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Detonators are explosive devices used for the initiation of secondary explosives in commercial and military applications. They are characterized by their initiating capability, which is a critical factor for their safe and effective use but challenging to assess accurately. In this two-part study, we employ numerical simulations to investigate the blast wave generated by detonators and examine their initiating capability. The first part, presented here, follows the European underwater test of initiating capability, which evaluates detonators in isolation (direct method) and the second part considers detonators placed within a receiving explosive charge (indirect method). In the underwater test, the detonator is ignited inside a water tank and the initiating capability is assessed through pressure measurements in the far field. We employ a multiphysics methodology that allows the use of distinct mathematical models for each component such as two-phase reactive materials, elastic–plastic solids, and inert fluids. The computational implementation is validated against underwater experiments and is employed for the simulation of the blast wave generated by different types of detonators. The initial focus is on the general characteristics of the blast wave and subsequently on the differences between detonators of different shell material and thickness. Results show that the blast wave in the near field is asymmetric and varies significantly between detonators, but these features do not persist in the far field. The underwater test considers only the far field and is thus unable to capture the near field differences, which have a significant impact on the initiation of secondary explosives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detonators are explosive devices used for the initiation of secondary explosives in commercial and military applications. They are characterized by their initiating capability, which is a critical factor for their safe and effective use but challenging to assess accurately. In this two-part study, we employ numerical simulations to investigate the blast wave generated by detonators and examine their initiating capability. The first part follows the European underwater test, which evaluates detonators in isolation (direct method). The second part, presented here, investigates detonators placed within a receiving explosive charge (indirect method). Specifically, the detonator is placed inside a booster device, which contains secondary explosives and together forms an initiating system used to ignite mining blastholes. The physical system is modeled using a multiphysics methodology to accurately capture the response of the materials present in the configuration (explosives, metals, and fluids). The reactive model is extended to account for shock desensitization where explosives become more difficult to initiate after the passage of weak shock waves. The variability of the blast wave generated by detonators, observed in the first part of the study, can lead to partial desensitization resulting in pockets of unreacted explosives, which inhibit booster initiation and performance. The computational implementation is extensively validated and calibrated against the experiment before being employed for the study of booster initiation by a range of detonators. Results show that the booster is susceptible to shock desensitization, which occurs in varying degrees for different types of detonators and can significantly impact the performance of the initiating system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]