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Objective To assess the effectiveness of a pharmacist-led intervention using validated tools to reduce medicine-induced deterioration and adverse reactions. Design and setting Multicenter, open-label parallel randomised controlled trial involving 39 Australian aged-care facilities. Participants Residents on ≥4 medicines or ≥1 anticholinergic or sedative medicine. Intervention Pharmacist-led intervention using validated tools to detect signs and symptoms of medicine-induced deterioration which occurred every 8 weeks over 12 months. Comparator Usual care (Residential Medication Management Review) provided by accredited pharmacists. Outcomes Primary outcome was change in Frailty Index at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included changes in cognition, 24-hour movement behaviour by accelerometry, grip strength, weight, adverse events and quality of life. Results 248 persons (median age 87 years) completed the study; 120 in the interventionand, 128 in control arms. In total 575 pharmacist, sessions were undertaken in the intervention arm. There was no statistically significant difference for change in frailty between groups (mean difference: 0.009, 95% CI: −0.028, 0.009, P  = 0.320). A significant difference for cognition was observed, with a mean difference of 1.36 point change at 12 months (95% CI: 0.01, 2.72, P  = 0.048). Changes in 24-hour movement behaviour, grip strength, adverse events and quality of life were not significantly different between groups. Point estimates favoured the intervention arm at 12 months for frailty, 24-hour movement behaviour and grip strength. Conclusions The use of validated tools by pharmacists to detect signs of medicine-induced deterioration is a model of practice that requires further research, with promising results from this trial, particularly with regards to improved cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To examine the risk of dementia associated with posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD) and the contribution of antipsychotic use to this risk. Design Retrospective cohort study Setting Australia. Administrative claims data from the Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs were used. Participants Male Vietnam veterans aged 55 to 65 at baseline (2001-02) with no preexisting dementia diagnosis (N = 15,612). Measurements The association between PTSD and dementia was assessed over 12 years of follow-up. Dementia was identified as a hospital diagnosis, dementia record in service disability data, or dispensing of medicines for dementia. Cox-proportional hazards models were used, with age as the time-scale. Results were stratified according to baseline antipsychotic use. Results No greater risk of dementia was observed with PTSD. In veterans who received antipsychotics, dementia risk was significantly higher than in those who did not (hazard ratio ( HR) = 2.1, 95% confidence interval ( CI) = 1.4-3.3). Dementia risk was significantly greater in veterans hospitalized for PTSD who received antipsychotics ( HR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.1-4.6) and veterans without PTSD who received antipsychotics ( HR = 4.3, 95% CI = 2.1-8.6) than in those without PTSD with no antipsychotic use. Conclusion Antipsychotic use may be a contributor to dementia risk. These findings should be interpreted with caution because the study design was observational. Further research using prospective study designs in settings where diagnostic data, cognitive function, and disease severity are available are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Objective measures for screening, prioritizing, and planning care for frail individuals are essential for appropriate aged care provision. This study evaluates metrics derived from actigraphy measures (captured by wrist accelerometer) as a digital biomarker to identify frail individuals at risk of adverse outcomes, including death, hospitalization, and cognitive decline. Methods: This was a secondary study using data from a randomized controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of an ongoing pharmacist service in residential aged care facilities. Three metrics are studied and compared: the Frailty Index, the daily time spent in light time activity, and the temporal correlation of the actigraphy signal, measured by detrended fluctuation analysis. The association between actigraphy‐derived metrics at baseline and adverse events within 12 months (death, cognitive decline, and hospitalizations) was assessed using logistic regression. Results: Actigraphy records were available for 213 participants living in aged‐care, median age of 85 years. Individuals with higher temporal correlation (activity is less random) were at lower risk of death (Standardized OR: 0.49; 95% CI 0.34, 0.7, p < 0.001) and hospitalization (Standardized OR: 0.57; 95% CI 0.42, 0.77, p < 0.001) in 12 months, but there was no difference in cognitive decline (Standardized OR: 1; 95% CI 0.74, 1.35, p = 0.98). The predictive model that included temporal correlation had an area under the curve of 0.70 (CI 0.60–0.80) for death and 0.64 (CI 0.54–0.72) for hospitalization. Conclusion: Temporal correlation of the actigraphy signal from aged care residents was strongly associated with death and hospitalization, but not cognitive decline. Digital biomarkers may have a place as an objective, accurate, and low‐cost patient metric to support risk stratification and clinical planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hip fracture impacts on quality of life and may lead to premature death. In Australia, the extent of use of medicines that increase risk of falls or hip fracture in at-risk older people is not known. Aim: To determine the use of medicines associated with falls or hip fracture before hip fracture and whether medicine use changed after hip fracture. Method: Data from the Australian Department of Veterans' Affairs healthcare claims database were used. The cohort included patients aged > 65 years who were hospitalised for hip fracture in 2009. Percentages of patients using medicines associated with falls or hip fracture were calculated in the 6 weeks before hospitalisation for hip fracture. McNemar's test was used to assess changes in medicines used before admission and after discharge from hospital. Results: 2235 patients with a median age of 87 years had hip fractures in 2009. At least 1 medicine that increases risk of falls or hip fracture was used by 84% of patients before admission. Of the drug classes that increase risk of falls or hip fracture, the 4 most commonly dispensed before admission were antihypertensives (63%), antidepressants (29%), benzodiazepines (26%) and opioids (19%). After discharge, the use of antipsychotics (p < 0.0001), opioids (p < 0.0001), benzodiazepines (p = 0.0009) and antidepressants (p = 0.01) increased significantly. Conclusion: Most older patients used at least 1 medicine that increases the risk of falls or hip fracture before and after hip fracture. Antipsychotic, opioid, benzodiazepine and antidepressant use increased significantly after hospital discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that younger patients treated with antipsychotics are at increased risk of metabolic events; however, it is unknown how this risk varies according to ethnicity, the class of antipsychotic and the specific product used, and by age group. We conducted a multinational sequence symmetry study in Asian populations (Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Thailand) and non-Asian populations (Australia and Denmark) to evaluate the metabolic events associated with antipsychotics in both Asian and non-Asian populations, for typical and atypical antipsychotics, and by the subgroups of children and adolescents, and young adults. Patients aged 6–30 years newly initiating oral antipsychotic drugs were included. We defined a composite outcome for metabolic events which included dyslipidemia, hypertension and hyperglycemia. We calculated the sequence ratio (SR) by dividing the number of people for whom a medicine for one of the outcome events was initiated within a 12-month period after antipsychotic initiation by the number before antipsychotic initiation. This study included 346,904 antipsychotic initiators across seven countries. Antipsychotic use was associated with an increased risk of composite metabolic events with a pooled adjusted SR (ASR) of 1.22 (95% CI 1.00–1.50). Pooled ASRs were similar between Asian (ASR, 1.22; 95% CI 0.88–1.70) and non-Asian populations (ASR, 1.22; 95% CI 1.04–1.43). The pooled ASR for typical and atypical antipsychotics was 0.98 (95% CI 0.85–1.12) and 1.24 (95% CI 0.97–1.59), respectively. No difference was observed in the relative effect in children and adolescents compared to young adults. The risk of metabolic events associated with antipsychotics use was similar in magnitude in Asian and non-Asian populations despite the marked difference in drug utilization patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Renal function testing should be performed prior to initiating medicines that require dose adjustment in renal impairment, with ongoing monitoring in continued use, particularly in older people. There is little evidence regarding the extent to which renal function monitoring is performed in older Australians dispensed medicines requiring renal function monitoring. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the extent of renal function testing in older people dispensed medicines requiring renal function monitoring. Methods: A retrospective analysis of administrative claims data from the Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs was conducted for people aged 65 years or older who were dispensed one or more medicines requiring renal function monitoring, from 1 June 2019 to 30 September 2019, to investigate the proportion of people with a claim for a pathology test that included creatinine levels in the 6–12 months before or after dispensing of a medicine requiring renal function monitoring. Results: There were 100,113 people who were dispensed at least one medicine requiring renal function monitoring during the study period, of whom 15% had a history of renal impairment and 16% had diabetes mellitus. Sixty-one percent had a claim for a test in the prior 6 months; this increased to 80% of participants with a claim for a test in the prior 12 months. The rate of claims for testing was lower in aged care facility residents compared with people living in the community (54% vs 62% in the previous 6 months; p < 0.001), and was higher in people with diabetes (75% vs 58%; p < 0.001), history of renal impairment (91% vs 59%; p < 0.001) or heart failure (77% vs 60%; p < 0.001) compared with those without these conditions. Conclusion: Medicines that require renal function monitoring are commonly used in older Australians, and while the majority have claims for tests that include renal function, some are missing out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and stress urinary incontinence (SUI) are common conditions. The use of mesh in the surgical treatment of these conditions in Australia is unclear. Aim: To examine the use of mesh in POP and SUI procedures in an Australian national cohort of older women. Methods: We conducted a population‐based cohort study using data from the Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs (DVA) database. The cohort consisted of older women who had POP and SUI procedures between 1 July, 2005 and 31 December, 2016. Women who received mesh were identified by matching device billing codes with the Australian Government's Prosthesis List. Results: In total, 3129 women experienced 3472 hospitalisations for POP and SUI procedures, with 74% of the women aged 75 years and older. There were 2276 (66%) hospitalisations with single POP repairs, 608 (18%) with single SUI procedures and 588 (17%) with concomitant POP and SUI procedures. Mesh was used in 23% of single procedures for POP, in 89% of single procedures for SUI and in 90% of concomitant POP and SUI procedures. The use of mesh in POP procedures decreased from a peak of 33% in 2008 down to 8% by 2016, whereas the use of mesh in SUI procedures increased from 77% in 2006 to 91% by 2016. Conclusion: Mesh was commonly used in SUI procedures, whereas use of mesh in POP repair was less common and the use decreased rapidly after 2011, when warnings about use of mesh in POP were first issued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Most studies assessing the effect of central nervous system (CNS)-acting medicines on cognitive disturbances have focused on the use of individual medicines. The impact on cognitive function when another CNS-acting medicine is added to a patient's treatment regimen is not well known. Objective To determine risk of hospitalization for confusion, delirium, or dementia in older people associated with increasing numbers of CNS-acting medicines taken concurrently, as well as the number of standard doses taken each day (measured as defined daily doses). Design Retrospective cohort study, from July 2011 to June 2012, using health claims data. Setting Australian veteran population. Participants A total of 74,321 community-dwelling individuals aged 65 years and over, who were dispensed at least 1 CNS-acting medicine in the year before study entry. Patients with prior hospitalization for confusion or delirium, and those with dementia or receiving palliative care, were excluded. Main outcome measure Hospitalization for confusion, delirium, or dementia. Results Over the 1-year study period, 401 participants were hospitalized with confusion, delirium, or dementia. Adjusted analyses showed the risk of hospitalization was 2.4 times greater with the use of 2 CNS-acting medicines compared with no use [incident rate ratio (IRR) 2.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.79–3.19, P < .001], and more than 19 times greater when 5 or more CNS-acting medicines were taken concurrently (IRR 19.35, 95% CI 11.10–33.72, P < .001). Similarly, the risk of hospitalization was significantly increased among patients taking between 1.0 and 1.9 standard doses per day (IRR 2.64, 95% CI 1.99–3.50, P < .001) and between 2.0 and 2.9 standard doses per day (IRR 3.43, 95% CI 2.07–5.69, P < .001) compared with no use. Conclusions Use of multiple CNS-acting medicines or higher doses is associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for confusion, delirium, or dementia. Health care professionals need to be alert to the contribution of CNS-acting medicines among patients presenting with confusion or delirium and consider strategies to reduce treatment burden where possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale Interventions asking patients to commit to speaking with their doctor about a health-related issue could be used to improve quality of care. Objective To evaluate the impact of commitment questions targeting patients on the uptake of recommended health services within a national quality improvement program (Veterans' MATES). Methods Patients targeted in the home medicines reviews (HMRs), dose administration aids (DAAs), renal function testing and diabetes interventions were posted educational information and response forms which asked whether they intended to talk to their general practitioner (GP) about the targeted service. Uptake of the service after each intervention was determined using health claims data. Log binomial regression models compared the monthly rate of service use in the nine months post-intervention among patients answering ‘yes’ to a commitment question with non-responders and patients answering ‘no’ or ‘unsure’. Results Each intervention targeted up to 58,000 patients. The average response rate was 28%. Positive responses were associated with increased uptake of HMRs (rate ratio ( RR ) 2.64, 95% CI 2.39–2.92; p < 0.0001), dose administration aids ( RR 2.53, 95% CI 2.29–2.79; p < 0.0001), renal function tests ( RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.13–1.24; p < 0.0001), GP management plans ( RR 1.30, 95% CI 1.14–1.48; p < 0.0001) and diabetes care plans ( RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.24–1.75; p < 0.0001) compared to non-responders. Similar increases in uptake were also observed among positive responders when compared to patients responding ‘no’ or ‘unsure’ to the commitment question. Conclusion Positive responses to commitment questions distributed as part of national, multifaceted interventions were consistently associated with increased uptake of targeted services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: there are several different frailty measures available for identifying the frail elderly. However, their predictive performance in an Australian population has not been examined. Objective: to examine the predictive performance of four internationally validated frailty measures in an older Australian population. Methods: a retrospective study in the Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ALSA) with 2,087 participants. Frailty was measured at baseline using frailty phenotype (FP), simplified frailty phenotype (SFP), frailty index (FI) and prognostic frailty score (PFS). Odds ratios (OR) were calculated to measure the association between frailty and outcomes at Wave 3 including mortality, hospitalisation, nursing home admission, fall and a combination of all outcomes. Predictive performance was measured by assessing sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPVand NPV) and likelihood ratio (LR). Area under the curve (AUC) of dichotomised and the multilevel or continuous model of the measures was examined. Results: prevalence of frailty varied from 2% up to 49% between the measures. Frailty was significantly associated with an increased risk of any outcome, OR (95% confidence interval) for FP: 1.9 (1.4-2.8), SFP: 3.6 (1.5-8.8), FI: 3.4 (2.7-4.3) and PFS: 2.3 (1.8-2.8). PFS had high sensitivity across all outcomes (sensitivity: 55.2-77.1%). The PPV for any outcome was highest for SFP and FI (70.8 and 69.7%, respectively). Only FI had acceptable accuracy in predicting outcomes, AUC: 0.59-0.70. Conclusions: being identified as frail by any of the four measures was associated with an increased risk of outcomes; however, their predictive accuracy varied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Ophthalmic timolol, a topical nonselective beta-blocker, has the potential to be absorbed systemically which may cause adverse cardiovascular effects. This study was conducted to determine whether initiation of ophthalmic timolol was associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation for bradycardia. Materials and Methods. A self-controlled case-series study was undertaken in patients who were hospitalised for bradycardia and were exposed to timolol. Person-time after timolol initiation was partitioned into risk periods: 1–30 days, 31–180 days, and >180 days. A 30-day risk period prior to initiating timolol was also included. All remaining time was considered unexposed. Results. There were 6,373 patients with at least one hospitalisation for bradycardia during the study period; 267 were exposed to timolol. Risk of bradycardia was significantly increased in the 31–180 days after timolol initiation (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.93; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00–1.87). No increased risk was observed in the first 30 days or beyond 180 days of continuous exposure (IRR = 1.40; 95% CI 0.87–2.26 and IRR = 1.21; 95% CI 0.64–2.31, resp.). Conclusion. Bradycardia is a potential adverse event following timolol initiation. Practitioners should consider patient history before choosing a glaucoma regime and closely monitor patients after treatment initiation with topical nonselective beta-blocker eye drops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To identify the association between use of multiple anticholinergic medications and risk of hospitalization for confusion or dementia. Design Retrospective cohort study conducted over 2 years between July 2010 and June 2012, using administrative claims data from the Australian Department of Veterans' Affairs. Setting Australia. Participants Australian veterans dispensed at least one moderately or highly anticholinergic medication in the year before study start. Measurements Cumulative anticholinergic use on each day of the study period was determined. The association between hospitalization for confusion or dementia and number of anticholinergic medications used at the time of admission was compared against times during which participants were not taking anticholinergic medications. Sensitivity analyses were undertaken limiting the outcome to admissions for acute confusion and excluding individuals taking antipsychotics. Results Adjusted results showed a significantly greater risk of hospitalization for confusion or dementia when individuals were taking two or more anticholinergic medications. The adjusted incident rate ratios ( IRRs) were 2.58 (95% confidence interval ( CI) = 1.91-3.48) for those taking two anticholinergics and 3.87 (95% CI = 1.83-8.21) for those taking three or more. Sensitivity analyses in which participants taking antipsychotic medications were excluded and the outcome was limited to acute confusion also found similar risks for those taking two ( IRR 1.82, 95% CI = 1.18-2.80) and three or more ( IRR = 3.98 95% CI = 1.50-10.58) anticholinergic medications. Conclusion Taking more anticholinergic medications is associated with greater risk of hospitalization for confusion or dementia. Strategies to reduce anticholinergic medication burden are likely to translate into significant health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To determine whether there is greater risk of initiation of oxybutynin to treat urinary incontinence ( UI) after initiation of medicines reported to be associated with UI. Design Prescription sequence symmetry analysis ( PSSA). Setting Administrative claims data from the Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs. Participants Individuals who initiated oxybutynin and a medicine reported to be associated with UI in a 12-month period. Measurements Between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2011, the distribution of incident dispensing of medicines reported to be associated with UI (prazosin, diuretics, calcium channel blockers ( CCBs), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ( ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers ( ARBs), hormone replacement therapy ( HRT), opioid analgesics, anticonvulsants, levodopa, antipsychotics, sedatives, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs), venlafaxine, anticholinesterases) was assessed before and after incident dispensing of oxybutynin (to treat UI). Crude and adjusted sequence ratios ( ASRs) with 95% confidence intervals ( CIs) were calculated. Results Significant associations between initiation of CCBs, ACEIs, ARBs, and hypnotic-sedatives and subsequent initiation of oxybutynin were found. ASRs ranged from 1.28 (95% CI = 1.19-1.39) for ACEIs to 1.59 (95% CI = 1.29-1.96) for verapamil. In women, there was greater risk of initiation of oxybutynin after prazosin ( ASR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.29-2.63) and HRT ( ASR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.42-1.67) initiation. PSSA showed no significant association with initiation of opioids, anticonvulsants, levodopa, SSRIs, venlafaxine, or anticholinesterases and subsequent initiation of oxybutynin. Conclusion This study highlights the potential for initiation of commonly used medicines to be associated with subsequent initiation of oxybutynin to treat UI. Greater awareness of the potential for medicines to contribute to UI is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To identify the characteristics of patients who receive home medicines reviews (HMRs). Method: A retrospective analysis was conducted of the Department of Veterans’ Affairs administrative claims data. Veterans living in the community on 30 June 2009 were included if they had ≥ 1 medicines dispensed in the previous 12 months. The main outcome measure was the number of veterans who received an HMR. Log binomial regression analysis compared characteristics of HMR recipients and non-recipients – age and gender; number of medicines, prescribers, dispensing pharmacies and hospitalisations in the previous year; and conditions where medicine use is potentially problematic, e.g. dementia. Results: Of the 175 572 veterans included in the study, 6236 (3.6%) had received an HMR. The likelihood of having an HMR increased with age, number of medicines and number of GP visits. Women were 12% more likely to receive an HMR than men. Veterans who had received an HMR previously were 4 times more likely to have another HMR. Veterans with 1 to 4 hospitalisations were 10% more likely to receive an HMR than those who had not been hospitalised. The likelihood of having an HMR decreased with the number of dispensing pharmacies and specialist visits. Conclusion: Patients who received HMRs had characteristics that placed them at risk of medication-related problems. The uptake of HMRs was appropriate in our study population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the cost of medicines for selected chronic illnesses and the proportion of discretionary income this would potentially displace for households with different pharmaceutical subsidy entitlements and incomes. Methods: We analysed household income and expenditure data for 9,774 households participating in two Australian surveys in 2009-10. The amount of 'discretionary' income available to households after basic living and health care expenditure was modelled for households with high pharmaceutical subsidies: pensioner and non-pensioner concessional (social security entitlements); and households with general pharmaceutical subsidies and low, middle or high incomes. We calculated the proportion of discretionary income that would be needed for medicines if one household member had diabetes or acute coronary syndrome, or if one member also had two co-existing illnesses (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and depression, or asthma and osteoarthritis). Results: Pensioner and low income households had little discretionary income after basic living and health care expenditure (AUD$92 and $164/week, respectively). Medicines for the specified illnesses ranged from $11-$42/month for high subsidy households and $34-$186/month for low subsidy households. Costs reduced substantially once patients reached the annual pharmaceutical cap (safety net), prior to which medicine costs would displace the equivalent of 1%-10% of discretionary income for most household types. However, low income households would have to forego the equivalent of between 5%-26% of their discretionary income for between 7 and 9 months of the year before receiving additional subsidies. Conclusions: Prescription medicines for chronic conditions pose a substantial financial burden to many households, particularly those with low incomes and general pharmaceutical subsidies. Policies are needed to minimize the cost burden of prescription medicines, particularly for low-income working households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]