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Purpose: The study explores the determinant of firm growth in a post CPEC scenario by taking a panel data of 53 textile based firms listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Approach/Methodology/Design: The data were extracted from the Financial Statement Analysis (FSA) published by State Bank of Pakistan for a period ranging from 2012 to 2017. In this research, we applied some methods to evaluate results descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression models such as random effect model, fixed effect model and pooled OLS and also we use GMM method (generalized method of movement). Findings: The results after the calibration of CPEC as dummy variable proved that profitability and financial leverage are significant determinants of firm growth in the textile sector of Pakistan even after controlling the endogeneity problems. Originality/value: The results imply that the firms in textile sector should focus on sustained profitability and also the availability of healthy financial arrangements to pursue growth in the long term.

This paper attempts to explore economic performance in countries of the former Soviet Union since their transition to a market system based on the World Bank data for the period from 1993 to 2016. The first part of the study is related to estimating proximate sources of economic growth within the standard growth accounting framework. Results indicate that under the period of study capital accumulation was the primary engine for growth in the post-Soviet region. Total factor productivity (TFP) growth rates were modest ranging from 1.15 % for Uzbekistan and 0.77 % for Belarus to -1.83 % for Turkmenistan and -1.20 % for Latvia accordingly. In the second part of the paper we analyse productivity level across all former Soviet republics by decomposing differences in output per worker into differences in capital intensity and productivity for the year 2016. Compared to Russia, a frontier for the analysis, nearly all former Soviet republics demonstrated a lower level of productivity. Some countries of the region such as Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic and Turkmenistan have extremely high capital intensity. Productivity in Russia was about 14 times higher than productivity in Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan. Despite the fact that more than two decades passed since the transition to a market system the Soviet legacy of aggregate production did not experience notable changes. Статья посвящена изучению экономических показателей стран бывшего Советского Союза с момента их перехода к рыночной системе на основе данных Всемирного банка за период с 1993 по 2016 гг. Первая часть исследования связана с оценкой непосредственных источников экономического роста в рамках классического анализа экономического роста. Результаты показывают, что в период исследования накопление капитала было основным двигателем роста на постсоветском пространстве. Темпы роста совокупной производительности факторов производства (СПФП) скромные: от 1,15 % для Узбекистана и 0,77 % для Беларуси до -1,83 % для Туркменистана и -1,20 % для Латвии. Во второй части статьи авторами проанализирован уровень производительности во всех бывших советских республиках с декомпозицией различий в объеме производства на одного работника на различия в капиталоемкости и производительности за 2016 г. По сравнению с Россией почти все бывшие советские республики продемонстрировали более низкий уровень производительности. В России же производительность за анализируемый период примерно в 14 раз выше, чем в Кыргызской Республике и Таджикистане. Некоторые страны региона, такие как Грузия, Кыргызская Республика и Туркменистан, имеют чрезвычайно высокую капиталоемкость. Несмотря на то, что с момента перехода к рыночной системе прошло более двух десятилетий, советское наследие агрегатного производства не претерпело заметных изменений.

Summary Ethiopia has experienced an impressive growth acceleration over the past decade. This was achieved on the back of an economic strategy emphasizing public infrastructure investment supported by heterodox macro-financial policies. This paper identifies the drivers of Ethiopia’s recent growth episode and examines the extent to which they were typical or unique. It combines country-specific information with the results of a cross-country panel regression model. We find that Ethiopia’s growth is explained well by factors correlating with growth in a broad range of countries in recent decades, including public infrastructure investment, restrained government consumption, and a conducive external environment. On the other hand, we argue that the policy mix that supported very high levels of public investment in Ethiopia was, to some extent, unique. Interestingly, macroeconomic imbalances due to this heterodox policy mix only moderately held back growth which helps explain why Ethiopia was able to grow so fast in spite of their presence: their negative effects were quantitatively much less important than the positive growth drivers they helped to achieve. The results suggest that “getting infrastructure right” may outweigh moderate shortcoming in the macro framework at early stages of development. We further relate this country-specific finding to the recent growth literature.

GDP growth in the Eurozone during the last twenty years continuously decreased. In addition, the global financial crisis and subsequent events seem to have, on average, shifted the trajectory of the Eurozone’s potential output downward. A key question is whether this trend is a permanent result of “secular stagnation” or if economic policies might improve the situation. In this paper, we test the impact of several structural determinants of potential output growth using a dynamic panel data methodology for 11 main EMU members for the period 1996–2014. We also take into account the role of fiscal policy stance and debt dynamics to assess whether European fiscal rules, especially in the aftermath of the financial and sovereign debt crises, contributed to the slowdown of potential growth. Estimated results suggest that population, tertiary education, research and development expenditure, trade and financial openness, and institutional quality contributed significantly to potential output growth in the EMU during the period under examination. We further find that debt accumulation affects positively and significantly potential growth for debt values up to 90% of GDP.

Most countries of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) experienced a growth acceleration in 2011-17. This paper identifies the determinants of this growth by combining country-specific information with the results of a cross-country regression model. Growth was characterized by capital accumulation and driven by structural factors, including financial deepening and infrastructure development. What sets WAEMU countries apart from other African countries is the very sharp increase in private sector credit supporting private investment. This was facilitated by a prudent and accommodative regional monetary policy and improved financial regulation. Pro-cyclical fiscal policies supported public infrastructure investment but led to a buildup of public debt. Going forward, growth may lose some steam, given the renewed policy emphasis on fiscal consolidation and monetary tightening.

This paper analyses the determinants of economic growth in the post WWII to the pre-crisis period (1953-2007) using the dynamic generalized methods of moments (GMM) panel approach to determine effects of the real and the monetary determinants. Our results obtained from the panel of 61 countries suggest that economic growth varies between periods, as well as with level of economic development. Real determinants of GDP growth (real per capita GDP level, private consumption, investments, government expenditure, exports, and imports) affect the economic growth in all countries, while the monetary determinants (inflation, interest rate, and foreign direct investment) play more important role in the developed countries.

This paper presents the parametric estimation of the rates of technical change and total factor productivity (TFP) growth of 7,462 Korean manufacturing firms for the period 1987 to 2007. Two alternative formulations of technical change measured by the time trend and the general index approaches are estimated with panel data models assuming flexible functional forms. Several extensions of each approach are also considered and their benefits and limitations are discussed. In addition to making estimates of the TFP growth and its decomposition, the paper compares the parametric TFP growth measure with the non-parametric Solow residual serving as a benchmark. Several hypotheses related to technology level, firm sizes, industrial sectors, skill biased technological change and macroeconomic and industrial policies are tested to explain the growth patterns and heterogeneity in technical change, input biases and TFP growth rates. Using second regression analysis, the paper explores the determinants of TFP growth and their policy implications.

Büyüme ve kalkınma, yıllardan bu yana iktisadi gelişimin açıklanmasında çoğu zaman karıştırılabilen kavramlar olmuşlardır. II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra önde gelen iktisatçılar tarafından ilgi odağı olmuş kalkınma ekonomisinin, sanayi devriminden sonra ulusların zenginliğini belirlemede temel ölçüt olmuş büyüme kuramlarından daha kısa bir geçmişi vardır. Bu iki kavram arasındaki farklılığın, gelişimin niteliği veya niceliğinden kaynaklandığını vurgulayabiliriz. İktisadi ve sosyal sermayenin gelişimini ve sürdürülebilirliğini, insan kaynağını entelektüel sermayeye dönüştürme süreçleriyle alakalandıran kalkınma ekonomisi içerisinde, üretimin ve milli gelirin artması olarak tanımlanan iktisadi büyümenin de payı göz ardı edilemez. Bu kapsamda, büyüme kuramcıları sıklıkla iktisadi büyümeyi meydana getiren ekonomik faktörleri inceleme ihtiyacı içerisinde olmuşlardır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye ve yükselen piyasalar olarak tanımlanan Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Meksika, Çin ve Macaristan (BRIMCH) gibi ülkelerin 2000 - 2010 yılları arası nüfus ve belirli makroekonomik göstergelerinin büyüme üzerindeki etkilerinin tahminine yönelik ekonometrik analize tabi tutulmuştur. Tahmin sonucu nüfus ve dış ticaret değişkenlerinin büyüme üzerindeki etkileri anlamlı ve pozitif çıkmıştır. Ele alınan diğer değişkenlerden toplam kamu harcamaları ve bütçe açığının ise büyüme üzerindeki etkileri negatif ve anlamlıdır. Ayrıca analiz sonucu enflasyon ve ödemeler dengesi değişkenlerinin iktisadi büyüme ile olan ilişkileri istatistiksel olarak anlamsız bulunmuştur.

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht auf Basis von Befragungsdaten die zentralen Merkmale schnell wachsender Unternehmen mit mindestens 10 Beschäftigten sowie die Determinanten ihres Wachstums. Insbesondere kleinere und Unternehmen in den ersten Phasen des Unternehmenslebenszyklus aus dem Verarbeitenden Gewerbe zählen zu dieser Unternehmensgruppe. Der Großteil von ihnen weist eine kontinuierlich positive Umsatz- bzw. Beschäftigtenentwicklung im Zeitraum 2012 bis 2015 auf. Die Studie belegt auch, dass zwar Eigentums- und Führungsstrukturen keinen generellen Einfluss auf das schnelle Wachstum ausüben, spezifische Verhaltensweisen wie die Inkaufnahme eines höheren Investitionsrisikos für höhere Renditen jedoch das schnelle Wachstum von Familienunternehmen forcieren. Die Chance auf schnelles Wachstum wird durch Aktivitäten im Bereich Forschung und Entwicklung erhöht, während das Verfolgen von gemeinwohlorientierten Zielen die Wahrscheinlichkeit, schnell zu wachsen, schmälert. On the basis of survey data, this study analyses the pivotal characteristics of fast growing firms with 10 employees at minimum as well as the determinants of their growth. The smaller ones, companies at the early stages of the life cycle and the ones located in the manufacturing sector belong to this specific group of companies. The majority among them grows continuously in turnover and employment in the period between 2012 and 2015. The results further reveal that ownership and management structures do not generally influence fast growth, but specific behaviours including the acceptance of higher risks for gaining higher profits enhance the fast growth of family firms. Beyond that companies that engage in research and development activities are more likely to grow fast. Pursuing goals that serve the common good, however, reduce the chances for fast growth.

経済学 / Economics, This paper investigates the determinants of growth in the Asian developing economies. We use Bayesian model averaging (BMA) in the context of a dynamic panel data growth regression to overcome the uncertainty over the choice of control variables. In addition, we use a Bayesian algorithm to analyze a large number of competing models. Among the explanatory variables, we include a non-linear function of inflation that allows for threshold effects. We use an unbalanced panel data set of 27 Asian developing countries over the period 1980–2009. Our empirical evidence on the determinants of growth suggests that an economy's investment ratio and trade openness are positively correlated to growth, whereas government consumption expenditure is negatively correlated. Further, our empirical results indicate a substantial probability that inflation impedes economic growth when it exceeds 5.43%. We also find no evidence of conditional convergence or divergence., JEL Classification Codes: O40, E31, C11, C23, http://www.grips.ac.jp/list/jp/facultyinfo/leon_gonzalez_roberto/, http://id.nii.ac.jp/1295/00001284/

This thesis examines the relationship between real GDP per capita growth rate of Sub-Saharan Africa countries and various variables suggested by theoretical literature related to Solow model or endogenous growth theories. The set of most commonly used variables is further extended by additional variables which have not been given an ample attention in the context of analysis of SSA countries' economic growth so far. The econometric analysis uses unbalanced panel data set comprising annual observations on 45 SSA countries between 1980 and 2011 applying a simple pooled OLS and FE estimation. We also touch IV estimation to address endogeneity problem. Moreover, we test the sensitivity of parameter estimates. Along with the analysis of total set of SSA countries, we subgroup countries into 4 groups - oil exporters, middle-income countries, non-fragile low-income countries and fragile countries. We present results for each group. The results support the findings of earlier empirical studies related to most commonly variables associated with economic growth, except the negative effect of population growth rate and conditional convergence hypothesis. The analysis of additional factors reveals the strong relevance of latitude, colonial heritage and landlockedness, while no systematic effect of neither...

The Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region has seen a decade of remarkable growth and income convergence. Growth has been a key driver for reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity. It has been debated how much of this decade of growth has been driven by policy reforms and how much was due to the favorable external conditions. While external factors were supportive and relevant, the effect of domestic policies was just as relevant for explaining LAC's recent growth performance. The emphasis of domestic policy has shifted from stabilization policies to structural policies. In addition, a benchmarking exercise reveals which policy gaps will lead to the highest potential growth-payoffs for each country and helps identify potential trade-offs. The authors analyze growth in LAC using descriptive statistics and growth econometrics. The authors use these results for explaining the pattern of growth in LAC over the last decade, for looking ahead, and to identify potential policy gaps.

Countries referred to as "emerging countries" are on the rise at the expense of western powers in recent decades. In this regard, the BRIC countries draw the most attention. BRIC is a group of four countries, Brazil, Russia, India and China, countries with great potential to become the new world powers in the near future. The objective of this bachelor's thesis is to examine, with an emphasis on China, whether these states are capable of creating a new modern economic and political platform. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter focuses on the basic information about the BRIC group. The second chapter analyzes the position of individual BRIC countries, and the group as a whole, in the world order using key economic indicators such as GDP, export and import. The third chapter describes the position of China, the economically strongest member of the BRIC group, since I consider her to be the determinant of success of the whole group. The chapter examines the current position of the country considering different areas if its economy.

The abolition of the artificial impediments of cross-border interaction has produced a new EU regional socioeconomic map, releasing dynamics that have influenced significantly the EU socioeconomic space. Especially at the borderlands, a new mix of opportunities and threats has come forth, putting EU border regions in a state of flux. The paper compiles a cross-section empirical econometric model that accounts for growth performance in the 349 EU NUTS III border regions during the period 2000-2006. The findings of the paper suggest that there is a series of inherent and acquired factors (initial conditions) that determine the growth performance in the EU border regions. These factors are both ('traditional') quantitative and qualitative ("soft"), indicating the complexity of border issues. The findings of the econometric investigation have important implications for both theory and policy.

This paper presents the parametric estimation of the rates of technical change and total factor productivity (TFP) growth of 7,462 Korean manufacturing firms for the period 1987 to 2007. Two alternative formulations of technical change measured by the time trend and the general index approaches are estimated with panel data models assuming flexible functional forms. Several extensions of each approach are also considered and their benefits and limitations are discussed. In addition to making estimates of the TFP growth and its decomposition, the paper compares the parametric TFP growth measure with the non-parametric Solow residual serving as a benchmark. Several hypotheses related to technology level, firm sizes, industrial sectors, skill biased technological change and macroeconomic and industrial policies are tested to explain the growth patterns and heterogeneity in technical change, input biases and TFP growth rates. Using second regression analysis, the paper explores the determinants of TFP growth and their policy implications. QC 20120131

This paper focuses on how growth theory can guide growth policy design. It first argues that policy matters for growth, in particular when policy variables are interacted with country?specific variables (financial development, institutional environment, technological development, and so forth). Second, it argues that the Schumpeterian paradigm does a better job at delivering policy prescriptions that vary with country characteristics. Third, it discusses the advantages and drawbacks of growth regression analysis. Finally, it briefly describes and then questions the recently proposed 'growth diagnostic' approach.

Export diversification can lead to higher growth. Developing countries should diversify their exports since this can, for example, help them to overcome export instability or the negative impact of terms of trade in primary products. The process of economic development is typically a process of structural transformation where countries move from producing "poor-country goods" to "rich-country goods." Export diversification does play an important role in this process. The author also provides robust empirical evidence of a positive effect of export diversification on per capita income growth. This effect is potentially nonlinear with developing countries benefiting from diversifying their exports in contrast to the most advanced countries that perform better with export specialization.

Many analysts consider that lack of security is a major obstacle to growth in Colombia. This paper identifies a structural downturn in economic growth-of nearly two percentage points per year-as a result of the increase in illicit crops and crime rates after 1980. A decline in total factor productivity has been the key channel linking crime and economic growth. Political upheavals and high levels of inequality and poverty motivated the adoption of a new constitution in 1991. The constitution mandated additional fiscal expenditures to curb social tensions. Major progress has been made in terms of public safety and, to a lesser extent, in the provision of health and education. However, long?run growth will continue to be constrained by inadequate transport infrastructure and low international trade volumes.

This paper analyzes the role of the leadership in the economic growth in Rwanda, a country that was seriously affected by civil war and the 1994 genocide. It appears that the will and the clear vision of the leadership in Rwanda were one of the central pillars of the very good economic and social performances in Rwanda. This is particularly important because the country has almost no natural resources and the economy and its fundamentals were completely destroyed by the 1994 genocide. This paper thus helps enrich the various economic growth models by stressing the importance of the quality of leadership.

The EU candidate and potential candidate countries have made considerable progress in economic transition and integration into the world economy within less than two decades. Nevertheless, gaps in terms of income per capita relative to the euro area remain large. This suggests that the challenges of real convergence will remain relevant for the region even in the medium and long term. This paper therefore focuses on real convergence and its determinants in the candidate and potential candidate countries. The analysis reveals that total factor productivity growth has been the main driver of convergence, followed by capital deepening, whereas labour has contributed only marginally to economic growth. There is evidence of conditional convergence in the transition countries of central, eastern and south-eastern Europe. More specifi cally, controlling for the quality of institutions, the extent of market reforms and macroeconomic policies, there is a significant and negative link between the initial level of GDP and subsequent growth. Labour productivity has improved in most countries, while employment and participation rates have been falling. Structural changes have resulted in, at least temporarily, increasing labour market mismatches. Investment rates have been rising rapidly in recent years, and foreign direct investment has been found to have a positive impact on total investment. Investment in human capital is still at a relatively low level compared with the euro area average. Thus, in order to sustain the positive developments observed in the past, further improvements are needed in terms of labour productivity and utilisation, as well as in terms of physical and human capital accumulation.

This paper considers the sources of long-term economic growth for Turkey over the period 1880-2005. The period in question covers the decline and eventual dissolution of the former Ottoman Empire and the emergence of the new Turkish Republic in 1923. Hence, the paper provides a unique look at the growth experience of these two different political and economic regimes. The paper examines in detail the evolution of factors that led to growth in output across broad periods, including the post WWII period and the era or globalization beginning in the 1980's. It also considers output growth in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors separately and allows for the effects of sectoral re-allocation. The lessons from this exercise have important implications for Turkey's future economic performance, for its ability to converge to per capita income levels of developed countries, and for the viability of its current bid for European Union membership.

It has long been realised that factor accumulation and technological development are only proximate causes of economic development, and the focus has now shifted to investigating the ‘deeper determinants’ of economic growth. Two such forces are highlighted in the literature: institutions and geography. However, it remains controversial as to which of these two is the more important. The “institutions school” assigns primal importance to institutions, whereas the “geography school” considers geographical factors as the primary determinant of the economic performance of countries. This paper reviews the debate surrounding these “deeper determinants” of economic performance. It reviews the work of these two schools of thought and their interpretation of the long-run development. The paper then examines the evidence provided by the respective schools in favour of their hypotheses. It concludes in favour of the Institutions hypothesis as the Geography school does not provide a consistent story of long-run development.

Determinants of growth in childhood and adolescence

Many oil, mineral, and plantation crop-based economies experienced a substantial deceleration in growth following the commodity boom and bust of the 1970s and early 1980s. This article illustrates how countries dependent on point source natural resources (those extracted from a narrow geographic or economic base, such as oil and minerals) and plantation crops are predisposed to heightened economic and social divisions and weakened institutional capacity. This in turn impedes their ability to respond effectively to shocks, which previous studies have shown to be essential for sustaining rising levels of prosperity. Analysis of data on classifications of export structure, controlling for a wide array of other potential determinants of governance, shows that point source and coffee and cocoa exporting countries do relatively poorly across an array of governance indicators. These governance effects are not associated simply with being a natural resource exporter. Countries with natural resource exports that are diffuse relying primarily on livestock and agricultural produce from small family farms do not show the same strong effects and have had more robust growth recoveries.

Determinants of growth

Persistent social differences in adult stature in Flanders (Belgium)

This article investigates the links between trade policy and economic growth in a panel of 57 countries between 1970 and 1989. It develops a new measure of trade policy openness based on the policy component of trade shares, using it in a simultaneous equations system to identify the effect of trade policy on several determinants of growth. The result suggests a positive impact of openness on economic growth, with the accelerated accumulation of physical capital accounting for more than half the total effect; for smaller effects. This decomposition is robust with respect to alternative specifications and time periods. The article also successfully tests whether the model exhaustively captures the effects of trade policy on growth.

This article questions current empirical practice in the study of growth. It argues that much of the modern empirical growth literature is based on assumptions about regressors, residuals, and parameters that are implausible from the perspective of both economic theory and the historical experiences of the countries under study. Many of these problems, it argues, are forms of violations of an exchangeability assumption that implicitly underlies standard growth exercises. The article shows that these implausible assumptions can be relaxed by allowing for uncertainty in model specification. Model uncertainty consists of two types: theory uncertainty, which relates to which growth determinants should be included in a model; and heterogeneity uncertainty, which relates to which observations in a data set constitute draw from the same statistical model. The article proposes ways to account for both theory and heterogeneity uncertainty. Finally, using an explicit decision-theoretic framework, the authors describe how one can engage in policy-relevant empirical analysis.

The article documents five stylized facts of economic growth: (1) the 'residual' (total factor productivity, tfp) rather than factor accumulation accounts for most of the income and growth differences across countries; (2) income diverges over the long run; (3) factor accumulation is persistent while growth is not, and the growth path of countries exhibits remarkable variation; (4) economic activity is highly concentrated, with all factors of production flowing to the richest areas; and (5) national policies are closely associated with long-run economic growth rates. These facts do not support models with diminishing returns, constant returns to scale, some fixed factor of production, or an emphasis on factor accumulation. However, empirical work does not yet decisively distinguish among the different theoretical conceptions of tfp growth. Economists should devote more effort toward modeling and quantifying tfp.

This empirical analysis deals with the determinants of growth and the explanation of variations in the growth between innovative and non-innovative start-ups. Based on theoretical models explaining the growth of firms, hypotheses on potential determinants are formulated. The regression results indicate strong correlations between the growth rate on the one side and firmspecific, founder-specific as well as external factors on the other side. These factors influence the growth rates of innovative and non-innovative young firms in different ways. It becomes obvious that large and mature firms have smaller growth rates than small and young innovative as well as non-innovative firms. Moreover, other firm-specific characteristics like legal form and formal links to other firms from Western industrialised countries have an impact on the development of start-ups. With respect to founder-specific characteristics, positive effects can be derived from the human capital of the founder(s). This holds especially for technological disciplines whereas business knowledge plays a minor role. In addition to firm and founder characteristics, locationspecific factors controlling for agglomeration effects and the industry structure in the Eastern German counties have an impact on growth. Comparing annual growth rates of start-ups, innovative start-ups grow on average faster than non-innovative start-ups.

Die Ergebnisse der multivariaten Analysen zur Beschäftigungsdynamik und dem Wachstumspotential junger innovativer Unternehmen lassen erkennen, daß junge innovative Unternehmen signifikant höhere Wachstumsraten erzielen als junge Unternehmen mit traditionellen Produkten. Die Abschätzung der Beschäftigungseffekte auf Basis von in den Jahren 1989 und 1990 gegründeten Unternehmen zeigt darüber hinaus, daß in der Kohorte innovativer Unternehmen aufgrund der im Vergleich zu nicht-innovativen Unternehmen höheren Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit die ursprüngliche Beschäftigung ausgebaut wird, während die Beschäftigung in der Kohorte nicht-innovativer Unternehmen erheblich unter das Ausgangsniveau zurückfällt. Insgesamt gesehen gehen lediglich von den innovativen Unternehmen des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes nachhaltige positive Beschäftigungseffekte aus, die jedoch aufgrund ihrer geringen Zahl die Arbeitsplatzverluste in den Gründungskohorten nicht-innovativer Unternehmen nicht kompensieren können. Die Schätzergebnisse deuten darüber hinaus an, daß sowohl innovative als auch nicht-innovative Unternehmen mit einer suboptimalen Größe gegründet werden und daher in den ersten Lebensjahren hohe Beschäftigungswachstumsraten erzielen, die mit dem Alter und der Größe abnehmen. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Gültigkeit von ?Gibrat?s law? verworfen. Effekte gehen auch von der Rechtsform der Unternehmen aus, wobei Unternehmen, die als haftungsbeschränkte Gesellschaften gegründet werden, höhere Wachstumsraten erzielen als Personengesellschaften. Ein positiver Zusammenhang stellt sich hinsichtlich der Beteiligung externer Unternehmen ein, d.h. junge Unternehmen an denen weitere Unternehmen beteiligt sind, erzielen c.p. höhere Wachstumsraten als eigenständige Unternehmen. Zusätzlich zu den unternehmensspezifischen Einflußfaktoren gehen gründerspezifische und unternehmensexterne Merkmale in die Wachstumsschätzungen ein. Dabei spielt das individuelle Humankapital der Gründer eine erhebliche Rolle. Von Vorteil ist ein technisches und ingenieurwissenschaftliches sowie betriebswirtschaftliches Know-how. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich hinsichtlich des Einflusses unternehmensexterner Faktoren ein negativer Effekt zwischen dem Verdichtungsgrad der Kreise und dem Wachstum der jungen Unternehmen.