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Today's world trends in the field of rapid population growth and urbanization have led to uncontrolled waste accumulation. The development of industrial activities in developing countries has increased the amount of waste generated from economic activities, which has led to environmental problems due to the complexity of waste management. The purpose of the study is to consider and update the knowledge on the practical application of national waste management strategies and plans in developed countries (United States, Japan, Australia, European Union countries), states with economies in transition (Russian and Kazakhstani cases), and developing countries (Asia and South America cases). The conceptual method was used to analyze the nature of complete and partial waste disposal and utilization as forms of waste management as well as for practical application of certain forms of waste management in different states. Knowledge about the practical aspects of the implementation of national waste management strategies and plans in various states was updated and systematized, the advantages and disadvantages of certain waste management forms were revealed. The paper provides an opportunity to systematize world experience regarding innovations in the field of waste recycling and how it can be applied in countries with different levels of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Economica is the property of University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With economic transformation and industrial development, Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) from southern countries has increased rapidly. The theoretical system established by global north countries with their dominant position in the international investment market has been impacted by global south countries. The existing OFDI theory has always been based on developed countries and can only explain some international investment behavior of southern countries. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is applied to conduct empirical analysis for the impact of the target country's investment climate on the location determinants of OFDI, by applying China and the United States as example which is focusing on 172 countries from 2005 to 2019. The results reveal significant differences in the theoretical system of foreign investment between China and the United States. For China, investment climate factors such as energy, logistics infrastructure, and politics are discover as the main drivers of China's OFDI. However, USA's OFDI is a corporate behavior aimed at economic interests. The differences in OFDI theoretical systems and provides policy advice for northern and southern countries and departments is the major contribution of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issues of global warming and climate change are significant as their impacts are not limited to any geographical boundaries and affect all the countries, whether developed or developing. Many factors varying from natural to human activities are responsible for this change. Some of them are the rapid growth of population, deforestation, increasing use of chemical fertilisers, emissions from the vehicular traffic, industrialisation, urban development, and mining activities. Developed countries are major contributors to Greenhouse Gases- which is the leading cause of global warming and climate change; however, its impact is seen all over the globe. In recent years, it has been felt that all the countries of the world should make some policies to handle this problem individually or collectively. In the present study, an attempt has been made to identify major causes of global warming and climate change and their impacts on human life, such as agriculture and food security issues, rising sea levels, human health, changing settlement patterns, natural hazards, and disasters etc. As a whole, it poses a great challenge for developed and developing countries to reduce the emission of Green House gases and control this universal problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is experiencing the fourth industrial revolution, and developing countries are experiencing it differently than developed countries. Developed countries have an advantage over developing countries in that they adopted industrialisation early, and this created a large gap between the two. Developed countries are not necessarily sustainable. Sustainable development is equally important in both developed and developing countries, but in different ways. Developed and developing countries will try to achieve sustainability development goals in different ways. Developed countries will most likely use the fourth industrial revolution to integrate technology into achieving their goals, while some developing countries might first need to catch up on industrial revolutions that they have skipped. Industrialisation, specifically that of the current revolution, will occur differently in developing countries. This paper describes this and discusses some of the hurdles that might hinder developing countries from adopting Industry 4.0, and develops an initial framework for readiness assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural change is a vital element of successful development. Between 1985 and 2015, however, falling barriers to trade and transfer of technology shifted sectoral structures in different directions in different countries by intensifying endowment-related specialization. In skill-abundant developed countries, manufacturing became more skill-intensive and employed fewer workers. In land-scarce developing East Asia, labor-intensive manufacturing expanded, especially and hugely in China. In land-abundant Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East, by contrast, manufacturing shares fell, while in land-scarce South Asia labor-intensive manufacturing was constrained by low literacy and inadequate infrastructure. This pattern of structural change contributed to higher average growth rates during this period in land-scarce than in land-abundant developing countries. Future changes in sectoral structures and growth rates will continue to be shaped by differences among countries in land abundance and skill supplies that matter for development policy choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay describes a large comparative study of national innovation systems, tells something of what motivated the study, and how it was organized and undertaken, and highlights some of the more interesting findings. The heart of the project consists of studies of 15 countries, including all of the prominent large market oriented industrialized ones, several smaller high income countries, and a number of newly industrializing states. The studies were carefully designed, developed and written to illuminate the institutions and mechanisms supporting technical innovation in the various countries, the similarities and differences across countries and how these came to be, and to permit at least preliminary discussion of how the differences seemed to matter.

The article discusses the interdependence between countries in the North and the South and the role of the developed countries in the North toward developing countries in the South. In 1979, 43 percent of Japanese merchandise exports were sold in the nonoil exporting developing countries, 36% of the U. S. merchandise exports that year went to the same markets as did 32% of Australian merchandise exports. The global economic, political, and ecological situation is deteriorating in the world. However, for the most part Northern leaders and communicators refuse to look beyond domestic, economic, or eastern based security issues. The developing countries should be given some responsibility for the direction of the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund.

The paper aims understand the role about industrialization in the traditional European geopolitics though. How the economic progress was important to the antique late capitalism countries, as Germany, and to the Third Worlds group could contest the North-South structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present essay is about the evolution of the Korean education system and the effects it has on the Korean society. South Korea can look back on a history of rapid growth and industrialisation since the sixties of the last century. Among various factors that contributed to South Korea's unprecedented development, we can make out South Korea's school system that has gained worldwide reputation. What are the roots of its effectiveness? To what extent leads education in South Korea to equal distribution of life chances? In how far it is more than just preparing people for the labour market? In order to answer these questions we look back further in the history of Korea and explain the relevance of certain cultural and religious ideas to Korea's social structure. Korean scholarship is deeply rooted in a centuries-old tradition of Korean Confucianism, but the modern educational system started to take shape due to cultural influences of Western powers and under colonial rule. In the decades after the Korean War, South Korean governments put much stress on an egalitarian development of human resources. With the introduction of market-oriented reforms at the end of the last century, however, education is becoming more and more a privilege of the wealthy and powerful classes of the Korean society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the issue of protectionism in Russia. It mentions it as a system of restrictions implied on the Russian markets for protecting the domestic market against foreign competition. It further mentions that protectionism in developing countries is used for the protection of emerging sectors against the expansionist economies. It adds that protectionism in Russia was introduced by Sergius Witte, a Russian policy maker, as a part of the Russian economic policy for the year 1892 to 1903. It mentions of program for the development of industry and trade in Russia where goals and tasks of protectionist policy were first formulated.

Abstract: Insights from industrial organization, Schumpeterian innovation, and economic development theories are used to try to explain firm behavior in cases of successful acquisition of advanced technological assets and international trade competitiveness by Asian and Latin-american countries at an intermediate level of industrial and technological development. The role of the state as innovator as well as the importance of alternative forms of organization emerge as the most salient findings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Present information systems studies focus on technology from developed countries. Little is known about the development and implementation of indigenous technology in the developing world. This paper investigates China's experience of developing and deploying wireless local-area network (WLAN) standards. First, drawing upon actor-network theory, I interpret WLAN Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure (WAPI) standardization as a process of the actor-network formation. Specifically, different actors were enrolled into two counter-networks, namely the defensive network and the challenging network. These actors and the two counter-networks struggled to dominate the interest inscriptions in the strategy of WLAN standardization. China's WAPI initiative failed because it could not establish a strong defensive network. Furthermore, I analyse the social, institutional and technological elements that determined the process of WAPI standardization. This case study demonstrates that counter-network is a useful concept to analyse the mechanism of actor-network formation. My analytical model in which the macro contexts are connected with the micro network dynamics can be drawn upon by other actor-network studies on technology design and implementation. Practical implications for developing countries to develop the indigenous technologies have been given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cahiers de Recherche Sociologique is the property of Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Department de Sociologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Past scholars of unionization have offered exemplary cross-national studies of affluent democracies and case studies of less developed countries (LDCs). What has been lacking is cross-national research on unionization across LDCs. We conduct a multilevel analysis of the likelihood that a worker is unionized with the late-1990s World Values surveys of 39 LDCs. We propose that unionization in LDCs can be explained by the individual characteristics of workers as well as the country-level factors of institutions, industrialization, and globalization. Our analyses yield several conclusions. First, owing to the legacy of state socialism, ex-communist countries have much higher unionization. Second, our analyses show that class very effectively explains union membership across LDCs. Although skilled manual workers are more unionized than most, educated professionals stand out for their distinctively high unionization. Third, the debt crisis significantly undermined unionization through the institutional influence of International Monetary Fund (IMF) agreements and the globalization pressure of debt service. Despite being the focus of much research, industrialization, democratization, the size of the state, International Labour Organization conventions, and international trade and investment are surprisingly insignificant. Decomposing the sample by communist legacy, signing an IMF agreement is significant in ex-communist countries, and debt service is significant in countries without a communist legacy. Overall, we conclude that the debt crisis has undermined unionization and class remains a powerful basis of mobilization across LDCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The database described in this article provides researchers with a broad set of data on trade, production, and protection for 28 manufacturing sectors at the three-digit level of the International Standard Industrial Classification, Revision 2. The database covers up to 100 developing and developed countries over the period 1976-2004, but data availability varies by country and year. The trade, production, and protection database is available online and can be freely accessed through the World Bank trade website. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since entry into force of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1994, negotiations on controlling future greenhouse gas emissions have turned into one of the largest development issues of our time. In February 2005, the Kyoto Protocol entered into force and 9 months later a historical first meeting of the Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP 1) was held in Montreal side-by-side with the 11th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP 11). After several years of stalemate, the Montreal meeting has resulted somewhat unexpectedly in a constructive outcome that has opened the door for new momentum in climate talks. Along with several key technical decisions, an agreement was reached to hold separate talks to discuss the futures of the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. This paper discusses the main outcomes of the conference and explores possible ways forward. It concludes that success in the UNFCCC process is imperative to address climate change in both developing and developed countries, even if the most effective actions are taken outside the immediate context of the legal process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the policy implications of the Ethnic Diversity Kuznets Curve, which shows that the least developed countries and the most developed countries both have highly diverse populations. The article suggests that although developing countries tend to be heterogenous in population, leaders must unite the populace around a common set of goals to develop. Middle income nations must accept that their policies have to change to encourage growth and development. High income nations are deindustrializing and need a combinations of diverse ideas and skills to grow.

Examines the link between industrial convergence and the persistence of the North-South income divide between the developing and developed countries. Degree of industrialization of the Global South; Mismatch between industrial convergence and income convergence; Reduction of income inequality.

The article discusses the dilemmas of Globalisation. Globalisation is seen as a global compression-integration as it reduces the time and cost of transport and communication and demolates the artificial barriers to the international circulation of goods, services, capital, knowledge, of people and of labour. The process brings about the industrial nations closer and it is their economic institutions whose norms are followed. There is catching this cosmopolitation where the local population would go by its cultural traditions. Some Asian countries object to the western influence, but in a way it helps the lesser developed countries by the way of industrialisation.

Developing countries have already set in motion a process of industrialization similar to that of highly industrialized nations. As a result, technology licensing has become an area of increasing significance and importance. Assessing search problems for potential partners by licensees is a very complicated task. A bad selection can cause many problems. In this paper, some experiences of less industrialized countries in cases of technology transfer (TT) are studied and the important factors for proper selection of licensors in the Car Manufacturing Industry are discussed.Adecision support system (DSS) using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is developed to help the management of a large car manufacturer in a less industrialized country select the best partner among chosen alternatives. Findings can also serve the potential licensors in understanding the expectations of developing countries in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We diagnose CO 2 emission changes and determine the driving mechanisms and spatial spillover effect worldwide using spatial econometric techniques embedded within energy trade in the period 2000–2014. We focus on fossil fuel import, taking it as the medium through which to examine the spatial spillover effect on CO 2 emissions, and compare the spatial influence between developed and developing countries. We propose different hypotheses considering the magnitude of spatial influence through fossil fuel trade between developed countries, between developing countries, and between developed and developing countries. These hypotheses are manifested in the multiple spatial econometric model. Results revealed general heterogeneity of CO 2 emissions among different countries alongside fluctuations and wavy increments in the analyzed groups of countries. However, the convergence of emissions was predictable because the growth rate of CO 2 emissions was low in countries with high levels of CO 2 emission and converged rapidly with that of developed countries. The spatial autocorrelation phenomenon and spatial spillover effects generated from energy trade have previously only been verified worldwide rather than solely in developed countries or developing countries. Urbanization, industrial development, deforestation and GDP growth all drive the increase in CO 2 emissions whereas renewable energy options can help to mitigate emission increases. • We embed fossil fuel trade into the spatial relations to identify the spatial effect. • We differentiate the spatial relations among the developed and developing countries. • Fossil fuel trade helps to generate spatial interactions in global CO 2 emission. • Developed countries play an influential role in the spatial relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fiscal crisis of the new industrializing countries (NICs), a corollary of foreign indebtedness, has called into question important institutional features of agroindustrial modernization, particularly the flow of heavily subsidized credit. This may lead the way to a reversion of the more speculative features of agroindustrial modernization, giving small farmers greater access to land. In the industrialized countries, according to the scenarios outlined in the article, the combined pressures of stagnant markets, rising costs, and the availability of new technologies, tend towards the exclusion of huge segments of the modernized family farm sector. In the case of the NICs, the industrialization of agriculture will spawn both a growing marginal rural population of former peasants and create greater barriers to entry into the already modernized sector. Technological modernization has, in fact, been the main avenue through which peasants have come to participate in the functioning of the state system via credit, insurance, subsidies and technical assistance.

The article examines the history of the emergence and progress of large corporations in the cotton spinning industries of various countries during the period of 1883 to 1938. The role of the cotton industry in developing economies has always been considered significant during the process of industrialization due to the labour-intensive nature of the manufacturing process and the low cost of transport of materials. The industry also played an important role in the merger efforts within industrial countries at the turn of the nineteenth century.

Between 1967 and 1986 the United States and other members of GATT implemented major reductions in tariff rates on manufactured goods. Our primary hypothesis is that beginning with the Kennedy Round, trade restrictions in the U.S. shifted in favor of high pollution industries as their competitive position declined. As a consequence, inefficient domestic producers were nurtured and, thanks to the original GSP from 1975 to 1985, developing country polluters were encouraged to produce dirty industry manufactures for export to the United States. It is likely that both groups benefitted at the expense of more efficient and less heavily polluting competitors in other industrialized countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on industrial policy and American renewal of industries. According to the author, industries mature when major technology gains come to an end, slowing cost reductions, market expansion, and sales growth and leaving older industries vulnerable to the competition of younger rivals with faster productivity growth. The advanced industrial countries (AICs) of the west experienced rising trade competition from a select group of less developed countries (LACs), a group therefore dubbed newly industrializing countries. This article gives an idea of the industrial policy debate as it flared up and died down in the years 1980-1984. As for productivity growth, the U.S., at the frontier of knowledge, had to advance that frontier itself, rather than borrow from others. U.S. productivity was double that of other AICs, on the average, just after the World War II. The catch-up hypothesis, then, is that the larger the gap between an LAC's initial productivity level and that of the leader, the faster the LAC's subsequent productivity growth.

This article focuses on the impact of Single European Market in the economies of developing countries. Developing countries in particular saw customs unions among industrial countries as irrelevant. They were suppliers of non-competing products. The attitudes of both those in and those studying developing countries may have been reinforced by the limited effects of their own trading groups and by the emphasis on domestic policies, aid and capital movements, rather than trade. When the European Countries were smaller geographically and economically, fewer countries were affected, and by less. The identifiable effects of the specific measures in the SEM exercise on most developing countries' income are small but often negative. Even some of the quantitatively favorable results may be contrary to developing countries' policies, of industrialization, diversification, or developing national output, rather than targeting only national income.

The paper is divided into two parts. The first examines the theoretical basis of the trade engine theory. The objective is to identify the assumptions which establish developed country growth as the main driving force of LDC exports and growth. The mechanics of the trade engine are shown to hinge on extreme assumptions about LDC export supply and demand parameters. The second part of the paper assesses the empirical relevance of the trade engine theory, considering in particular the implications of far-reaching changes in the composition of LDC exports over the last two decades. These changes, it is argued, have significantly weakened any mechanical link that might once have existed between the export growth of many LDCs and prosperity in the developed countries. The quantitative relationship which Lewis believes to have remained the same over a hundred years, and takes as the cornerstone of this thesis, is shown to be largely a statistical artifact, applicable if at all to a diminishing number of developing countries which export primarily raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For several decades, transfer of technologies from industrialized countries has been viewed as a key to addressing the low level of technological development of developing countries. This paper considers technology transfer as a mechanism for improving construction industries in developing countries. It discusses the nature of technology and its development and the relevance of its transfer. It outlines differences between construction and other sectors and their implications for the development and transfer of construction technology. Results and problems of technology transfer are discussed and the experience of Singapore outlined. Possible action to improve upon the situation is suggested. Despite much research and application, technology transfer remains imprecise and shrouded in controversy, emotion and confusion. However, technology transfer offers scope for improving construction industries in developing countries. It should be considered from a broader, more integrated perspective and its complexities recognized. Technology transfer to a country is only the beginning of a long process ending in widespread use and improvement of the technology, hence contributing to the nation's technological development. Governments have a key role to play; international cooperation is essential. However, much depends on the motivation and commitment of technology suppliers and recipients and the latter's ability to exploit opportunities offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that the principal obstructions to national development of less-than-well-developed countries are cultural, not economic or technological. Furthermore, such countries tend to mistake activity for change, and self-imposed constraints for ones that are externally imposed. We propose concepts of development and planning that are intended to overcome these obstacles. The concepts involve an idealized redesign of the system planned for by all those who will be affected by it. A means for launching such a planning effort--a crusade for development--is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the authors' comments on different essays on the developmental problems faced by most underdeveloped countries. According to Simon Kuznet, the pre-industrial per capita income level of developed countries was several times that of most underdeveloped countries today. It is generally concluded that today's less-developed countries face a much more difficult development problem than faced nineteenth-century industrializers. The main problem is their poverty which is measured by per capita income. Some recent essays have directly challenged this view. Alan Heston and Robert Summers also point in a similar direction. One important conclusion in their paper is that a development plan in South Asia will require many fewer resources than calculations on official exchange rate suggest. According to them, per capita income is not the way to a satisfactory understanding of the development process. The economic historians are now recognizing the widely diverse patterns of development through which even the already developed countries have moved. In another paper, Albert Fishlow presents a discussion on the extent to which the links between Brazil and the international economy generated or held back new development.

The article discusses the territorial distribution of education. Territorial extent is implicit in the definition of the national systems of education upon which comparative studies have traditionally been focused. Systems of education occupy territories and function on the basis of resources derived from territories are examined. Inequalities in education continue to be traceable through a wide range of territorial scales of analysis. They are reflected in macro intercontinental and international scales. By considering educational provision and achievement, differences which exist between the developed and developing countries are identified.

This article focuses on the book "An Inquiry into the Human Prospect" by Robert Heilbroner. The article states that the poor countries, bent on following a course of industrialization, will get frustrated by the coming exhaustion of natural resources. All the efforts to reach the current levels of the developed countries will be in vain. The developed countries too will reach a point where further growth is impossible. Both the developed capitalist and socialist countries will be forced to adapt to no growth through the imposition of stringent planning. The primary issue for the impoverished masses was social discipline not the form of government. During the last quarter of the twentieth century, a growing number of leaders in the then less developed countries became alarmed at the impending doubling of the population and went to China to find out how to launch effective birth-control programs. Since elections and revolutions occurred every few months in the underdeveloped counties. This process was aided by a searching discussion of development that took place in the year 1974, at the end of which the mistakes of the previous thirty years were known to every literate person throughout the world.

El artículo discute las Instituciones de Fomento y el rol del Instituto de Fomento Industrial en Colombia. Estos tipos de organizaciones son necesarias particularmente porque ayudan con el establecimiento de capital de empresas industriales no solo en países subdesarrollados sino los que son desarrollados, también. El objetivo de los institutos de fomento, entonces, es empujar la expansión del sector industrial y mejorar el bienestar colectivo al mismo tiempo.

El artículo discute la estructura económica de los países industriales. También discute la necesidades del desarrollo económico en los países productores de materias primas. Existen varias opiniones sobre cómo lograr el desarrollo económico. Sin embargo, casi todos los expertos están de acuerdo de que los países industrializados tienen que ayudar a los subdesarrollados para poder lograr un cambio en su situación económica.

The purpose of this research, then, will be to attempt to test Cowgill's propositions on a sample of countries rated on a number of indices of industrialization. With appropriate dependent variables, the propositions become hypotheses which are testable on a larger and more representative sample than has previously been used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to analyze the several economic problems that the people of an underdeveloped country are forced to face, with the help of a generalized bazaar-canteen model developed by the author. It is opined that the industrialized countries make considerable use of machinery and power to supplement human labor. The people of industrialized countries specialize in many different lines of work, with the result that they produce little of what they require for their own consumption, relying on the work of others to satisfy their own consumer needs. On the other hand, in transitional economies or traditional agricultural societies the average man produces most of the things he needs for his own consumption--his own food, housing, clothing, etc. As a result, there is little need to exchange good and services. The disadvantage of such a system is that the level of production can never become very high. While it can satisfy the needs of a relatively sparse population on cultivable land, it can hardly meet the requirements of a densely settled population.