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Refugee young people have high rates of unmet mental health needs. Established barriers to accessing mental health care may be contextual to the host country and its support systems. The aim of this study was to establish the perspectives of refugee young people, parents, and service providers on service responses across one middle-income and one high-income country, Turkey and the UK, respectively. In Turkey, eight professionals (social work, psychology, and education), ten parents and ten young people took part. In the UK, stakeholders included four professionals (health, educational psychology, and non-statutory), seven parents and seven young people. Data were analyzed using a codebook thematic approach. Despite structural differences between the two systems, several commonalities were identified in responses. Conceptualization of mental health, stigma, shame, and parents' language acquisition acted as barriers to help-seeking in both countries, whilst schools were viewed as central to the initiation of interventions. Contextual barriers in Turkey included child marriage and labor, whilst reliance on non-governmental organizations (NGOs) facilitated joint care pathways. In the UK, providers aimed to adapt and extend care pathways through primary health care. Recommendations included designated policy, joint working, schools acting as service hubs, awareness, and training professionals on contextual knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, cyberbullying is discussed through the school--family--child triangle. The research was conducted to examine how high school students' coping levels with cyberbullying are affected by the school climate and their parents' attitudes towards children's use of information and communication technologies. The research, which was conducted with both parents and students, was carried out with a quantitative method, survey model, and relational design. The data collection tool prepared for students consists of the sociodemographic information questionnaire, the Coping with Cyberbullying Scale and the School Climate Scale. The data collection tool prepared for parents consists of the sociodemographic information questionnaire and the Parents' Attitudes Towards Children's Use of Information Communication Technologies Scale. Four hundred fifty students in the 9--11th grades and 203 parents studying in two public high schools in Çankaya district of Ankara province were reached. The answers given by the students and their parents to the questionnaires were analysed separately and by matching the parent and student questionnaires of the students whose parents also filled out the questionnaire. Of the students, 82.4% had encountered cyberbullying. Girls have higher coping skills with cyberbullying than boys (p < 0.05). Parents' control and restrictions on their children's technology use were found to be high. Key Practitioner Messages • Of the students, 82.4% had encountered cyberbullying. • As students perceive the school climate positively, they are more able to cope with cyberbullying. • Children of parents with high educational attitudes were better able to cope with cyberbullying than children of parents with low educational attitudes. • It is important for social workers to work with students, teachers, and parents in schools to increase adolescents' ability to cope with cyberbullying and to prevent cyberbullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination rates and factors affecting vaccination in children with rheumatic diseases. Patients and methods: This multicenter cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted between July 2022 and September 2022. Four hundred seventy-four patients (256 females, 218 males; median age: 15 years; interquartile range, 13 to 16 years) were included in the patient group, and 211 healthy children (124 females, 87 males; median age: 15 years; interquartile range, 13 to 16 years) were included in the control group. A questionnaire was administered to the parents face-to-face during routine outpatient visits. Results: Of the patients, 220 were followed up with the diagnosis of autoinflammatory disease, 174 with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 48 with connective tissue disease, 23 with vasculitis, eight with uveitis, and one with sarcoidosis. In the study group, 256 (54%) patients and 115 (54.5%) healthy children received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Parents' concern regarding potential side effects of the vaccine was the most common reason for COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in both groups. The median patient age, follow-up period, colchicine treatment rates, childhood vaccination and influenza vaccination rates, median parental age, parental vaccination rate, and parental education level were higher in vaccinated patients (p<0.05 for all). In addition, vaccination rates were high in patients who shared their concerns about vaccination with the rheumatology team (p<0.001). Conclusion: Parents' concerns about safety and side effects were found to be the most important factors affecting vaccination success. Identification of the underlying causes of parental vaccine hesitancy will facilitate the development of effective vaccination strategies for potential future outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study investigated childhood vaccine hesitancy in two regions with different socioeconomic backgrounds in Kayseri, Turkey. Subject and methods: The study population consisted of all people over 18 years of age admitted to two family health centers (No 65 and 103) in a city center for any reason. Results: Participants living in the high socioeconomic status (SES) region had a significantly lower mean rating on the CVHQ (Childhood Vaccine Hesitancy Questionnaire - see below) than those living in the low SES region. Conclusion: Vaccine hesitancy is the main reason for vaccine refusal. Therefore, authorities should provide adequate and accurate information about the significance of vaccines to raise public awareness [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although the vaccine has many individual and social benefits, 'Vaccine Hesitancy' has led to an increase in the number of vaccine-preventable diseases. The aim of our study is to determine the effect of ideas that cause vaccine hesitancy to comply with traditional medicine practices and drugs and to determine the ratio of parents' preference for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) methods. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on the parents who refused vaccination in their children under the age of 8 between the years 2017-2022. Parents of the vaccinated children who were matched for age and gender were determined as the control group. Demographic characteristics of families, education levels, compliance ratios for well-child follow-up and pregnancy follow-up, preference ratios for traditional medicine and/or CAM applications were compared. Results: A total of 123 families, 61 of whom were vaccine refusal and 62 of the control group, were included in the study. It was determined that the ratio of parents who refuse vaccination have increased in the last five years. The education level was found to be higher in the study group (p=0.019). The most common reasons for vaccine refusal were distrust of the vaccine content (72.1%) and noncompliance with religious beliefs (49.1%). It was also found that the ratios of prophylactic vitamin use and tetanus vaccination of mothers during pregnancy were lower in the study group (p<0.01). While the rate of compliance with vitamin D and iron prophylaxis for infants was lower in the vaccine refusal group (p<0.01), the ratio of preference for CAM was higher (p<0.01). Conclusion: Vaccine hesitancy is a complex issue that affects public health, in which many individual, religious, political and sociological factors play a role. As with recent studies, this research shows that the most important reason for vaccine rejection is "lack of trust". The higher education level in the vaccine refusal group may also be a sign of this distrust. Not only the rejection of the vaccine, but also the lack of use of vitamin drugs seems to be related to lack of trust. This may also cause CAM methods to be preferred more. These results show that providing trust in vaccination is the biggest step in the fight against vaccine hesitancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preschool education institutions, where children have close contact and social interactions, can serve as potential environments for the transmission of infectious diseases. This issue poses a significant health concern, impacting both individual and public well-being. Thus, the present research set out to determine the prevalence of infectious diseases in preschool children and the views of parents and teachers on the prevention of infectious diseases. The study employed a mixed-method approach and involved 397 parents and 46 preschool teachers. The study was survey-based via in-person interviews. The results revealed that after they started school (almost in 5 months), children with a mean age of 4.7 ± 0.5 years experienced illness approximately 3.5 ± 2.0 times, of whom 91.5% used antibiotics. The prevalence of infectious diseases was found to be associated with the child's being born at term, maternal education level, and the public/private status of preschool institutions. The presence of a sick child in the classroom elicits negative emotions from both teachers and parents. They recommend that studies on education, safety, hygiene, school health, health screenings, regulation of the learning environment, legal regulations, and school exclusion policies be carried out to prevent infectious diseases. When children with infectious diseases come to school, nearly half of the teachers admit them to the classroom due to various reasons and pressures. Parents request teachers to monitor medication, control sweating, and use a nebulizer for their sick children. Some of the teachers meet these requests, but they claim that the educational process is negatively affected. At preschool education institutions, the risk factors of infectious diseases have a complex structure and can be influenced by variables related to teachers, children, parents and the institution itself. Infectious diseases not only pose a threat to health but also impact teachers' and parents' emotions, teacher–child relationships, and the overall atmosphere within schools and classrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and Objectives: Metabolic control in type 1 diabetes (T1D) depends on many factors such as sleep patterns, eating habits, and exercise. The study aimed to determine the difficulties experienced by Turkish children with T1D and their parents during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the effects of the pandemic on children’s activities of daily living and physiologic parameters. Materials and Methods: This study, which was carried out with a descriptive and retrospective design, was conducted in the pediatric endocrinology outpatient clinic of a university hospital in Turkey. Data were obtained from 38 children with T1D and their parents who were followed up in this clinic between April 2020 and May 2022. Results: The mean age of the children was 14.79±3.05 years, and 65.8% were diagnosed as having T1D 6 years or more ago. When the difficulties experienced by the children during lockdown were examined, it was determined that 50% had difficulties with eating and sleeping patterns. Compared with the other periods, the children’s compliance with diet and regular activity decreased significantly, their sleep duration and screen time increased significantly, and the frequency of communication with peers decreased significantly during lockdown (P < 0.001). It was observed that the mean body mass index (P < 0.001) and HbA1c levels (P = 0.02) of the children increased significantly in the full reopening period after lockdown compared with the prepandemic period and the lockdown period (P < 0.001), and the frequency of blood glucose monitoring was found to be higher during lockdown (P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study reflects how T1D management has changed between prepandemic, lockdown, and postpandemic periods and its impact on children with T1D. It appears that frequent follow-up of children has an effect on their glycemic control as well as long-term physiological parameters including sleep, exercise, and eating patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is one of the most common dental problems, which often require dental rehabilitation with general anesthesia (DRGA). Aim: To assess the short‐ and long‐term effects of DRGA on children and their families' oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) in preschool children, the incidence of complications on the first day, and the factors affecting them and parental satisfaction. Design: A total of 150 children treated for ECC under DRGA were included in the study. OHRQoL was assessed on the day of DRGA, 4 weeks, and 1 year after treatment using the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). The incidence of complications and parental satisfaction with DRGA were evaluated. The data were analyzed for statistical significance (p <.05). Results: In total, 134 patients were re‐evaluated at the end of the fourth week and 120 at the end of the first year. The average ECOHIS scores before and after DRGA (4 weeks and 1 year) were 18.1 ± 8.5, 3.1 ± 3.9, and 5.9 ± 6.2, respectively. After DRGA, 29.2% of the children reported at least one complication. Ninety‐one percent of the parents reported that they were satisfied with DRGA. Conclusion: DRGA has a positive effect on the OHRQoL of Turkish preschool children with ECC and is highly evaluated by their parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and potential efficacy of a WhatsApp-based physical activity for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Fourteen parents and their children with ASD participated in the study. The intervention included parents conducting physical activities with their children with ASD for 4 weeks. Physical activity contents were provided to parents via the WhatsApp group. The data were collected through the Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire and a feasibility questionnaire adapted from previous studies examining the feasibility of web-based physical activities. Parents reported that WhatsApp-based physical activities were a feasible intervention to increase the physical activity level of their children with ASD and stated that the contents of the physical activity shared in the WhatsApp group were useful. The findings provided preliminary evidence for the use of WhatsApp-based physical activities to increase the physical activity level of children with ASD who stay at home due to the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Down syndrome (DS) is the most common cause of intellectual disability. Children with DS may have difficulty accessing psychiatric services because their mental health problems are often unrecognized. This study aimed to assess the mental health needs of children with Down syndrome and the elements that may affect their access and referral to psychiatric services. Methods. In this single-center cross-sectional study, we evaluated 72 children with Down syndrome and assessed the factors affecting their use of mental health services by using a questionnaire completed by parents. We compared the clinical symptom profiles of young preschool-aged children with Down syndrome (n = 26) with typical (n = 26), developmental delay (n = 15), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) group (n = 28) to evaluate mental health problems. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children: Present and Lifetime Version DSM-5 (K-SADS-PL) was administered. Parents completed the child behavior check list for ages 6–18 and 1½-5, depending on the child's age. Results. Although most patients with Down syndrome (51.4%) had psychiatric symptoms reported by parents at the initial assessment, the most frequent reason (62.5%) for applying to our psychiatric clinic was to submit an application for a medical report. The majority of patients with Down syndrome (56%) had a psychiatric disorder, and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder was the most common diagnosis. Conclusion. Clinicians should not overlook the need for psychiatric assessment, early diagnosis, and collaboration between pediatricians and child psychiatrists, which are crucial during medical evaluation and follow-up of children with Down syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Objectives: Vaccination is critical to the prevention and control of infectious disease outbreaks and is also one of the most important public health successes. When it comes to childhood vaccinations, parents' consent is very important. For this reason, childhood vaccination rates are directly related to the knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors of the parents. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors of parents of children aged 0–5 regarding childhood vaccinations and how these beliefs affect their vaccination behaviors. Material and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 302 parents from February to June 2020. Data were collected using a questionnaire form with 26 questions. Sociodemographic characteristics were reported as frequencies, means, and percentages. Multiple regression analysis was utilized to evaluate vaccination behaviors and affective factors. Results: About 87.1% of the parents know that vaccines protect their children from infectious diseases, and 76.8% know that vaccines can have side effects. Although 97.7% of the parents had their children fully vaccinated according to the Extended Immunization Program, 2.3% did not vaccinate their children. Moreover, 98% of the parents trust the information given by healthcare professionals about vaccination. The parents' beliefs explain 53% (R2 = 0.53) of the parents' child vaccination behavior. Conclusion: This study found that although the knowledge level of parents about vaccines is quite good, negative knowledge and beliefs that may affect vaccination also exist. Considered by parents as a reliable source of information, healthcare professionals should impart their knowledge, beliefs, and concerns regarding immunization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Ege University Nursing Faculty (JEUNF) is the property of Journal of Ege University Nursing Faculty (JEUNF) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Karya Journal of Health Science is the property of Karya Journal of Health Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: Exam Anxiety is a condition influenced by both personal and environmental factors as well as cultural, family, and family-related systems. Accordingly, the current study aims at determining the predictive role of parental exam anxiety with irrational beliefs and perfectionism in explaining students' exam anxiety. Methods: The study included a total of 1006 participants, students (N = 503 (58%) female and (42%) male) and parents (N = 503 (65%) female and (35%) male) of these students. The Test Anxiety Inventory, Exam Anxiety Scale for Parents, The Irrational Beliefs Scale for Adolescence, and Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale were used as data collection instruments for this study. Results: The regression analyses indicated that exam anxiety in students was significantly predicted by the worry sub-dimension of parental exam anxiety, irrational beliefs as well as concern over mistakes, parental criticism, and doubting of actions sub-dimension of perfectionism. Conclusion: The findings are discussed and explained based on the relevant literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Disasters cause loss of life, nature, and economic damage. Children are among the groups most adversely affected by disasters. It is difficult to care for pediatric patients in difficult conditions after disasters. Pediatric nurses should be consulted to improve the care that children receive in such cases. Children and families should be taught to prepare for disasters and to know what to do during and after disasters before disasters occur. It is important to know the preparedness of the parents and the affecting factors, especially in the training to be prepared for children. In this regard, nurses have important roles and responsibilities in protecting and improving the health of themselves, their immediate environment, and society before, during, and after disasters. Objective: This study aims to determine the general disaster preparedness of parents and related variables. Methodology: The sample of the descriptive and cross-sectional study consisted of 102 parents working at a state university, with children aged 0-18, who agreed to participate in the study. Study data were collected online between September 2021 and March 2022 using the Child and Family Information Form and the General Disaster Preparedness Belief Scale. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics were made using the SPSS-26 program. Results: It was determined that 65.7% of the parents received disaster training, 29.4% received training from the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, and 58.8% received training in general first aid. The total mean score of the Parents' General Disaster Preparedness Belief Scale was found to be 94.44±19.40. The total score of the General Disaster Preparedness Belief Scale of the families in the nuclear family type was found to be significantly higher than the extended/fragmented family type. Conclusion: It was determined that the general disaster preparedness of the parents participating in the study was moderate, and those with a nuclear family were more prepared for disasters than other family types. In this respect, it can be suggested that pediatric nurses should plan simple training for parents of different family types with children at an early age and support parents in participating in these training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Concerns about the safety and adverse reactions of rapidly‐developed vaccines against COVID‐19 contributed to parents' vaccine hesitancy and this situation created an opportunity for anti‐vaccine campaigners. The aim of this study was to examine the changes in parents' attitudes towards childhood vaccines during COVID‐19 pandemic. Methods: In this cross‐sectional study, parents of children who applied to the outpatient clinic of pediatric department of Trakya University Hospital, Edirne, Türkiye, between August 2020 and February 2021 were recruited into two study groups according to COVID‐19 peak time in Türkiye. Group 1 included parents of children who applied after first peak of the COVID‐19 pandemic and Group 2 included parents of children who applied after second peak. The World Health Organization 10‐item Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (WHO‐VHS) was applied to each group. Results: A total of 610 parents agreed to participate in the study. Group 1 and 2 consisted of 160 and 450 parents, respectively. While the number of parents who were hesitant about childhood vaccines was 17 (10.6%) in Group 1, it was 90 (20%) in Group 2. A statistically significant difference was found between the two groups (p = 0.008). The (WHO‐VHS) mean ± SD score was found to be higher in Group 2 (23.7 ± 6.9) than Group 1 (21.3 ± 7.3) (p < 0.001). The WHO‐VHS‐ mean ± SD scores of parents who experienced COVID‐19 infection themselves or their family or acquaintances were significantly lower than those who did not (20.0 ± 6.5 vs. 24.7 ± 6.9) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The hesitant attitudes towards childhood and COVID‐19 vaccines were low in parents who directly or indirectly experienced COVID‐19 or were worried about the devastating effects of this disease. However, it was shown that as the COVID‐19 pandemic progressed, parents' hesitations towards childhood vaccines increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe hearing health care and education experiences of children with cochlear implants (CIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential psychosocial effects of the pandemic on these children and their parents/family members. Method: The study used a cross-sectional survey design. The study sample comprised two groups, namely, parents/family members of children with CIs (study group, n = 70, Mage = 44.6 ± 12.4 years) and parents/family members of children with normal hearing (control group, n = 58, Mage = 43.8 ± 11.5 years). Parents/family members completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS), and the Family Perspective Profile form, as well as the Demographic Information form. Results: The PSS scores of the study group were higher than those of the control group (p = .001). However, there was no statistically significant difference between groups in the CAS scores (p = .896). According to the Family Perspective Profile form, almost half of the parents/family members of children with CIs reported that their children experienced difficulties in education and hearing health care services during the pandemic and showed some changes in their attitudes and behaviors. Conclusions: During the pandemic, the stress levels of parents/family members of children with CIs were higher than parents/family members of children with normal hearing. In addition to the challenges posed by the pandemic, the difficulties that parents/family members of children with CIs experience in meeting their children's additional needs related to accessing education and hearing health care services may have contributed to increased stress levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the students with intellectual disabilities and deciding the required services would not be sufficient without parental involvement. The purpose of this study was to understand the perspectives of the parents of students with intellectual disabilities about the Guidance and Research Centres (GRCs) and reveal the parents' experiences at the GRCs. In this qualitative study, unstructured interviews were conducted. Twenty-one parents who had a child with an intellectual disability were asked about their experiences during their visit to the GRCs. Content analysis with an inductive approach was used to analyse the data. Most of the parents reported problems regarding educational evaluation, and communication and collaboration. The participants provided their suggestions about evaluation procedures, professionalism, and institutional practices. The problems at the GRCs must be considered by educators and other stakeholders to better provide educational evaluation, support services, and guidance to the students and their parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to examine the relationship between mental health literacy and attitudes toward psychological help‐seeking and stigma by the immediate environment. Design and Methods: This descriptive and cross‐sectional research was conducted with 352 parents in 2021. Findings: It was observed that there was a significant positive relationship between mental health literacy level and attitude toward psychological help‐seeking. There was a negative relationship between mental health literacy level and stigma by the immediate environment. Practice Implications: The results point to the need for interventions to improve mental health literacy in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkish school counsellors (N = 113) were surveyed on their basal knowledge, resources for keeping up, and suggestions with respect to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disorders (LD). Suggestions were then subjected to thematic content analysis and classified as child-centred, teacher-centred or parent-centred approaches. Counsellors primarily suggested child-centred approaches for ADHD and teacher-centred approaches for LD. They highlighted the need for ensuring that schools accommodate to the realities of these students. Although some of the counsellors were more sensitive to abusive labelling and unnecessary medication, the majority of them were not against medication for ADHD. They felt less competent to cope with children with LD, and mostly suggested ways of keeping them from being alienated from family and friends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of a first aid training program for parents of children with intellectual disabilities on their levels of first aid knowledge, anxiety, and ability to cope with stress. A pre-/posttest control group experimental design was used. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, First Aid Knowledge Form, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Ways of Coping Inventory. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, means, standard deviations, and difference tests. Mean first aid knowledge score in the experimental group increased after training (p < 0.001) and mean anxiety score decreased (p < 0.001). Regarding the subscales of coping with stress, a significant increase was found in the mean score of the self-confident approach (p < 0.001), whereas a significant decrease was found in mean scores of the helpless and submissive approaches (p < 0.001) after training in the experimental group. Findings highlight the practicality and need for a first aid training program, which should be implemented to strengthen the skills of parents of children with intellectual disabilities. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 60(9), 37–45.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) employs incremental amounts of an antigen to selected patients to promote clinical tolerance towards the offending allergen. The adverse reactions to AIT include local side effects such as induration in the field of application, itching and hyperemia, or systemic side effects such as shortness of breath, urticaria, hypotension, abdominal pain, vomiting and anaphylaxis. It is important that patients receiving AIT and their parents know about possible adverse reactions and can intervene when necessary. We aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes towards anaphylaxis of the caregivers/parents of allergic children who receive subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT). Materials and Methods: We gathered information using a structured questionnaire on the subject demographics and clinical information as regards the type of allergies and symptoms; and employed specific questions to capture information on the knowledge and attitudes of the patients' parents about the symptoms and management strategies of anaphylaxis and the use of an epinephrine autoinjector. All pediatric allergy patients' parents who were received SCIT between 2016 and 2019 at the Yeditepe University Hospital's pediatric allergy clinic were included in the study. Results: We studied 101 participants who completed the questionnaire. The median age of the patients receiving SCIT was 12.0 (minmax, 5.0-17.0) years, and 52.5% of the study group were boys. Only less than half of the subjects had some idea about anaphylaxis. Seventy-eight percent had no idea that food might lead to anaphylaxis. Seventy percent of the participants did not expect SCIT to cause anaphylaxis; 6% had no idea about this anaphylaxis at all. Most of the parents did not know how to react to anaphylaxis and the majority had no clue about the epinephrine autoinjector. Conclusion: We identified important knowledge gaps among the parents of children receiving SCIT about anaphylaxis or its management. We emphasize the necessity of educating the parents of children receiving SCIT on anaphylaxis as well as the application of epinephrine autoinjectors when indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the relationships between four functional classification systems in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and parent-interpredicted intelligence level, and the functional status in clinical types of CP. Two hundred and twenty-five children with CP ages between 2 and 18 (mean age 6.5 ± 4.4) years included using the Surveillance of CP in Europe (SCPE) database in Turkey. Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), Manual Ability Classification System (MACS), Communication Function Classification System (CFCS) and Eating and Drinking Classification System (EDACS) levels were classified by clinical observation, and intelligence quotient (IQ) was determined by parent reports. Correlations were found between all functional levels; the strongest were between GMFCS-MACS (r = 0.784, p <.001), CFCS-EDACS (r = 0.772, p <.001). Strong correlations were found for the IQ-CFCS (r = 0.762, p <.001) and IQ-EDACS (r = 0.634, p <.001). Correlations were stronger in children with bilateral CP and IQ level <70. Taken together, these four classification systems and reported IQ levels can adequately describe overall functioning for children with CP. Our results can guide clinicians in the rehabilitation of children with CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Parental‐Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P‐CPQ) is one of the scales used for evaluating the quality of life of children. Dental caries is an important factor affecting oral health–related quality of life. It was aimed to translate into Turkish and evaluate the psychometric properties of the P‐CPQ with the evaluation of dental caries status of 6‐ to 14‐year‐old children. Methods: Children‐parent pairs attending to paediatric dental clinic were involved. After the translation and adaptation of the scale, the data were collected from the parents with the Turkish version of the P‐CPQ and a short questionnaire, and then, the intra‐oral examination of the children was performed by a paediatric dentist. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS version 22.0 and SPSS AMOS 22. The significance level was 0.05. Confirmatory factor analysis for construct validity; and item analysis, item discrimination index and the Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient for reliability measurement were calculated. Discriminant validity was tested by comparing the median P‐CPQ scores between children with caries experience and those without. Results: Totally, 312 children‐parent pair (52.9% female) participants were involved. The mean age of participated children was 9.00 ± 1.89. P‐CPQ score was calculated by summing the scores of all 31 items; the mean score of the parents was 18.8 ± 12.8. Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was 0.87 and ranged from 0.680–0.795 for four subscales. The relationship between total and subscales was found to be statistically significant. Confirmatory factor analysis, item analysis and item discriminant index were approved. Model fit values were admissible. Conclusions: Turkish version of P‐CPQ was created, and it had good internal consistency reliability of subscales and found to be valid in 6‐ to 14‐year‐old children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have focused on adolescents' interpretations of parental control in a non-Western context. This study examines the intervening role of Turkish adolescents' interpretations of psychological control (PC)/behavioral control (BC) in the relation between PC/BC and adolescent problem behaviors and the moderating roles of maternal warmth and adolescents' legitimacy beliefs of these control practices. Participants were 689 adolescents (Mage = 13.95; SD = 0.94; 56.9% girls) and their mothers. Structural equation modeling results indicated that (1) adolescents who have experienced greater maternal PC were more likely to interpret specific situations of maternal PC negatively, (2) adolescents who have experienced greater maternal BC were less likely to interpret specific situations of maternal BC negatively, (3) adolescents' interpretations of specific PC/BC practices intervened the relation between PC/BC and adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems, and (4) adolescents' perceptions of maternal warmth moderated the association between their general perceptions of PC and interpretations of specific PC practices. The findings support previous findings regarding adolescents' interpretations of PC practices and indicates the need for further research on interpretations of BC practices. Highlights: There are two types of parental control which are psychological and behavioral control. Turkish adolescents tend to interpret their mothers' psychological control negatively, but do not tend to interpret behavioral control negatively. Adolescents' interpretations of psychological and behavioral control intervene the links between these control practices and adolescent problem behaviors. Perceived maternal warmth seems to shape adolescents' interpretations of psychological control practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic, the infection caused by the novel coronavirus detected in December 2019 by World Health Organization (WHO), has detrimentally impacted human life in a variety of areas. Many concepts including outbreak, pandemic, and quarantine have been an inseparable part of our lives. This kind of dialectic change naturally affects persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and developmental disorders (DD) and their families. The present study using a mixed-method evaluation aims to reveal the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the family functioning of children specifically with ASD in Turkey. This study promises a holistic understanding of how the lockdown depending on the COVID -19 pandemic affects families and their children with ASD with positive and negative sides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To predict the effect of parental attitude and proactive and reactive aggression on the cyberbully, cyber victims, and cyberbully/victim among students aged 9–14 years. Methods: This study is a cross‐sectional, correlational, and predictive study. The sample included 360 students. Data were collected with the "Adolescence Information Form," "Parental Attitude Scale," "Proactive–Reactive Aggression Scale," and "Cyberbully/Victim Questionnaire." Logistic regression analysis was used. Findings: This study was determined that proactive–reactive aggression and parental attitude predicted 30.3% of cyberbully/victim cases. Proactive aggression and Internet usage time are essential predictors of cyberbullying cases. Practice Implications: To protect and improve their children's health, children should be informed about cyberbullying, proactive–reactive aggression, and the duration of Internet use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a care programme based on the Comfort Theory on reducing parental anxiety forming during the perioperative process of paediatric day surgery. Background: According to the Comfort Theory, nurses provide comfort and take precautions related to comfort, and they provide care and assistance by encouraging individuals/families/society and supporting coping methods. This study is the first randomised controlled study to test the effect of a nursing care programme based on the Comfort Theory for paediatric day surgery. Design: Randomised controlled trial. Methods: The research was completed from June–September 2019 with participation of parents whose children were undergoing paediatric day surgery at a hospital in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. A total of 120 participants were randomly assigned to two equal groups. The intervention group received care programme based on Comfort Theory. The control group received nursing care routinely provided in the clinic. Data were collected using the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory. Measures were obtained at six points, at baseline, at four interval observations after the initial point and during follow‐up on the 10th postoperative day. The repeated measures ANOVA test and t‐test for independent samples were used to compare the anxiety levels between the intervention and control groups. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in favour of the group receiving the care programme based on the Comfort Theory when the anxiety levels between the intervention and control groups were compared. Conclusions: The care programme based on the Comfort Theory was effective in reducing parental anxiety forming in the perioperative process of paediatric day surgery. Relevance to clinical practice: The results of this study show the applicability of the care programme for paediatric day surgery. It is recommended that this programme be introduced to nurses in paediatric day surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study investigated the vaccination status of those children who received inpatient treatment due to measles and explored the beliefs and practices of their parents related to the refusal of childhood vaccines. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive research performed at a training and research hospital in eastern Turkey. The study data were collected from the parents of children with measles who were receiving inpatient treatment. In this study, the introductory information form and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were used. Results: The results revealed that 61.8% of those children with measles had not been vaccinated against measles. Factors that played a role in the parents' vaccine refusal included family elders' unwillingness, negative media reports, the side effects of vaccines, and negative attitudes towards health care workers. Parents with poor socio-economic status, low educational status, and extended family types were found to have significantly higher rates of vaccine refusal. The parents had an average state anxiety score of 60.15±5.73 and an average trait anxiety score of 50.21±3.33. Conclusion: Many factors were found to influence the causes of parents not having their children vaccinated. Community-based training is needed to address the parents' misconceptions, concerns, and lack of knowledge about vaccinations. Renewing policies on vaccinations, establishing standards, and imposing legal sanctions can be effective in reducing vaccine refusal rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Public health emergencies are not easy for anyone to comprehend or accept and many young children can feel frightened and confused in this process. This study was carried out to determine how the coronavirus disease-2019 experiences of children were evaluated by their parents. Materials and Methods: A qualitative research method was used in this research. The data were collected using a socio-demographic data form and a semi-structured questionnaire. The data of the research were obtained via online methods due to the continuing social isolation measures in Turkey. The study was completed with 28 parents. The data obtained were analysed by thematic coding. Results: Three main themes have been identified regarding the coronavirus agenda of children: (1) children's questions about coronavirus, (2) children's statements about coronavirus, (3) children's reaction to the process. Two sub-themes were identified in each theme. It was found that the children had expressions and questions about corona virus itself, the ways of protection against it, the effects of the virus, what it was and who it would harm. In addition, it was determined that children had emotional and behavioural reactions in this process. Conclusion: In our study results, it was found that the expressions, questions and reactions of children about coronavirus differ according to their ages. Creating an open environment where children are free to ask questions can help them cope with stressful events and experiences and reduce the risk of permanent emotional problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to examine the opinions of parents' having a child with ASD, on genetic testing, in a Turkish sample. 951 parents' attitudes towards genetic testing were included. 89.1% of the parents did not take a genetic test during pregnancy. 87.6% of the parents agreed to take a genetic test if it could explain the cause of ASDs. 93% agreed to take a genetic test, if it would help to have a better treatment in the future. 63.8% of the participants would approve the storage of their DNA samples for the future studies. 94.8% considered being informed about the purpose of taking DNA material for the early diagnosis and 84.2% considered being suggested genetic tests for early diagnosis as important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The procedure is most prevalent in the Muslim and Jewish population. The boys have many circumcision for many reason such as religious, medical reason and tradition in may counties. We carry out this experiment to determine knowledge, attitude and behaviour of parents about circumcision. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in department of pediatric surgery at a research and training hospital in Ankara, Turkey. The parents of 107 children under 18 years of age who attended this clinic. Results: The mean age of the children who was being circumcised was 8.16 ±1.1 (n=107, min=6.5, maks=13 years). The main reason why the mothers were planning to circumcise their male children was medical benefits (66.3%) but for the fathers the main reasons were tradition (43.9%) and religion (35.5%). There was a significant relationship between educational level of mothers and preference of the age for circumcision (Cramer's V=0,431 p< 0.001). As educational level increased, the ratio of mothers who wanted circumcision for medical benefits increased. The parental preference (97.4%) about their child's circumcision was performed by a pediatric surgeon or urologist and expressed the reason as to intervene more quickly to the problems that may develop due to circumcision in the hospital setting (88.8%). Conclusion: It is important to provide guidance to parents about the appropriate age for circumcision, the complications and preparation of the children to the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study determined problems, fatigue, life satisfaction, family stress, and coping strategies of families who had a disabled child and the relationships between them. Design and Methods: This descriptive and cross‐sectional study conducted with 191 parents of children with disabilities. Findings: As the life satisfaction of childcare providers increased, their emotional exhaustion decreased and sense of personal accomplishment increased (p < 0.05). Practice Implications: It is necessary that nurses and health team members should provide regular and continuous education for burnout, life satisfaction, family stress and coping styles to parents of disabled children using interactive education techniques and group interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object word learning can be based on infant‐related factors such as their manual actions and socio‐linguistic factors such as parental input. Specific input for spatial features (i.e., size, shape, features of objects) can be related to object word comprehension in early vocabulary development. In a longitudinal study, we investigated whether fine motor abilities at 14 months and parental input for spatial features at 19 months predicted object word comprehension at 25 months. Twenty‐seven Turkish‐learning children were tested at three time points (Time 1: Mage = 14.4 months, Time 2: Mage = 18.6 months, Time 3: Mage = 25 months). We measured word comprehension through the parental report and fine motor abilities with Mullen at Time 1. We used a puzzle play session to assess parental input for spatial features at Time 2 and a standardized receptive vocabulary test at Time 3. We found that fine motor abilities were related to object word comprehension. However, parental input for spatial features at 19 months predicted object word comprehension at 25 months beyond fine motor abilities at 14 months. Early fine motor abilities and using different words for spatial features may foster infants' visual experiences in play and exploration episodes, leading to better object word learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the experience of parents with coronavirus disease 2019 which demanded they separate from their children. Design and Method: Designed as a descriptive and qualitative study; the interviews were guided by a questionnaire developed by researchers in light of the relevant literature. Findings: It was determined that the obligation of parents to stay separate from their children caused difficulties such as finding someone to take care of their children, coping with the emotions related to being separated, and explaining this situation to their children. Practice Implications: With this study, the difficulties experienced by parents who become ill and separated from their children were revealed. Approaches are suggested that can be used while determining solutions to these larger issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of web‐based distance education for the prevention of child emotional neglect and abuse by increasing parental awareness of emotional abuse and appropriate attitudes toward child‐rearing. Design and Methods: This study had a quasi‐experimental, randomized controlled design. The study sample included a total of 60 parents who had taken their child to a pediatric outpatient clinic in Turkey. Of 60 parents, 30 were randomly assigned to an experimental group and 30 were randomly assigned to a control group. Data were collected using the Personal Characteristics Form, the Recognition of Emotional Maltreatment Scale (REMS) and the Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI). The experimental group was offered a 6‐week web‐based distance education program focusing on the prevention of child emotional neglect and abuse. Findings: There was no significant difference between the posttest scores of the experimental and control groups (P >.05). However, a significant difference was found between pretest and posttest scores of the experimental group for the REMS and its subscales and for the overprotective mothering and strict discipline subscales of the PARI (P <.05). Conclusion: The 6‐week web‐based distance education has the potential to increase parental awareness of child‐rearing and emotional abuse. Practice Implications: Web‐based distance education has a positive effect on parenting attitudes and emotional abuse awareness levels. This form of parent education should, therefore, be utilized further in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The present study aimed to adapt the Adolescent/Adult Form of the MNBS-A into Turkish and evaluate its psychometric features. • The results of the confirmatory factor analysis revealed a 4-factor structure consisting of 20 items. • The findings of the criterion-related validity analysis showed that all sub-dimension scores of were significantly and negatively associated (p < 0.01) with the scores of the criteria measures. • It was found that the Cronbach's alpha values ranged from 0.80 to 0.95. • Turkish version of MNBS-A can be considered to be a valid and reliable measure and can be administered to assess child neglect in a Turkish sample. The present study aimed to adapt the Adolescent/Adult Form of the MNBS-A into Turkish and evaluate its psychometric features. The study group consisted of 385 students aged between 15 and 23 who were recruited from a high school and university in Antalya, Turkey. In the analysis of the collected data, validity analysis was initially conducted, which included the separate assessment of the construct and criterion-related validity of the Mother and Father Forms of the MNBS-A. For both of the forms, the results of the confirmatory factor analysis revealed a 4-factor structure consisting of 20 items. The findings of the criterion-related validity analysis showed that all sub-dimension scores of both forms were significantly and negatively associated (p < 0.01) with the scores of the criteria measures. In terms of the reliability analysis, the Cronbach's alpha coefficients for each sub-dimension and the overall measure were examined for the Mother and Father Forms separately. It was found that the Cronbach's alpha values ranged from 0.80 to 0.95. Finally, a regression analysis was conducted, as a result of which age was found to be a predictor of parental neglect in the 15–18 age group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it is suggested that the 20-item forms of the Turkish version of the MNBS-A are valid and reliable and can be administered to assess child neglect in a Turkish sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Self-medication refers to taking medicine without consultation with a doctor or dentist, and it is an important health issue, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. There are no data about parents' SM practices for their children's dental problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aims to evaluate parents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding self-medication for their children's dental problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Turkey. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in the pediatric dental clinic at Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, immediately after the COVID-19 lockdown ended. A total of 389 parents who agreed to participate in the study completed the questionnaire from July 1 to October 1. A questionnaire with 18 items was designed to collect information on the parents' knowledge and attitudes regarding when, why, and how to use drugs and on their practices on medicating their children. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics (chi-square test). Results: The majority of parents (n = 273; 70.2%) practiced self-medication for their children's dental problems. Self-medication with a previously prescribed medications was usually preferred by parents (n = 179; 62.2%). Analgesics (98%) were the most commonly used medicines by parents in their self-medication for their children's dental problems. Conclusion: Prevalence of self-medication practices for children's dental problems is high in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, new healthcare services, such as teledentistry, may be useful to overcome problems related to the self-medication of children during times when the ability to reach healthcare providers is limited, such as during pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: It was aimed to determine the parents' level of hesitation about childhood vaccinations and the individual concerns and reasons underlying vaccination refusal. MATERIALS and METHODS: The research designed mixed pattern as research methods in 2020. Family health centers in 4 districts in Istanbul. Population of the study, 276 parents are living Istanbul. Sampling criteria are having children aged 5 years or younger. The Vaccine Hesitation Scale was used to measure the level of vaccicine hesitation level. For qualitative research, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted face-to-face with 25 parents refused vaccine application. Content analysis method was used to evaluate qualitative data. Quantitative data were analyzed SPSS program. RESULTS: Socio-demographic data of 276 participants were evaluated. 87% of the participants are women, 22% are in the 20-30 age group and 55% are in the 31-40 age group, 32.6% have 2 children, 21% have 3 children, 43.5% are primary education. She was a graduate 25.4% of the mothers had attended vaccine information seminars. Participants were found to have a high vaccine hesitation level. There was no significant difference in vaccine hesitation levels of the participants according to age, number of children, education level and seminar status(p> 0.05). Qualititative research findings that vaccines are unfavorable to religion (n: 16, 64%), source and content of disease are harmful(n: 18, 72%), vaccines are useless(n: 16, 64%), insufficient information is given about vaccines(n: 14, 56%), that social media are ineffective in their decisions(n: 17, 68%), infectious diseases are not dangerous(n: 13, 52%), they are hesitant about vaccination(n: 18, 72%). CONCLUSIONS: It was determined that the reasons for this were negative attitudes towards vaccines, religious beliefs, lack of knowledge about vaccines and diseases. It may be suggested that those working in the field of child health and development should elaborate on the practices and research on the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to provide comprehensive and current information on hospital practices following perinatal death. The provinces with the highest number of hospitals in Turkey were selected for the study. To collect data, the questionnaire form of Canadian hospitals maternity policies and practices survey was sent to the appropriate respondents in hospitals. The study showed that encouraging parents to have photos of the deceased baby and preparing a remembrance pack were the most problematic issues and were not available at the majority of hospitals. The most common supportive practices in hospitals were the opportunity to see the deceased baby, assisting with funeral options and autopsies, and support for completing the necessary legal documents. The result indicated that hospitals implement varied practices in assisting the bereaved parents. The study recommended developing hospital policies and practices related to perinatal death and supporting families during their loss and grief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the physical activity (PA) status of adolescents with visual impairment, their enjoyment of the PA, and their perception of barriers to PA. Design and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted with 110 adolescents with visual impairment. The data collection tools consisted of the (ALP-R2)-Physical Activity Subscale, the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PAES), Barriers to Physical Activity Questionnaires, and an Observation Form. The data were analyzed using frequencies, correlation, and Kappa tests. Results: It was observed that 60% of the participants stated that they did not engage in PA, 58.2% said they did not engage in PA to the extent of breaking out in a sweat and increasing their heartbeat, and 48.2% indicated that they never did PA 3 times a week for 20 minutes or more. The PAES mean score was 55.1 ± 5.5; the Physical Activity Subscale mean score was 12.5 ± 4.1 (r = 0.42; p < 0.01). Discussion: Our findings were consistent with the results of other studies in that the changeable external factors and parental attitudes perceived as obstacles were similar. Implications for practitioners: Most of the participants wanted to be more active. Most of the adolescents' answers to the questions about the perceived barriers to PA were contrary to what had been expected. Although the adolescents said they did not engage in PA, the number of adolescents who perceived changeable factors such as the environment and parents' attitudes as barriers was not negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze parental opinions regarding immunization services and the factors that affect parental decisions regarding the vaccination of their children. We conducted descriptive study with 373 parents. The Parent Information Form and the Public Attitude Toward Vaccination Scale-Health Belief Model developed to evaluate vaccination approaches, were used. Of the parents who participated in the study, 35.9% stated that they found the information on childhood vaccinations unreliable or that they doubted the credibility of the information. In addition, most of the parents (71%) stated that they believed that the high number of immigrant children in the country causes contagious diseases to increase. It is found that there are statistically significant higher scores in the subscales of severity, susceptibility, and health motivation among the parents who disagree with the media statements on anti-vaccination attitudes (p < 0,001). Opinions and approaches of parents toward childhood vaccinations are affected by sociodemographic characteristics. In this study, the educational level of parents was found to be the most important variable affecting the approach of parents toward vaccinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Childhood obesity is associated with psychosocial and medical comorbidities. Children affected by obesity have significantly lower selfesteem than children with normal weight, and families have an important role in the development of body image and body dissatisfaction. We aimed to examine the relationship between the body esteem of obese children and their parents' body esteem and weight status. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in Ankara, the capital city of Turkey, and was rolled out to 9 to 11-year-old children and their parents in 46 schools (2,066 parent-child dyads). The data were collected via parent and child questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements were conducted by the project team. Four different logistic regression models were performed separately; body esteem and Body Mass Index (BMI) for fathers and sons, fathers and daughters, mothers and sons, and mothers and daughters. Results: Mothers obesity was associated with their daughters' and their sons' obesity status. Fathers' obesity status appears to be positively associated with their sons' status only but not their daughters'. The body esteem of the obese boys was adversely affected only by their own BMI in the models with their fathers and mothers. Compared to boys, girls were affected adversely by their own BMI, their body esteem, and their mothers' and fathers' body esteem. Conclusion: A strong association between both the mothers' and fathers' role in the body esteem of daughters was found. Further research should be conducted to better understand the socio-cultural dynamics that may be unique to the development of childhood obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study was carried out to detect the differences in the assessment of the pain that may occur following operation between 1 and 7 years old children, by parent, nurse and an independent observer. Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted on 236 pediatric patients between 1 and 7 years old who were operated in Pediatric Surgery Clinic between April 1-October 1, 2016 in Ankara, Turkey. Data were collected by parent, nurse and independent observer information forms, "Numeric Pain Rating Scale" and "Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale. Results: Based on Numeric Pain Rating Scale in the study; at first admission of the operated child to the service following the operation, pain rating scores of the parent, nurse and independent observer were found to be incompatible with intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.676 (p<0.05). At two hours after the admission of the pediatric child to the service following the operation, pain rating scores between parent, nurse and independent observer were found to be compatible with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.702 at a significant level (p<0.05). Based on Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale in the study, pain rating scores at first admission to the service (an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.696) and at two hours after the admission to the service (an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.684) were found to be incompatible (p<0.05). Conclusion: Postoperative pain levels of operated children were evaluated by the parent, nurse and independent observer in a different way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the most challenging aspects of being parents of a child diagnosed with cancer is to balance their normal family life with the child's health needs and treatment requirements. Cancer covers an important part of family life and gets ahead of other matters. Families mostly feel that everything has changed in their lives with the cancer diagnosis and are obliged to make a number of adjustments in their lives. Their normal family life suddenly begins to include treatments, hospital appointments and hospitalizations. Objective: This study was conducted as a descriptive study to evaluate the changes that the parents of children with cancer experienced in this process. Method: The study was carried out with 65 families of children aged 0-17 with cancer in a pediatric oncology clinic and outpatient clinic of a university hospital in Trabzon. The data were collected between August and November 2015 using a survey. Numbers, percentages and chi-square test were used in the evaluation of the data. Findings: The mean age of the mothers was 35.33 ± 6.31 years, the majority of them had an education level below high school (60.0%) and they were housewives (89.2%). The mean age of the fathers was 39.30 ± 6.29 years (50.8) and they were self-employed (43.8%). It was determined that the majority of the children were male, their mean age was 7.74 ± 4.00 years and 90.8% of them had leukemia diagnosis. The mothers stated that their fears increased (87.5%), their workload at home increased (84.4%), they had more stressful lives (82.8%) and they felt physically tired (82.8%). They also indicated that their healthy children could not do the activities they used to do (56.5%), they did not feed their healthy children with their favorite food so that their sick children would not desire (52.3%) and their healthy children became more nervous (53.2%). As for the fathers, they reported that their work load at home increased (82.3%), they had more stressful lives (80.6%), and they could not find time for their hobbies and interests (77.8%). After the diagnosis, a statistical significance was found between age, educational status of the parents and changes occurred in their lives (p <0.05). The study demonstrated that almost all of the mothers paid more attention to the order at home, laundry cleaning, food/drinks and bathing. Conclusion: The study suggested that the parents of children with cancer had increased workload at home, more stressful lives, no time for social activities, increased fear, self-tiredness, the social activities of their healthy children decreased and they became more nervous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Antibiotics are considered to be one of the greatest discoveries of the 20th century. The widespread and inappropriate use of antibiotics leads to resistance to microorganisms, increased cost, and at the same time an increase in the incidence of secondary side effects. We aimed to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors about the use of antibiotics of the parents living in the Aegean part of Turkey. Methods: The study was conducted with parents of 252 children who applied to the Kutahya Family Health Center between May and October 2017. The data were collected by face-to-face interview using a questionnaire survey prepared by the investigator. Descriptive and categorical statistics were used for the study. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-square test. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The mean age of parents was 32.83 ± 7.61 years and most of them were in a low education and income group. There was negative correlation between education level and use of correct antibiotics (p<0.01). This sentence given by you is like a interpretation and should be in a conclusion or discussion. Additionally, the correct level of knowledge of parents living in the urban area, male gender, and unemployed was determined to be lower. Conclusions: Rational antibiotic use is an important health issue in our country. We anticipate regional differences in evaluations of antibiotic use and we believe that, in order to increase the efficiency of antibiotic use, it is necessary to increase the level of education in the region and to reprogram health education to the public. Family Doctors should be sensitive to the use of antibiotics and inform the patient during the interview process. We believe that guidance and strategy can be developed for the national-international correct use of antibiotics using these regional data that we have obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aims to examine how parents of children with cancer seek information through online communities, using netnography methods from qualitative study types. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out through two online communities where parents of children with cancer in Turkey communicate with each other. The data were obtained from the parents’ posts to online community platforms covering the period between September 2nd and November 2nd, 2017. The data were collected using the netnography method and analyzed within the principles of this method. Results: A total of 580 written posts (information sharing) were sent within the interval in which the study was conducted, and 208 of them, which were posted by 131 parents, were analyzed and coded. Accordingly, three themes were defined in terms of codes as follows: “disease,” “treatment and side effects”, and “non-treatment” posts. The themes of “disease” and “treatment and side effects” included questions in which the parents were seeking information, whereas the theme of “non-treatment” mostly included posts in which the parents were seeking emotional support from other parents in the communities. Conclusion: The way in which parents of children with cancer seek information through online communities is mostly related to their questions and posts parallel to the cancer process. In this process, the parents were found to seek emotional support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental attitude is an important factor for adolescents to establish healthy–unhealthy relationships with their environment and to develop a tendency for violence. This study was performed to determine parental attitudes perceived by high school students and their tendency for violence and the affecting factors. This cross-sectional correlational study was conducted with 2,000 high school students. Data were collected by a questionnaire, Parental Attitude Scale, and Violence Tendency Scale. In the study, it was found that mean scores of the students for democratic attitude were higher than protective or authoritarian attitudes. Factors such as grade level, age, sex, education level of the parents, family type, income level, number of siblings, birth order, state of being exposed to domestic violence, and tendency for violence affected perceived parental attitude. It was also determined that violence tendency of the students was at a moderate level, and students who were studying at higher grades, who were among an older age group in parallel to grade level, who were males, whose mothers were employed, whose fathers had less than an primary education, whose incomes were less than the expenses, and who experienced domestic violence showed more tendency for violence. In addition, it was determined that tendency for violence decreased as democratic parental attitudes perceived by the students increased, and tendency for violence increased as protective and authoritarian attitude increased. It is recommended to plan regular family training programs to inform families about the relationship between family attitude and tenancy for violence, to strengthen the communication between parents and children, and to support and improve parenting skills of the parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distanced and intensive mothering constitute the opposite ends of parenting. Unlike intensive parenting, distanced parenting has attracted less attention from researchers, though it is not uncommon. Distanced parenting has been used interchangeably with disengaged parenting, which is treated as a mild form of parental neglect based on low warmth and control. Yet, it also may be used intentionally as a culturally fostered parenting strategy. The current study examines the commonsense conceptualization of distanced mothering, its acceptance among mothers, and their variability in three countries previously found as varying in intensive parenting. Mothers (N = 80) of school-age children in the Netherlands, Poland, and Turkey were first interviewed on how a distanced mother behaves in her relation with her child. Then mothers were asked to use a Likert-scale to evaluate, how good is distanced parenting. Results revealed that all mothers discussed distanced mothering as low in warmth (involvement, care, affect, rarely rejection) and high in parenting control (rule-oriented, punitive, and independence fostering parenting). Cross-national comparisons revealed that: (1) the Turkish and Polish mothers used more descriptors related to control and occasionally evaluated distanced mothering as neutral or positive; (2) only the Dutch mothers described distanced mothering in the context of rejection. Results discuss the interpretation of distanced mothering and its meaning for psychological practice and cross-cultural studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]