate control equipment, and more-efficient end-use devices. Among factors that facilitate effective adoption of these solutions are state prioritization, fiscal and financial incentives, appropriate technological choices, institutional involvement, integrated planning, public participation, and international commitments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
90. Aerosol particles in the developing world; a comparison between New Delhi in India and Beijing in China.
- Author
-
Laakso, Lauri, Koponen, Ismo K., Mönkkönen, Petteri, Kulmala, Markku, Kerminen, Veli-Matti, Wehner, Birgit, Wiedensohler, Alfred, Zhijun Wu, and Min Hu
- Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC aerosols ,AEROSOLS ,PARTICLES ,PARTICLE size distribution ,DEVELOPED countries - Abstract
In developing countries, aerosol particles damage the health of hundreds of millions of people. Migration from the country side to megacities increases emissions and exposure to particles. Some countries have started to limit emissions based on particulate mass, but this may increase particle number concentrations. In this study we discuss some earlier measurements carried out in the developing world and compare results from one-week measurement campaigns concerning the particle number size distribution and PM
10 mass concentrations in New Delhi, India and Beijing, China. Our results show that submicron particle concentrations are high in both places. The average PM10 concentration was 360 μg/m3 in New Delhi and 120 μg/m3 in Beijing. The corresponding total particle number concentrations in the size range 3–800 nm were 63 000 cm−3 and 35 000 cm−3 . Number and mass concentrations and their characteristics showed significantly different behaviour between these two locations, which stresses the importance of long-term simultaneous measurements of both quantities in different types of megacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
91. Emerging Third World powers: China, India and Brazil.
- Author
-
Harris, Jerry
- Subjects
GLOBALIZATION ,BALANCE of power ,DEVELOPING countries ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,INTERNATIONAL trade - Abstract
Discusses the attempts of emerging third world powers China, India and Brazil to harness the forces of globalization to strengthen their international standing in multilateral institutions like the World Trade Organization (WTO). Their qualitatively differing aims of enlarging the middle class, creating jobs for the poor, developing a technologically advanced economy; Potential role in transforming the global balance of power.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
92. Crumbs from the BRICs-man's table.
- Subjects
- *
FINANCIAL crises , *RECESSIONS ,ECONOMIC conditions in developing countries ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The article discusses how the countries of Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRICS) have helped poorer nations emerge from the global recession. According to the article, the study "Global Financial Crisis Discussion Paper Synthesis (phase 2)" by Dirk Willem te Velde from the Overseas Development Institute found that emerging powers affect the growth prospects of poorer ones. How the BRICS' deals have affected trade and foreign direct investment from the West to Africa are discussed.
- Published
- 2010
93. INDIA AND CHINA: CONTRASTS IN DEVELOPMENT PERFORMANCE.
- Author
-
Malenraum, Wilfred
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,DEVELOPING countries ,PUBLIC investments ,ECONOMIC structure ,ECONOMICS ,STRUCTURAL unemployment - Abstract
The article discusses problems of economic growth in the poorer nations that became a major foreign policy concern of the wealthy and powerful nations of the world. The relative progress in the development of the two countries, India and China, is of great significance. There were strong parallels in their preplan structure and strong contrasts between China's totalitarian and India's democratic programs. Their performance relative to one another may influence the programs adopted by other, now less advanced, countries. It will certainly bear upon the United States and Soviet foreign policies. Furthermore, the record of the course of development in these two lands provides a unique opportunity for examining the process of development as such. Structural unemployment, underutilized resources, overurbanization, nonmonetized savings and investment flows-these are illustrative of the types of problems that must be understood and treated if there are to be steady output gains in most of today's underdeveloped areas.
- Published
- 1959
94. Why selling to the poor makes for good business.
- Author
-
Prahalad, C. K.
- Subjects
POOR people ,MARKETING strategy ,CONSUMERS ,EMERGING markets ,DEVELOPING countries ,CATARACT surgery ,MARKET segmentation - Abstract
The author discusses opportunity in marketing to the poor. There is an invisible market waiting at the bottom of the world economic pyramid--a market of five billion people who live on less than $2 a day. Businesspeople think that the poor cannot afford their products and services, and also assume, naively, that the poor have no use for advanced and emerging technology. In fact, selling to the poor is a uniquely powerful way to achieve breakthroughs in products and management practices: The bottom of the economic pyramid is a sandbox for innovation. In India, China, the Philippines, and other countries, single-serve packs of shampoo, detergents, pickles, tea, aspirin, cookies, matches, and ketchup are common. Fully 60% of the value of all shampoo sold in India is in single-serve packets. They go for about a penny apiece and are a very profitable business not only for global corporations like Unilever and P&G but also for many local firms. Profiting on penny sachets of shampoo is only the start. The markets at the bottom of the economic pyramid force managers to rethink their costs, quality, scale of operations, and use of capital. When Aravind Eye Care set out to provide cataract surgery to the poor in southern India, for example, it knew customers could never afford the $3,000 per procedure that it cost in developed lands. The company devised a system that enables it to provide the surgery for an average of $25 to $30 per procedure. Debt-free and highly profitable, Aravind boasts an annual return on equity of more than 75%.
- Published
- 2004
95. Economic Evaluation of Population-Based BRCA1/BRCA2 Mutation Testing across Multiple Countries and Health Systems.
- Author
-
Manchanda, Ranjit, Sun, Li, Patel, Shreeya, Evans, Olivia, Wilschut, Janneke, De Freitas Lopes, Ana Carolina, Gaba, Faiza, Brentnall, Adam, Duffy, Stephen, Cui, Bin, Coelho De Soarez, Patricia, Husain, Zakir, Hopper, John, Sadique, Zia, Mukhopadhyay, Asima, Yang, Li, Berkhof, Johannes, and Legood, Rosa
- Subjects
BREAST tumor prevention ,HEART disease related mortality ,CARRIER state (Communicable diseases) ,COST effectiveness ,DEVELOPING countries ,MATHEMATICAL models ,MEDICAL care ,MEDICAL care costs ,MEDICAL cooperation ,GENETIC mutation ,HEALTH outcome assessment ,OVARIAN tumors ,PROBABILITY theory ,RESEARCH ,WOMEN'S health ,GENETIC testing ,DEVELOPED countries ,THEORY ,BRCA genes ,QUALITY-adjusted life years ,FAMILY history (Medicine) ,MIDDLE-income countries ,LOW-income countries - Abstract
Clinical criteria/Family history-based BRCA testing misses a large proportion of BRCA carriers who can benefit from screening/prevention. We estimate the cost-effectiveness of population-based BRCA testing in general population women across different countries/health systems. A Markov model comparing the lifetime costs and effects of BRCA1/BRCA2 testing all general population women ≥30 years compared with clinical criteria/FH-based testing. Separate analyses are undertaken for the UK/USA/Netherlands (high-income countries/HIC), China/Brazil (upper–middle income countries/UMIC) and India (low–middle income countries/LMIC) using both health system/payer and societal perspectives. BRCA carriers undergo appropriate screening/prevention interventions to reduce breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) risk. Outcomes include OC, BC, and additional heart disease deaths and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER)/quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Probabilistic/one-way sensitivity analyses evaluate model uncertainty. For the base case, from a societal perspective, we found that population-based BRCA testing is cost-saving in HIC (UK-ICER = $−5639/QALY; USA-ICER = $−4018/QALY; Netherlands-ICER = $−11,433/QALY), and it appears cost-effective in UMIC (China-ICER = $18,066/QALY; Brazil-ICER = $13,579/QALY), but it is not cost-effective in LMIC (India-ICER = $23,031/QALY). From a payer perspective, population-based BRCA testing is highly cost-effective in HIC (UK-ICER = $21,191/QALY, USA-ICER = $16,552/QALY, Netherlands-ICER = $25,215/QALY), and it is cost-effective in UMIC (China-ICER = $23,485/QALY, Brazil−ICER = $20,995/QALY), but it is not cost-effective in LMIC (India-ICER = $32,217/QALY). BRCA testing costs below $172/test (ICER = $19,685/QALY), which makes it cost-effective (from a societal perspective) for LMIC/India. Population-based BRCA testing can prevent an additional 2319 to 2666 BC and 327 to 449 OC cases per million women than the current clinical strategy. Findings suggest that population-based BRCA testing for countries evaluated is extremely cost-effective across HIC/UMIC health systems, is cost-saving for HIC health systems from a societal perspective, and can prevent tens of thousands more BC/OC cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
96. Globalization Alters Traditional R&D Rules.
- Author
-
Duga, Jules and Studt, Tim
- Subjects
RESEARCH & development ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The article discusses the importance of the changing dedication to research and development on a global scale in understanding the research and development structure and practices within the U.S. and other technologically developed countries. It has become well established that the expansion of research and development activities, especially in China, India, and other countries of Eastern and Southern Asia, cannot be viewed as isolated events. INSETS: Global Change in the Infotech Rules;Brakes Applied to Rapid Biotech R&D Run-up;The Largest R&D Activity Focuses on the Very Small;Globalization Linked to Outsourcing
- Published
- 2006
97. Study: Despite Soft Spots, 2011 Global Business Travel Poised To Surpass $1 Trillion.
- Author
-
JONAS, DAVID
- Subjects
BUSINESS travel ,EXPORTS ,ECONOMIC recovery ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The article reports on a study conducted by Vantage Strategy that forecasted a 9.2 percent increase of international business travel in 2011. It discusses the influence of domestic export growth and economic recovery of developing countries. It focuses on the dominance of the U.S., China and India in the business travel market that is expected to continue until 2015.
- Published
- 2011
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