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Objectives: To conduct psychometric testing of the Chinese version of the National Health Service Sustainability Model as an instrument to assess the sustainability of innovation in the Chinese nursing setting. Background: Evidence‐based practice is recognized worldwide as a way to improve the quality of healthcare; however, many evidence‐based practice programmes decline over time and do not sustain the benefits of their improvements. A sustainability assessment tool is used internationally but its use has not been validated in China. Design: A methodological study to test instrument validity and reliability. Methods: The data collection was conducted from 15 June 2022 to 31 August 2022. The internal consistency of the Chinese version of the sustainability model was measured with Cronbach's alpha. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the model's structural validity. Results: Four hundred eighty‐three questionnaires were returned, of which 478 were valid. The short time taken to evaluate the Chinese version of the sustainability model demonstrated its efficiency and ability to adapt to a busy clinical environment. The confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit model and supported the convergence validity of the sustainability model. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.905 for the total scale, which indicated good internal consistency. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the Chinese version of the sustainability model is a valid, reliable and efficient tool for measuring the sustainability of evidence‐based practices in Chinese nursing settings. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? As evidence‐based care grows in China, there are increasing numbers of programmes for evidence‐based practice.Evidence‐based practice leaders in China are currently focused on the implementation of evidence, with little focus on the maintenance of evidence after implementation.There is a lack of tools to assess the sustainability of evidence‐based practice in China. What this paper adds? This study further validates and refines the National Health Service Sustainability Model (NHS SM) in China's busy, centralized and paternalistic nursing clinical settings.Bridges the gap in sustainability assessment tools in China by introducing an evidence‐based practice sustainability assessment tool and further validating and refining the model in busy, centralized and paternalistic nursing clinical settings. The implications of this paper: Provide support to nursing professionals when selecting tools to assess the sustainability of evidence‐based practice in order to promote programme maintenance, avoid wasted upfront resource investment and achieve long‐term programme benefits.Provide a reference for professionals in other countries to introduce sustainability assessment tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To test the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Self‐Care in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Inventory on a sample of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China. Background: Measuring the self‐care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is vital to promote the performance of effective self‐care behaviours. However, few instruments have been developed to measure self‐care in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and the existing instruments lack theoretical support and satisfactory psychometrics properties. The Self‐Care in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Inventory based on Middle‐Range Theory of Self‐Care of Chronic Illness has been developed and tested previously in Italian and US population. Design: A cross‐sectional instrument development study. Methods: Construct validity was tested by confirmatory factor analysis and hypothesis testing, and reliability internal consistency using factor score determinacy coefficients. Results: A convenience sample of 185 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was recruited from September 2020 to January 2022. The instrument consists of three scales: self‐care maintenance, self‐care monitoring and self‐care management. Confirmatory factor analysis performed on the three scales produced good fit indices. The internal consistency was adequate with factor score determinacy coefficients ranging from 0.891 to 0.953 in Self‐Care Maintenance Scale, 0.990 to 0.993 in Self‐Care Monitoring Scale and 0.750 to 0.976 in Self‐Care Management Scale. Conclusions: The Chinese version of the Self‐Care in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Inventory has acceptable reliability and validity. Some differences from the original instrument were identified. Further validation studies should be conducted to confirm the psychometric properties of the instrument in Chinese population. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? The Middle‐Range Theory of Self‐care of Chronic Illness has been used to direct clinical nursing practice for coronary heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other chronic illnesses and has been shown to have good guiding significance for clinical nursing practice for the self‐care of clinical chronic illness.In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, self‐care has a significant positive effect on preserving disease stability and enhancing health‐related quality of life.There is a shortage of moderate length evaluation instruments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease self‐care with comprehensive theoretical assessment content, but the Self‐Care in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Inventory, based on the Middle‐Range Theory of Self‐care of Chronic Illness, has been demonstrated to have positive application effects in Italy and the United States. However, its applicability in China is unclear. What this paper adds? This paper indicates that the Chinese version of the Self‐Care in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Inventory has good reliability and validity and can reflect the self‐care ability of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China. The implications of this paper: The results show that the Chinese version of the Self‐Care in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Inventory is simple and accessible, and nurses can use it to assess patients' capacity for self‐care regularly.The Chinese version of the Self‐Care Scale has different dimensions from the original scale, indicating that different medical backgrounds and varying understanding of concept of self‐care in various nations may result in various self‐care behaviours.To ensure its wider application, the development of this scale necessitates cross‐cultural adaptation of populations in more countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim s : The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between caregiving burden and pre‐death grief, with a specific focus on adult‐child caregivers in mainland China. Additionally, the study explored whether coping strategies played a mediating role in this correlation. Methods: A convenience sample of 320 adult‐child caregivers of older parents with dementia from Kunming, mainland China, was recruited for the study. Data were collected using the Chinese version of the Marwit‐Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory‐Short Form, the Burden Scale for Family Caregivers, and the Ways of Coping Checklist‐Revised. Results: Results using linear regression and multiple mediation analysis with Hayes' process model indicated that caregiving burden was positively related to pre‐death grief and that active coping mediated the relationship between them. In the female group, active coping partially mediated the association between caregiving burden and pre‐death grief, but in the male group, this mediating effect did not exist. Conclusion: The study found evidence supporting the link between caregiving burden and pre‐death grief among adult‐child caregivers of older parents with dementia in mainland China. Furthermore, the caregiving burden prevented the use of active coping, and this decrease in coping increased the perception of pre‐death grief. These associations only existed in the female group. Implications: This paper presented the importance of active coping skills in the dementia caregiving process. Impact: The findings of this study emphasize the necessity for health practitioners to provide targeted interventions regarding pre‐death grief among dementia caregivers and strengthen caregivers' active coping strategies to reduce their pre‐death grief. Community‐based and personal care support services should be promoted to alleviate their caregiving burden. Reporting Method: We have adhered to the transparent reporting of evaluations with quantitative design statements and the corresponding checklist was followed. Patient or Public Contribution: 'No patient or public involvement'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It has been reported that the knowledge, attitudes and practices of nurses play a significant role in preventing incontinence‐associated dermatitis (IAD), and these three factors influence and interact with each other. This study aimed to translate the English version of the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Incontinence‐Associated Dermatitis Questionnaire (KAP‐IAD‐Q) into Chinese and assess the validity and reliability of the Chinese KAP‐IAD‐Q (C‐ KAP‐IAD‐Q) used with Chinese nurses. Methods: The KAP‐IAD‐Q was translated into Chinese strictly in accordance with the Brislin translation model, and a Chinese version of IAD was formed after discussion by experts. From October to November 2021, a total of 259 Chinese nurses were recruited through a convenience sampling method and investigated using the Chinese version of the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the incontinence‐associated dermatitis questionnaire (C‐KAP‐IAD‐Q) and the general self‐efficacy scale to assess its reliability and validity. Results: Three factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis comprised of 22 items. The Cronbach's α coefficients were 0.961, 0.929 and 0.833, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.98 totally. The scale‐level content validity index (S‐CVI) was 0.95, and the item‐level content validity (I‐CVI) was 0.83–1.00. The correlation coefficient between the general self‐efficacy scale and the C‐KAP‐IAD‐Q was 0.561 (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The 22‐item C‐KAP‐IAD‐Q seems to be culturally well adapted and has good psychometric properties used by Chinese nurses. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? There is a knowledge gap among nurses, and the attitudes of nurses to prevent incontinence‐associated dermatitis (IAD) have a significant impact on the final implementation of preventive interventions.The Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of the Incontinence‐associated Dermatitis Questionnaire (KAP‐IAD‐Q) was developed and assessed as a valid and reliable tool in Singapore.China does not currently have such a tool.What this paper adds? This study translated the KAP‐IAD‐Q into Chinese and formed the Chinese version of the KAP‐IAD‐Q (C‐ KAP‐IAD‐Q).The C‐KAP‐IAD‐Q comprises 22 items and three factors, including knowledge, attitudes and practices towards IAD prevention with proper psychometric properties.The implications of this paper: The C‐KAP‐IAD‐Q could be used in clinical practice and research to provide a reference for improving the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards IAD prevention in China.The C‐KAP‐IAD‐Q can make a great contribution to supporting the education and management of IAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this study was to translate the Stoma‐quality of life into Chinese and evaluate its psychometric properties in Chinese patients. Background: Quality of life is an important issue for patients with colostomy, and its appropriate and precise measurement is beneficial to promoting better care. The Stoma‐quality of life questionnaire has been widely used; however, the validity and reliability of its Chinese version has not been determined. Design A cross‐sectional validation study was conducted. Methods: We translated the Stoma‐quality of life into Chinese using standardized methods. Then it was psychometrically tested on a convenience sample of 513 patients with colostomy. Construct validity was evaluated via exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was measured with Cronbach's alpha and the split‐half Spearman–Brown coefficient. Results: The content validity, the Cronbach's α coefficient and the Spearman–Brown split‐half reliability coefficient indicated adequate validity and reliability. The exploratory factor analysis yielded four common factors, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 67.5%. Moreover, the confirmatory factor analysis showed a good model fit. Conclusion: This study confirmed that the Chinese version of Stoma‐quality of life is an effective and reliable measurement for evaluating the quality of life of patients with colostomy. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? Quality of life (QOL) is an important issue for patients with colostomy, and it is conducive to evaluate the effect of specific treatment and nursing interventions. However, a tailored instrument measuring QOL in Chinese patients with colostomy is lacking.The Stoma‐QOL is a widely used stoma‐specific instrument based on Hunt and McKennal's basic QOL demand model and has shown acceptable psychometric properties. What this paper adds? This study provides evidence of the construct validity and internal consistency reliability of the Stoma‐QOL‐C.The four‐factor structure of the scale shows the aspects and complexity of QOL of patients with colostomy.The study proves the Stoma‐QOL‐C a valid and reliable measure of assessing QOL of patients with colostomy. The implication of this paper: The Stoma‐QOL‐C could be used as a disease‐specific scale to evaluate the QOL of patients with colostomy.This study adds the knowledge of the psychometric properties regarding the inventory in diverse cultural backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of information security behavioural intention (ISBI) can be complex and dynamic in different contexts. This paper aims to examine and compare different users' ISBI formalisation mechanisms when dealing with their personal affairs (non-work users) and organisational affairs (work users). Drawing on two principles of Conservation of Resources (COR) theory (i.e. resource loss principle, and resource gain principle), we developed two models to examine how situational support affects ISBI formation. The results of a study of 432 non-worker users and 261 work users indicate a curvilinear relationship between situational support and ISBI through subjective norms and risk perception for non-worker users, whilst a linear relationship via subjective norms is found for worker users. This is the first time that COR has been applied to explain the formation of ISBI. The findings broaden the research scope of individuals' ISBI by revealing how situational support affects the formalisation mechanism for different users in cross-contexts. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings and the future study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To psychometrically test the Chinese version of Self‐Care of Coronary Heart Disease Inventory. Background: Self‐care is a significant step to impede the progression of coronary heart disease and serves as the primary outcome in self‐care interventions. In China, however, no instrument is available to measure self‐care in patients with coronary heart disease. To address this gap, we introduce the Self‐Care of Coronary Heart Disease Inventory into China. Design A cross‐sectional design. Methods: We translated the inventory into Chinese using standardized methods. Then, it was psychometrically tested on a convenience sample of 301 patients with coronary heart disease (October 2017 to May 2018). Construct validity was evaluated via exploratory factor analysis and testing hypotheses. Internal consistency reliability was measured with Cronbach's alpha or composite reliability. Results: Both self‐care maintenance and management subscales showed a two‐factor structure, whereas self‐care confidence subscale showed a one‐dimension structure. All subscales were significantly correlated with associated variables (disease‐related knowledge and perceived control). The internal consistency reliability for all three subscales was acceptable. Conclusion: The Chinese version showed acceptable psychometric properties when applied to the sample group of this study. It is recommended for use in self‐care interventions targeting coronary heart disease. SUMMARY STATEMENT: What is already known about this topic? Self‐care is important for patients with coronary heart disease to control risk factors, reduce recurrence and improve the prognosis.Self‐Care of Coronary Heart Disease Inventory is developed based on the middle‐range theory of self‐care of chronic illnesses and shown acceptable psychometric properties.Self‐care of CHD is a growing focus of research and clinical practice; however, a tailored instrument to measure self‐care in Chinese patients with CHD is lacking. What this paper adds? This study provides the evidence of the construct validity and internal consistency reliability of the Chinese version of Self‐Care of Coronary Heart Disease Inventory.The Chinese version is a reliable and valid measure to assess the self‐care in patients with coronary heart disease. The implications of this paper: This study fills an important gap concerning measures of self‐care related to CHD in China.The Chinese version of Self‐Care of Coronary Heart Disease Inventory has the potential to be an ideal outcome measure in self‐care interventions and promote the research focusing on self‐care of CHD.This study adds the knowledge of the psychometric properties regarding the inventory in diverse cultural backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this paper was to translate the English version of the Inpatient Dignity Scale into Mandarin and to test the psychometric properties of the Mandarin version of the Inpatient Dignity Scale. Design: This research is a cross‐sectional survey, using convenience sampling. Methods: The English version of the Inpatient Dignity Scale was translated into Mandarin Chinese. From June–August 2020, 736 inpatients from 50 tertiary hospitals in Guangzhou were recruited to assess the psychometric attributes of the Inpatient Dignity Scale. Results: The Mandarin version of the Inpatient Dignity Scale consists of expectation and satisfaction subscales. It differs from the English language version, as the expectation subscale includes three dimensions and the satisfaction subscale includes two dimensions. The total Cronbach alpha coefficient of the expectation subscale and the satisfaction subscale were.820 and.965, respectively, and the split‐half reliability of the expectation subscale and the satisfaction subscale were 0.740 and 0.928, respectively, indicating good internal consistency and effectiveness. Known‐groups validity was established, as 70% of the hypotheses were supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital competence is critical for university students to adapt to and benefit from digitally enhanced learning. Prior studies on its measurement mostly focus on educators and relied on factor analyses. However, there is a lack of valid and convenient tools to measure university students' digital competence. This study aimed to develop a digital competence scale for university students (DC‐US) in digitally enhanced learning with robust psychometric properties. An initial DC‐US with 23 items was proposed to measure the single latent trait of digital competence. It was validated and refined continuously through a pilot study, a main study and a predictive validity study in three datasets involving 825 participants altogether, using factor analyses, Rasch analyses and the partial least squares modelling. The final DC‐US turned out to comprise two subscales: technical literacy and digital skills, with 10 items retained, and manifested high internal consistency, unidimensionality and measurement invariance. The scale also demonstrated strong predictive validity, with technical literacy greatly predicting digital skills, which negatively predicted technostress. The DC‐US enables instructors and school administrators to conveniently obtain preliminary information of university students' digital competence, informing their digital class preparation and development of timely interventions for addressing digital deficiencies. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic?: Digital competence is critical for university students to adapt to and benefit from digitally enhanced learning (DEL).There is a lack of valid and convenient tools to measure university students' digital competence.Prior studies on its measurement mostly focus on educators and relied on factor analyses. What this paper adds?: A unidimensional, valid and unbiased digital competence scale was developed for university students.Rasch analyses and classical test theory were employed jointly for the scale development.The digital competence scale comprised two subscales: Technical literacy and digital skills. Implications for practice: University students can use the scale for a quick self‐assessment of their digital competence before joining DEL.Instructors can use the scale to gain an initial knowledge of their students' digital competence to inform digital class preparation.University administrators can rely on the scale to quickly evaluate the implementation effectiveness of DEL schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To revise the Parental Autonomy Support Scale (PASS) and to validate its psychometric properties in Chinese college students, this study recruited 738 Chinese college students, with 72 of them retested four weeks later. The Parental Psychological Control Scale (PPCS) and the Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) were used to evaluate the validity of the PASS. Results showed that the revised PASS contained a total of nine items measuring three dimensions: autonomous decision-making, transpositional thinking, and willingness to respect. Results showed that the three-factor ESEM model fitted the data well (TLI = 0.981, CFI = 0.994, RMSEA = 0.046). The PASS showed a significant negative correlation between the total score of the PASS and the total score of the PPCS (r = −0.344, p <.001), and a significant positive correlation of the PASS with the total score of the RSES (r = 0.297, p <.001). The composite reliability coefficient was 0.913 for the total score. The test-retest reliability coefficients were 0.827 for the total score and ranged from 0.626 to 0.744 for the three dimensions. The revised PASS is shown to have sound psychometric properties and thus can be used as a tool to measure the level of parental autonomy support among Chinese college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To translate Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Specific Quality of Life-Short Form (ALSSQOL-SF) and test its reliability and validity, so that explore feasibility in Chinese mainland and make up the gap of specific tools for measuring quality of life of patients with ALS. Methods: This was a cross-sectional design. The Brislin translation model was used to translate ALSSQOL-SF, and the Chinese version of ALSSQOL-SF (C-ALSSQOL-SF) was revised through cultural adaptation and pre-test. The convenience sampling method was used to investigate 138 patients with ALS in Tianjin to test the reliability and validity of the C-ALSSQOL-SF. Results: The C-ALSSQOL-SF included 20 items, covering 6 dimensions: physical symptoms, bulbar function, negative emotion, interaction with people and the environment, religiosity and intimacy. The scale-level content validity index (S-CVI) of C-ALSSQOL-SF was 0.964, and the item-level content validity index (I-CVI) was between 0.857 to 1.000. The results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed that CMIN/DF = 1.161, RMSEA = 0.034, GFI = 0.892, IFI = 0.976, TLI = 0.969, CFI = 0.975, and the 6-factor model fitted well. The scores of C-ALSSQOL-SF and WHOQOL-BREF were positively correlated (r = 0.745). The Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.85, the Cronbach's α coefficient of each dimension was between 0.59 to 0.86, and the split-half reliability was 0.78. Conclusion: The Chinese version of ALSSQOL-SF has good reliability and validity, and can be used as a tool to evaluate the quality of life of patients with ALS in Chinese mainland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: With the rapid rise of the Internet, it has become an indispensable part of adolescents’ learning and lives. To promote sustainable development of the Internet, fostering good Internet moral literacy among adolescents is particularly important. Given the current absence of a Chinese version of the Internet Moral Literacy Scale suitable for adolescents, this study translated and conducted two studies on the scale developed by Lau and Yuen. Methods: In Study 1, item analysis and factor validity analysis of the scale were conducted with 343 adolescents from China. In Study 2, a large‑scale cross‑sectional survey was conducted to analyze descriptive statistics, factor validity, measurement invariance across genders, difference analysis, and concurrent validity of the scale. The study 2 involved 7837 Chinese adolescents. Results: The results from study 1 showed that most items met the specified criteria. However, one item exhibited higher internal consistency than the overall Cronbach’s alpha value when removed. Exploratory factor analysis indicated a more suitable two‑dimensional model, with one item showing cross‑loading issues. Study 2 revealed that the Internet Moral Literacy Scale had good internal reliability, and the two‑factor structure exhibited excellent factor validity. In addition, significant gender differences in Internet moral literacy levels were identified, with males scoring lower than females. A significant negative correlation was found between Internet moral literacy and both cyberbullying (r = −0.87, P < 0.001) and moral disengagement (r = −0.75, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Chinese version of the Internet Moral Literacy Scale has good psychometric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: China is experiencing an aging population, leading to a significant demand for "Internet + nursing services" tailored for elderly individuals. However, there are many risk problems in the process of nurse service, which hinder the development of the service, and a scale is needed to assess the risk problems faced by nurses in "Internet + nursing services" for the elderly. Objective: The purpose of this study is to develop an assessment scale for risk factors and outcomes related to nurses' involvement in the "Internet + Nursing Service" for the elderly and to assess its reliability and validity. Methods: Based on literature analysis, focus group, the Delphi method, and a presurvey, we designed an initial scale. The initial scale comprised two sections: risk factors and risk outcomes for nurses. In January and February of 2023, nurses engaged in "Internet + nursing services" for the elderly in Shanxi Province were chosen through a convenience sampling technique for a questionnaire survey. Subsequently, item analysis and exploratory factor analysis were employed to refine and develop a test version of the scale further. A follow-up questionnaire survey was carried out in March and April 2023 using a similar approach. The reliability and validity of the scale were assessed through confirmatory factor analysis, culminating in the formation of the final scale. Results: The initial survey yielded 244 valid responses. The cumulative variance contributions of the two segments from the exploratory factor analysis were 84.584% and 90.089%, respectively. A subsequent survey garnered 220 valid responses. The confirmatory factor analysis results indicated: χ2/df = 2.086, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.918, normative fit index (NLI) = 0.855, root mean square of residuals (RMR) = 0.045, and root mean square of error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.070. These results demonstrate good structural, convergent, and discriminant validity. The content validity index at the item level (I-CVI) ranged between 0.875 and 1.000, while the content validity index at the scale level (S-CVI/Ave) was 0.941. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire scale stood at 0.970. Moreover, the scale exhibited a split-half reliability of 0.876 and a retest reliability of 0.980 (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The risk factors and risk outcomes associated with nurses involved in "Internet + nursing services" for elderly individuals, as developed in this study, demonstrate strong reliability and validity. They are well suited to the Chinese national context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of this study was to refine the Falling Risk Assessment Tool in Ophthalmology Inpatients (FRAT) and assess its psychometric properties. Design: A cross‐sectional design was used. Methods: A convenience sample of 730 patients in the ophthalmology department was recruited in a level A tertiary hospital in Guangdong Province from July 2021 to January 2022. Data were analysed using item analysis, interrater reliability, content validation, internal consistency reliability and exploratory factor analysis. Results: Five factors were extracted, accounting for 63.039% of the variance. The interrater reliability of the tool was 0.97. Cronbach's α was 0.658. The I‐CVI was 0.75–1.00, the S‐CVI/UA was 0.95 and the adjusted mean values of Kappa for indicators ranged from 0.72 to 1.00, as evaluated by the expert group. The FRAT showed satisfactory reliability and validity, and can be used to measure the fall risk assessment in ophthalmology inpatients. Patient or Public Contribution: After explaining the purpose, the patients received our fall risk assessment and answered the corresponding questionnaire questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recognizing the need for a reliable and valid instrument to assess psychological distress among children and adolescents, the present study translated the newly developed Depression Anxiety Stress Scale for Youth (DASS-Y) into Chinese, while also comparing its psychometric properties with those of the well-established DASS-21 within a primary and middle school demographic. Methods: Utilizing a combination of convenience sampling and purposive sampling, a cohort comprising 1,507 primary and 1,131 middle school students was recruited. Rasch analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used in the data analysis. Results: Significant differences were observed between the DASS-Y and the DASS-21, notably within the anxiety subscale. The proportions of individuals with clinical mood disorders identified by the two scales demonstrated a significant disparity. Both scales, following an adjustment of responses, exhibited satisfactory internal consistency and convergent validity, with the acceptance of a three-factor structure. Furthermore, the DASS-Y showed superior discriminant validity relative to the DASS-21, providing more compelling evidence regarding concurrent validity. Conclusion: Overall, the Chinese version of the DASS-Y demonstrated superior robustness to the DASS-21 in terms of psychometric properties. The findings provide initial evidence for the psychometric properties of the DASS-Y from another culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: To examine knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding postoperative delirium and the relationships among cardiac surgery nurses in China. Background: Postoperative delirium is a prevalent and devastating complication following cardiac surgery. Nurses play a part in multi‐disciplinary collaboration for preventing and managing postoperative delirium, of whom knowledge, attitude, and practice are essential. Design: A cross‐sectional multi‐centre study. Methods: Nurses from cardiac surgery wards and intensive care units of five tertiary hospitals in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China were enrolled. Data were gathered online using a self‐administered questionnaire. Student's t‐test, or analysis of variance, or non‐parametric tests were performed to compare differences across groups. Bootstrapping mediation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between knowledge, attitude, and practice. The STROBE checklist was used for the reporting of this study. Results: Of 429 nurses, a moderate level of knowledge and high levels of attitude and practice regarding postoperative delirium were revealed. Nurses with higher education, higher academic title, 5–10 years of practice in nursing and cardiac surgery nursing exhibited increased knowledge. With advanced age, practice in a specialised hospital, and training experience, nurses reported a better degree of practice. Attitude played a full mediating effect in the relationship between knowledge and practice, accounting for 81.82% of the total effects. Conclusions: Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding postoperative delirium are promising among Chinese cardiac surgery nurses, with knowledge of screening tools and perioperative nonpharmacological interventions and practice of screening in need of enhancement. Attitudes act as an intermediary between knowledge and practice regarding postoperative delirium. Relevance to Clinical Practice: Innovative and stratified in‐service education is warranted to address knowledge enhancement. Meanwhile, organisations are suggested to make efforts to foster nurses' positive attitudes, particularly in creating a favourable culture and developing institutional protocols for postoperative delirium management to improve practice. No Patient or Public Contribution: This study is focused on cardiac surgery nurses' knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding postoperative delirium, and the research questions and design are from clinical nursing practice, literature review, and expert panel review, in which the patient or public is temporarily not involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The study aimed to translate and adapt the traditional Chinese Food Allergy Quality of Life‐Parental Burden Questionnaire (TC‐FAQL‐PB) into simplified Chinese language and determine the validity and reliability of the translated version. Design: A methodologic study design involving instrument translation and psychometric evaluation was used for the present study. Methods: The simplified Chinese FAQL‐PB (SC‐FAQL‐PB) was developed following Guillemin's guidelines for cross‐cultural adaptation. A convenience sample of 230 participants was recruited. The psychometric properties were examined using internal consistency, test–retest reliability, item discrimination, content validity and construct validity. Results: The values of I‐CVI ranged from 0.83 to 1.00. The CFA model revealed that the study supported the two‐factor model. The questionnaire had good internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.946. The item‐total correlation values ranged from 0.707 to 0.866. Test–retest reliability showed that the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.926 (95% CI, 0.830–0.968). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The high turnover rate of new nurses is significantly impacted by the transition issue. Practice readiness has been identified as a key factor in ensuring a smooth transition, but there is currently a lack of specific instruments available in China to measure it. Aims. To translate and adapt the Casey-Fink Readiness for Practice Survey and validate its psychometric properties in senior nursing students in the Chinese cultural context. Methods. The descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. The English version of the Casey-Fink Readiness for Practice Survey was translated into Chinese according to Brislin's translation guidelines. A total of 590 senior nursing students from three nursing schools in China were surveyed with the Chinese version of the Readiness for Practice Instrument. Data analyses were performed to assess the reliability and validity of the instrument. The STROBE guidelines were used as the reporting method. Results. The validated Chinese version of the Casey-Fink Readiness for Practice Survey contained 18 items in the same four dimensions as the original English version. The internal consistency was satisfactory, with Cronbach's α and composite reliability values for all four dimensions above 0.70. The final confirmatory factor analysis model also demonstrated good fit indices, with the average variance extracted values for all dimensions above 0.50. Conclusion. The validated Chinese version of the Casey-Fink Readiness for Practice Survey is a reliable and effective instrument for measuring the readiness for practice among senior nursing students in China. Implications for Nursing Management. This study presents a valuable contribution to adapting an effective and reliable tool to assess readiness for practice among Chinese senior undergraduate nursing students. This will enable the development of specific strategies based on cultural context to optimize the readiness for practice for senior nursing students and smooth the transition of new nurses in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study was to develop and psychologically test the mobile health information‐seeking behaviour (MHISB) questionnaire in people with cancer. Design: Instrument development. Methods: The study was conducted in three phases in a southeastern city of China from May 2017 to April 2018. In phase one, an item pool was constructed based on a literature review and semistructured interviews. In phase two, expert evaluation and cognitive interviews were used to evaluate the content validity of the questionnaire. In phase three, a cross‐sectional study was conducted with people with cancer. Cronbach's α was calculated for reliability analysis. Validity evaluation included content validity and construct validity. Results: The developed MHISB questionnaire has four dimensions (information‐seeking frequency, information‐seeking self‐efficacy, health information evaluation and information‐seeking willingness) and 25 items. Psychometric findings were satisfactory and supported the questionnaire's reliability. Conclusions: The construction process of the MHISB questionnaire was scientific and feasible. The MHISB questionnaire had acceptable validity and reliability, and it requires further improvement in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a few screening tools to detect psychological symptoms among people with multiple chronic conditions (MCCs) in China. The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of a translated version of the Emotional Thermometer (ET) tool. This cross-sectional study consisted of two phases: (1) translation and content validity testing; and (2) assessment of psychometric properties, including internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity. For the first phase, the authors used a forward-backward translation approach for the Chinese version of the instrument and tested its content validity with a panel of six experts. For the second phase, the data, including the ET tool and demographic characteristics were collected in a convenience sample of 197 Chinese people with MCCs recruited from a university hospital. The first 50 participants participated in the two-week retest. The Chinese version of the ET tool had satisfactory psychometric properties; content validity index (0.83), internal consistency (0.92), and ICC (0.93 to 0.98 [p < 0.01]). Principal component analysis showed that there was only one component with an eigenvalue greater than 1 (value = 3.80), with 76.67% of the variance responding. All items loaded significantly onto this factor and demonstrated strong loadings of > 0.70. The Chinese-version of the ET tool is psychometrically sound. It has the potential to be used as a screening tool for psychological symptoms in Chinese people with MCCs. Findings from testing the Chinese translation of the Emotional Thermometer indicate this could be a convenient and useful screening tool to detect psychological symptoms in patients with multiple chronic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the factor structure, measurement invariance, criterion-related and incremental validity of the Chinese version of the Academic Grit Scale (AGS) among 723 adolescents from mainland China. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the single-factor model, exhibiting scalar invariance across gender and partial scalar invariance across groups (i.e., middle and high school students). The AGS total score showed internal consistency and temporal stability when used one month later. Moreover, academic grit was shown to be positively correlated with academic achievement, general grit, and dimensional student engagement. Academic grit also predicted academic achievement after isolating the effects of the related variables (i.e., general grit and student engagement) and overlapping components of academic grit and the related variables. Overall, the Chinese version of the AGS demonstrated adequate reliability and validity and was shown to be a useful tool for examining academic grit in Chinese adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Surveys on Patient Safety Culture™ (SOPS®) Hospital Survey (HSOPS 1.0), developed by the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality in 2004, has been widely adopted in the United States and internationally. An updated version, the SOPS Hospital Survey 2.0 (HSOPS 2.0), released in 2019, has not yet been applied in China. The aim of the present study was to translate HSOPS 2.0 into Chinese version with cross-cultural adaptations and test its psychometric properties. Methods: A convenience sample was used. Hospital nurses (N = 1013) and a sub-set (n = 200) was invited for the re-test. A three-stage study was conducted. Firstly, the HSOPS 2.0 was translated by a panel. Secondly, the content validity was tested using the two-round Delphi method and cognitive interview. Next, the construct validity was tested by the confirmatory factor analysis and further demonstrated by the convergent validity, discriminant validity, and correlations with the outcome of patient safety. Thirdly, the reliability was tested by internal consistency reliability and re-test reliability. Results: The "float or PRN" and "manager" words were deleted as considered unfitted for the Chinese health care system. The content validity index provided evidence of strong content validity (I-CVI = 0.84 ~ 1.00, S-CVI = 0.98). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good model fit (χ2/df = 4.05, RMSEA = 0.06, CFI = 0.94) and acceptable factor loadings (0.41 ~ 0.97). Convergent validity, and discriminant validity supported the factorial structure of the Chinese version of HSOPS 2.0. Further evidence for the construct validity was derived from correlations with the outcome of patient safety (r = 0.10 ~ 0.41). A good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.68 ~ 0.93, McDonald's omega = 0.84 ~ 0.96) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.78 ~ 0.95) showed acceptable reliability. Additionally, Chinese nurses reported markedly lower scores for three dimensions, including "Response to Error", "Communication Openness", and "Reporting Patient Safety Events", when comparing the findings of this study with those from U.S. research utilizing the HSOPS 2.0. Conclusion: The Chinese version of HSOPS 2.0 demonstrated good validity and reliability in a Chinese sample of hospital nurses, which suggests that it can be used to measure nurse-perceived patient safety culture in future research and practice. Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of HSOPS 2.0 among other Chinese healthcare professionals remain to be confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim: To adapt and psychometrically test two scales from The Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS) for measuring nurses' preparedness to manage intimate partner violence (IPV) and opinions on IPV in China. Design: A cross‐sectional study for cross‐cultural adaptation and validation of instruments. Methods: The study was conducted in two tertiary hospitals in northeastern and southwestern China in 2020: (Step 1) translation and back‐translation by four translators; (Step 2) expert consultation to assess content validity by a five‐person panel; (Step 3) cognitive debriefing to evaluate the online survey with six nurses; (Step 4) pilot testing to finalize the survey with 79 nurses; and (Step 5) psychometric evaluation of construct validity and internal consistency reliability including post hoc analysis with 1071 nurses. Results: The Chinese scales of Perceived Preparation and Opinions demonstrated generally acceptable content validity, construct validity and internal consistency reliability; some factor analysis results were uninterpretable, and socially desirable responses existed. A post hoc inspection of item and score distributions assisted the item classification into Confident, Cautious and Concerned regarding the authenticity of nurses' responses. Conclusion: Reliability and construct validity of the Chinese versions of Perceived Preparation and Opinions were supported in this sample. The instrument measures nurses' preparedness and opinions towards IPV. Item classification into Confident, Cautious and Concerned categories is a pragmatic way to interpret the results. Impact The Chinese scales can be used to measure nurses' preparedness and opinions towards IPV in China. The study also provides an approach for interpretation of results and identification of socially desirable responses in validation and survey studies in other contexts. The adaptation and use of the Chinese scales serve as a primary step in responding to IPV in China's health sector and can be used as a template for adapting the instrument in other low‐ and middle‐income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of research has documented that childhood maltreatment is associated with increased risk of child aggression. However, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying the relationships between childhood maltreatment and reactive and proactive functions of aggression. Therefore, the present study examined whether callousunemotional traits mediated the relationships between childhood maltreatment and two subtypes of aggression and whether these mediating processes were moderated by friendship quality. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2407 adolescents between 11 and 16 years (M age = 12.75, SD = .58) in Shanxi province, China. Participants filled out questionnaires regarding childhood maltreatment, callous-unemotional traits, aggression, and friendship quality. The results indicated that childhood maltreatment was significantly and positively associated with proactive and reactive aggression, and these relationships were partially mediated by callous-unemotional traits after controlling for demographic variables. Friendship quality moderated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and proactive aggression as well as callous-unemotional traits and proactive aggression. These relationships became weaker for adolescents with high levels of friendship quality. Friendship quality did not moderate the effects of childhood maltreatment and callous-unemotional traits on reactive aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers' self-efficacy is a critical predictor for successful inclusive physical education. However, little is known about preservice physical educators' self-efficacy toward teaching students with autism spectrum disorders in China. A sound instrument is necessary to measure their self-efficacy level. This validation study examined the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Physical Educators' Self-Efficacy Toward Including Students with Disabilities--Autism. A multisection survey form was administered to preservice physical educators in Mainland China (n = 205) and Hong Kong (n = 227). The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the one-factor model of the scale in the total sample and each of the two samples. Invariance tests across the two samples supported configural and metric invariance but not scalar invariance. The scale scores showed good internal reliability and were correlated with theoretically relevant constructs (i.e., burnout and life satisfaction) in the total sample and subsamples. These findings generally support the utility of the scale for use among Chinese preservice physical educators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To translate 25‐item Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale into Chinese and evaluate its psychometric properties amongst Chinese healthcare providers. Background: The prevalence of dementia is increasing in China, but development of relevant training for healthcare providers is still in its infancy stage. A comprehensive, valid and reliable Chinese knowledge‐of‐dementia measure is needed to identify training needs and evaluate the effect of educational interventions. Design: A cross‐sectional survey. Methods: The Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale was translated into Chinese following the modified Brislin's translation model. Content and face validity were established by an expert panel in dementia care and healthcare providers. A convenience sample of 290 healthcare providers in care homes and hospitals was recruited. Construct validity was evaluated through confirmatory factor analysis, concurrent validity and known groups' comparisons method. Reliability was evaluated through internal consistency reliability and 2‐week test–retest reliability. This study used the STROBE checklist for reporting. Results: The content validity index was 0.98. The confirmatory factor analysis model revealed that the four‐factor model was partly supported in the present study. The moderate correlation between Chinese version of Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale and Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale indicated acceptable concurrent validity. The mean score of the scale and subscale scores showed significant differences between health professionals and care assistants, except for the subscale of "Care Considerations." The reliability was demonstrated with Cronbach's alpha of.77 and intra‐class correlation coefficients of each subscale between.74 and.92 among 56 respondents. Conclusions: The Chinese version of Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale demonstrated acceptable concurrent validity but marginal factorial validity and satisfactory reliability amongst Chinese healthcare providers. Therefore, applying the four‐factor structure of Chinese version scale should be considered. Relevance to clinical practice: Chinese version of Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale can be used to understand the training needs of healthcare providers in dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aims: This paper is aimed to develop and validate the hypertension scale of the system of Quality of Life Instruments for Chronic Diseases, QLICD-HY. Methods: The QLICD-HY instrument was developed based on programmed decision procedures with multiple nominal and focus group discussions and pilot testing. A total of 157 inpatients with hypertension were used to provide the data measuring QOL three times before and after treatment. The psychometric properties of the scale were evaluated with respect to validity, reliability and responsiveness employing correlation and factor analyses, and t-tests. Results: Correlation and factor analyses confirmed good construct validity and criterion-related validity when using Short Form (36) Health Survey (SF-36) as a criterion. Test–retest reliability coefficients (Pearson r and intra-class correlation (ICC)) for the overall instrument score and all domains except for the hypertension-specific domain (SPD) (0.75) were higher than 0.80 with a range of 0.75–0.91; the internal consistency α for all domains except for the hypertension-specific domain (0.66) was higher than 0.70. The overall score and scores for most facets within each domain except for the social domain (SOD) had statistically significant changes (t-tests) after treatment with moderate effect sizes. Conclusion: QLICD-HY has good validity, reliability, responsiveness and can be used as the quality-of-life instrument for patients with hypertension. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study aimed to assess the measurement properties of a simplified Chinese version of the Nonrestorative Sleep Scale (NRSS) among adolescents. We obtained a simplified Chinese NRSS by the standard forward‐backward translation procedures and administered it to 486 students who were attending Grade 7–11 in Nanjing, China. Furthermore, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Athens Insomnia Scale, Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, and Toronto Hospital Alertness Test were also self‐completed for measuring sleep quality, insomnia, depression and alertness respectively. The sample was randomly split into two halves, with the first half used to explore the scale structure by exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and the second half used to confirm the identified structure by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). A total of 481 adolescents (49% male) with a mean age of 16 years (range: 13–18) completed this study. In the other half of 250 adolescents, the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), standardised root mean square residual, and comparative fit index (CFI) in CFA, which tested the four‐factor structure obtained from EFA, were 0.062, 0.051 and 0.975, respectively. Convergent validity was demonstrated from a significant correlation of the simplified Chinese NRSS with sleep quality (r = −0.62), insomnia (r = −0.71), depression (r = −0.60) and alertness (r = 0.54). The internal consistency and test‐retest reliability for the global scale were 0.83 and 0.86 respectively. Measurement invariance was established between males and females with the changes of both CFI and RMSEA < 0.01. The simplified Chinese NRSS is valid and reliable for measuring NRS among Chinese adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To explore the role of health beliefs in affecting patients' chronic diabetic complication (CDC) screening. Background: Patients' adherence to the guideline‐recommended CDC screening was far from optimal. While many demographic and clinical characteristics were documented to influence patients' adherence, psychological profiles, such as health beliefs, were not well studied before. It is crucial to understand how health beliefs affect patients' CDC screening behaviour and thus to provide implications for future intervention programmes. Design: A cross‐sectional study was conducted. Methods: 785 type 2 diabetes were enrolled from the community health centre in Wuhou District, Chengdu, China. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data regarding the demographic and clinical information, knowledge about CDC, health belief model constructs and CDC screening behaviour. Mediation analysis was performed to explore the mechanisms of health belief model constructs on CDC screening behaviour. The study methods were compliant with the STROBE checklist. Results: Knowledge had a significant indirect effect on CDC screening behaviour through perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barriers and self‐efficiency. Cues to action exerted both significant direct and indirect effects on CDC screening behaviour. The indirect effects of cues to action were exerted through perceived susceptibility, perceived barriers and self‐efficiency. Conclusion: Health beliefs played vital roles in mediating the effects of knowledge and cues to action on patients' CDC screening behaviour. Health beliefs should be assessed and modified through creative educational methods. Strategies aimed at increasing cues to action are also expected to facilitate patients' CDC screening behaviour. Relevance to clinical practices: The study contributes to the exploration of how health beliefs affect patients' CDC screening behaviour. The results could be used to inspire future community‐based intervention programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Long‐term care needs are important for older adults with dementia in the West, but they have not received enough attention from China. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of a long‐term care needs instrument for older Chinese adults with dementia. Methods: A total of 1,212 older adults with dementia were recruited from five Chinese cities to complete a 30‐item long‐term care needs questionnaire. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using multiple assessments, including a content validity assessment, Cronbach's alpha, an item‐to‐total correlation test, and exploratory factor analysis. Results: The questionnaire was divided into four sub‐sections: life care services (eight items), basic and specialist care services (12 items), mental comfort psychological services (four items), and homecare support services (six items). Cronbach's alpha was.93 for the whole questionnaire and ranged from.83 to.92 for the four sub‐questionnaires. The item‐to‐total correlation coefficients for the four sub‐questionnaires were between.68 and.88, and the test–retest correlation coefficient was.88. Conclusion: Our results validated the reliability and validity of a questionnaire designed to measure the quality of long‐term care services for older Chinese adults with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Fatigue is very common in patients with breast cancer. Developing appropriate measurement tools to assess fatigue is critical. The aim of this study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-10 (MFI-10) in patients with breast cancer. Design: A cross-sectional validation study. Methods: The MFI-10 was translated in Chinese using a combination of expert assessment and cross-cultural adaptations. The Chinese version of MFI-10 was then administered to 402 patients with breast cancer from three affiliated hospitals. Results: Principal component analysis extracted three factors that explained 78.197% of the total variance. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of MFI-10 scale was 0.864. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit to data (χ2 = 51.638, df = 35, NFI = 0.943, CFI = 0.981, AGFI = 0.924, TLI = 0.975 and RMSEA = 0.049), which represents good construct validity. Conclusions: The MFI-10 is a reliable and valid tool to measure fatigue in Chinese patients with breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: The Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire (EBPQ-English) has been used in various populations. However, it has not been validated in the Chinese nursing population. This study aimed to translate EBPQ-English into Chinese and evaluate its psychometric properties. Methods: The Brislin translation procedure was used to maintain the conceptual equivalence. The validity and reliability of EBPQ-Chinese were investigated using exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's α with 810 nurses from nine tertiary hospitals in Southern China. Results: Principle axis factoring and oblimin rotation yielded three factors with 22 items, including Knowledge and Skills (k = 14; α = 0.94), Attitudes (k = 3; α = 0.83), and Practice (k = 5; α = 0.86), which explained 57.03% of the total variance. Conclusions: Evidence supports the validity and reliability of a three-factor 22-item EBPQ-Chinese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparing healthcare students for community care has been emphasised due to the global ageing population. An instrument to measure students' community care competency is lacking. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a new scale known as Community Care Competency Scale (CCCS) for measuring nursing students' community care competency. CCCS consists of 21 items derived from literature review and community care standards. Content validity was established through a panel of seven experts in the areas of knowledge with a content validity index of 0.96. A cross‐sectional study was undertaken in a university in Singapore by using an anonymous self‐administered questionnaire to nursing students, and obtained a response rate of 87% (n = 283). Psychometric properties were explored using convergent and known‐group validity testing, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach's alpha test. The results showed good convergent and known‐group validity. EFA and CFA showed a coherent construct of the 21 items of CCCS in a one‐factor model. The Cronbach's alpha of 0.94 indicated excellent internal consistency. The CCCS is a valid, reliable and easy‐to‐administer instrument that measures community care competency. This instrument will contribute to the empirical body of knowledge on evaluating the effectiveness of community care educational programmes for nursing students to prepare future healthcare professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To develop and validate an instrument to measure nurses' empathy motivation in China (See Supporting Information Appendix S1). Background: Nurses are increasingly expected to empathise with patients in clinical settings. However, research investigating nurses' empathy motivation in China is lacking, and no specific instrument exists worldwide. Design: Two‐stage cross‐sectional study, which follows the STROBE guidelines. Instrument development and psychometric evaluation were used (See Supporting Information Appendix S1). Methods: A literature review and qualitative interviews with nurses were conducted to generate the initial items. Convenience samples of 340 (for item analysis) and 640 (for psychometric evaluation) clinical nurses working at four tertiary hospitals in Anhui Province were recruited. The scale was validated by content validity, surface validity and item analysis. A total of 640 participants were randomly divided into two equal groups. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used with varimax rotation, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and internal consistency reliability to analyse the psychometric properties of the scale (See Supporting Information Appendix S1). Results: From the initial 90‐item pool, 27 items were retained by the item analysis. The EFA (N = 290) showed the following six factors on the scale explained 71.266% of the overall variance: amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrative regulation and intrinsic motivation. Furthermore, when limited to three factors, that is autonomy motivation, controlled motivation and amotivation, 56.578% of the variance was explained. The findings showed high internal consistency. The six‐factor solution and three‐factor solution of the scale, including 27 items, were both confirmed by the CFA, for example χ2/df = 1.744, 2.261; RMSEA = 0.051, 0.066; GFI = 0.882, 0.847; TLI = 0.942, 0.902; and RMR = 0.039, 0.049, respectively. Conclusions: The nurses' empathy motivation scale presents good psychometric properties and can be used to explore nurses' empathy motivation in China (See Supporting Information Appendix S1). Relevance to clinical practice: This study offers insight into nurses' complicated reasons for exhibiting empathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To develop and validate the Chinese version of Verbal and Social Interaction Questionnaire for Nursing Students. Background: The development of caring interaction skills is particularly important for achieving better nursing student–patient interactions. Nursing students in China, as in most countries, have often failed to establish a caring interaction with their patients. There is a lack of instruments to explore the difficulties and problems in nursing student–patient interactions in China. Design: A descriptive, cross‐sectional survey was carried out. Methods: Data for cross‐cultural adaptation and psychometric testing purposes were collected between May 10, 2017 and November 11, 2017. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed; pilot testing, content validity and reliability were assessed for the translated questionnaire. EQUATOR guidelines for observational studies (strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology) were applied. Results: 716 nursing students from four universities in China completed the questionnaire. A pilot testing (n = 32) was conducted at a university hospital. The internal consistency reliability and the intra‐class correlation coefficients were satisfactory. The overall content validity index was 0.95. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a four‐factor solution, explaining 61.26% of the variance, and the items had factor loadings ranging from 0.46–0.82. The final model's fit indexes were relatively acceptable. Overall, this instrument demonstrated sound psychometric properties. Conclusion: The Chinese version of Verbal and Social Interaction Questionnaire for Nursing Students has a high level of reliability and acceptable content validity. However, some values in the construct validity assessment were lower than was hypothesised, suggesting a need for further model modification. Relevance to clinical practice: This easy‐to‐use instrument may help nursing educators, clinicians and managers in the assessment and development of students' interactional skills during their training or student–nurse transition period. Using the questionnaire could both provide the students with a greater understanding of caring interactions and help the nursing educators gain a better comprehension of the students' verbal, social and interactional skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to validate the Health Care Provider HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale among medical staff in China. The validation was conducted in four steps from March to December 2017: translation and back-translation; content validity test with six experts; test–retest reliability testing with 63 medical staff with 2 weeks interval; and structural validation with 349 medical staff from 52 hospitals with a convenience sample,using exploratory factor analysis,including principal component analysis and varimax rotation. The scale content validity index average was 0.88, while for test–retest reliability, the ICC was 0.87. Three factors of "discrimination", "prejudice" and "stereotype" with 16 items were extracted and explained 59.61% variance. The Cronbach's alpha value for the total scale was of 0.88, and for the three factors, the values were 0.89, 0.86 and 0.74, respectively. The discrimination factor showed identical means between Canadian medical students and Chinese medical staff, while the prejudice and stereotype factors had higher mean scores in the Chinese sample. The three-factor structure of Health Care Provider HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale was confirmed in Chinese medical staff with a simpler solution. This could provide a basis for trans-cultural application and comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To translate and validate the Nurse Spiritual Therapeutics Scale (NSTS) among cancer patients in Beijing, China. Background: Spirituality is an essential and integrating facet of persons. However, spirituality is a new concept for most people in mainland China. Methods: The NSTS was translated, adapted and content‐validated. The psychometric evaluation was performed with data collected from cancer patients hospitalised in one of the two academic medical centres. After computing the scale content validity index (S‐CVI), exploratory factor analysis was conducted to understand the content validity of the scale. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. GRRAS checklist was used to enhance the quality and transparency of this research. Results: Participants (N = 153) completed the 18‐item C‐NSTS. The S‐CVI of the C‐NSTS was 0.92. Cronbach's alpha of C‐NSTS was 0.88. The C‐NSTS was observed to include three factors (providing of religious support, listening to one's life perception and finding of one's value) and three additional items that did not adequately load onto a factor, yet were retained given their face value. Together, these factors explained 65.2% of the variance. Conclusion: This initial psychometric evaluation of the 18‐item C‐NSTS demonstrated it to be a valid and reliable instrument to assess cancer patients' wishes regarding nurse‐provided spiritual care in the Chinese culture. Relevance to clinical practice: These findings could be used for spiritual care, hospice and palliative care, undergraduate or graduate studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To translate the Patient Perceptions of Patient‐Empowering Nurse Behaviours Scale (PPPNBS) into Chinese and to psychometrically test the Chinese version of PPPNBS (PPPNBS‐C) in chronically ill patients. Background: The growing prevalence and burden of chronic illnesses became the driving force for the need of empowerment as an approach to engage patients in self‐management. The PPPNBS was developed to assess patient perceptions of the process of empowerment during hospitalisation. Extending its application to different clinical context and ethnicities is worth pursuing. Design: A cross‐sectional survey. Methods: The PPPNBS was translated according to Brislin's translation guidelines and was culturally adapted. A questionnaire survey was carried out to determine the reliability and validity of the PPPNBS‐C among a total of 517 hospitalised patients with chronic illnesses. Results: The content validity was found to be good with a content validity index of 0.94. Exploratory factor analysis identified six factors explaining 68.56% of the total variance and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed this six‐factor structure. The hypothesised differences were demonstrated through contrasted group comparisons by time since diagnosis and length of hospital stay. The score of the PPPNBS‐C was significantly and positively associated with that of the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire, as was the Self‐Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6‐Item Scale score, providing evidence of convergent validity. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.960 and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.86 for the total scale, explaining good internal consistency and time stability. Conclusions: The PPPNBS‐C has preliminary verification of the validity and reliability and could be useful in measuring patient perceptions of patient‐empowering nurse behaviours. Relevance to clinical practice: The PPPNBS‐C can be applied to chronically ill patients as a metric of the implementation status of patient‐empowering nurse behaviours and can be used as a guide to encourage nurse's intentional utilisation of empowering behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives To develop a Meaning in Life Scale for cancer patients in Chinese version and to test the validity and reliability. Background Meaning in life is a protective factor of psychological well-being and is negatively related to depression and demoralisation among cancer patients. The existing scales measuring meaning in life are mostly designed in English and there is no scale designed for Chinese cancer patients based on Chinese cultural background. Design Process of instrument development and psychometric evaluation were used. Methods Items were generated from literature review and a focus group interview. Delphi technique was used to test the content validity. Item analysis and exploratory factor analysis were performed with data from 251 cancer patients. The internal consistency of the scale was tested by Cronbach's alpha. Results A 25-item Meaning in Life Scale in Chinese version with five domains was developed. The five factors explained 62·686% of the variance. The Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was 0·897. Conclusions The Meaning in Life Scale in Chinese version has acceptable internal consistency reliability and good content validity and acceptable construct validity. The content of the scale reflected the attitudes of cancer patients towards meaning in life based on Chinese cultural background. Relevance to clinical practice The Chinese version of Meaning in Life Scale for Cancer Patients appears to be a new scale to assess meaning in life among Chinese cancer patients exactly and the concept of meaning in life presented in this scale provides new ideas of meaning intervention in routine clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the validation of the Chinese versions of the Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SIDAS), the short form of Stigma of Suicide Scale (SOSS), and the short form of Literacy of Suicide Scale (LOSS) among 57 Chinese and English bilinguals and 224 Chinese university students. All the translated scales showed high correlations with the original versions. The translated SIDAS and refined SOSS demonstrated robust factor structures, good internal consistency, and convergent validity. Chinese students with self-reported depression symptoms tended to have higher glorification of suicide and lower suicide literacy. These brief scales fill an important gap in evaluating suicide outcomes in Chinese-speaking societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese people tend to use metaphorical expressions and rhetorical figures to convey meanings and emotions, and they usually talk about death implicitly. The assessment of death metaphors and images can provide a better understanding of Chinese personal perceptions of death. This study aimed at modifying the Chinese Death Metaphors Scale (CDMS; Cheung, 2005) and establishing one that is more suitable for Chinese people. Thirty-one death metaphor statements in Chinese were created from items of CDMS and an open questionnaire study. The item pool was tested with 425 participants and exploratory factor analysis revealed four factors (Comfortable/Painful/Sorrowful/Empty), differing with the two-factor structure (Positive/Negative) of the original CDMS. On the basis of this, a 24-item Revised Chinese Death Metaphors Scale was generated. It was carried out to 473 participants together with Templer’s Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) for Confirmatory factor analysis, which revealed an acceptable model fit: χ2/df = 4.05, goodness-of-fit index = .85, adjusted goodness-of-fit index = .82, incremental fit index = .90, nonnormed fit index = .90, comparative fit index = .90, root mean square error of approximation = .08, all met the criteria standards for adequacy of fit. Construct validity, criterion-related validity with DAS, and composite reliability were all acceptable and reasonable. The Chinese Death Metaphors Scale-Revised is satisfactory and reliable and more suitable than previous instruments for use with Chinese people. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objectives:To assess the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Aging Perceptions Questionnaire (C-APQ). Method:Participants aged 65 years and over were recruited from February 2012 to November 2012. The Aging Perceptions Questionnaire was translated into Chinese version professionally. Content validity was examined by a panel of seven experts; item reliabilities were assessed by test–retest; internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's α coefficient; half of the sample (N= 379) was selected to explore factorial structure of the C-APQ by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and another half of the sample (N= 379) was selected to confirm the findings from the EFA by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Statistical package SPSS version 18.0 and Amos 17.0 were used for the analysis. Results:The Cronbach's α coefficient of the C-APQ was 0.884. The test–retest reliability was satisfactory, with all intraclass correlation coefficients greater than 0.4. The overall content validity index was greater than 0.99. Seven factors (timeline acute/chronic, timeline cyclical, emotional representations, control positive, control negative, consequences positive and consequences negative) were identified in EFA and confirmed in CFA. Conclusion:The C-APQ could be a reliable and a valid measure of the self-perceptions of aging in the elderly in China, which may help to improve the life quality and extend longevity of the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aims To translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Essentials of Magnetism II tool ( EOM II) for Chinese nurses in critical care settings. Background The EOM II is a reliable and valid scale for measuring the healthy work environment ( HWE) for nurses in Western countries, however, it has not been validated among Chinese nurses. Methods The translation of the EOM II followed internationally recognized guidelines. The Chinese version of the Essentials of Magnetism II tool (C- EOM II) was reviewed by an expert panel for culturally semantic equivalence and content validity. Then, 706 nurses from 28 intensive care units ( ICUs) affiliated with 14 tertiary hospitals participated in this study. The reliability of the C- EOM II was assessed using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient; the content validity of this scale was assessed using the content validity index ( CVI); and the construct validity was assessed using the confirmatory factor analysis ( CFA). Results The C- EOM II showed excellent content validity with a CVI of 0·92. All the subscales of the C- EOM II were significantly correlated with overall nurse job satisfaction and nurse-assessed quality of care. The CFA showed that the C- EOM II was composed of 45 items with nine factors, accounting for 46·51% of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for these factors ranged from 0·56 to 0·89. Conclusions The C- EOM II is a promising scale to assess the HWE for Chinese ICU nurses. Relevance to clinical practice Nursing administrators and health care policy-makers can use the C- EOM II to evaluate clinical work environment so that a healthier work environment can be created and sustained for staff nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate nurse staffing levels and nursing care delivery in adult general medical or surgical wards of hospitals in the Pudong district of Shanghai, China. Background: Rapid economic development and improved Chinese living standards have spurred increased demands for high-quality health care. Thus, the quality of nursing services has become a focus of attention. Design: A cross-sectional, descriptive design was used for the study. Methods: We used an anonymous survey to collect data from 1614 nurses from 98 wards in seven general hospitals in Pudong, Shanghai. Results: During day shifts, the nurse-to-patient ratios were >1:10. However, these ratios were much higher during evening and night shifts. The clinical frontline nursing workforce primarily consisted of nurses with junior college degrees that had limited working experience. Junior nurses with different educational backgrounds, professional levels and work experiences were assigned almost similar nursing care work as senior nurses. Conclusions: In the surveyed hospitals in the Pudong district, nurse staffing levels and skill mix may be inadequate to meet the increasing demands of patient care. The clinical nursing workforce needs to be strengthened and used effectively to enhance the quality and safety of patient care. Relevance to clinical practice: We should focus on the quantity and quality of the nursing workforce, as well as nursing skill utilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the 11-item Chinese version of the Career Success Scale. Background Nurses play an important role in the healthcare system. Opportunities to achieve success and satisfaction from one's career affect the retention and stability of the nursing workforce. The Career Success Scale was originally developed in English and has been translated into Chinese. Psychometric testing of the Chinese Career Success Scale for measuring career success in nurses has not been performed. Design A cross-sectional survey was conducted. Method A convenience sample of 1148 clinical nurses were recruited from 10 level-3 hospitals in Guangdong Province, mainland China, from December 2010-December 2011. Results Results indicated that the Chinese Career Success Scale demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Principal component analysis supported the three-factor structure of the original instrument: Career Satisfaction, Perceived within Organization Competitiveness and Perceived External Organization Competitiveness. There were significant correlations among the three factors, which demonstrated the good construct validity of the Chinese version of this scale. Conclusion The Chinese Career Success Scale appears to be a reliable and valid instrument. It has the potential to be used to measure nurses' career success in mainland China. The findings will be useful for nurse leaders and policymakers in the evaluation of nurses' self-perceived career success and to develop strategies to promote nurse retention and career development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context In light of the call for humanistic caring in the contemporary health care system globally and in China, the issue of improving the caring skills that are essential to student success, high-quality nursing practice and positive patient outcomes is at the forefront of nursing education. Objectives The aim of this mixed-methods quantitative and qualitative study was to investigate baccalaureate nursing students' caring ability in the context of China and to explore the role of clinical practice learning in the development of students' caring skills. Methods A two-phase, descriptive study utilising a mixed methodology consisting of a caring ability survey and focus group interviews was conducted. In the quantitative phase, 598 baccalaureate nursing students at two colleges in Yunnan Province in southwest China were surveyed using the Caring Ability Inventory ( CAI). In the qualitative phase, 16 of the students who had participated in the quantitative phase were interviewed. Results Students obtained lower scores on the CAI than have been reported elsewhere by other researchers. In addition, students in the clinical stage of training scored lower than students in the pre-clinical stage. Three themes concerning facilitation by and three themes concerning the obstructive effects of clinical practice learning in the development of caring ability were identified. Themes pertaining to facilitation were: (i) promoting a sense of professional responsibility and ethics; (ii) providing an arena in which to practise caring, and (iii) learning from positive role models. Themes pertaining to obstruction were: (i) a critical practice learning environment; (ii) encountering inappropriate clinical teachers, and (iii) experiencing shock at the contrast between an idealised and the real environment. Conclusions The key to developing students' ability to care lies in highlighting caring across the entire health care system. By diminishing exposure to negative role models, and adopting appropriate pedagogical ideas about education in caring, such as truth telling and helping students to think in a critical manner, educators can help students to improve their caring ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To explore the level of nurses' job satisfaction and compare the differences between critical care nurses and general ward nurses in Mainland China. Background Hospitals continue to experience high nurse turnover. Job satisfaction is a key factor to retain skilled nurses. The differences in job satisfaction among critical care nurses and general ward nurses are unknown. Design A cross-sectional design was selected for this descriptive correlation study. Methods Cross-sectional study of critical care nurses ( n = 446) and general ward nurses ( n = 1118) in 9 general hospitals by means of questionnaires that included the Chinese Nurses Job Satisfaction Scale and demographic scale. The data were collected from June 2010-November 2010. Results Chinese nurses had moderate levels of job satisfaction, were satisfied with co-workers and family/work balance; and dissatisfied with pay and professional promotion. Critical care nurses were younger; less educated and had less job tenure when compared with nurses working on general wards. Critical care nurses were significantly less satisfied than general ward nurses with many aspects of their job. Conclusion Levels of nurses' job satisfaction can be improved. The lower job satisfaction of critical care nurses compared with general ward nurses should warn the healthcare administrators and managers of potentially increasing the critical care nurses turn over. Innovative and adaptable managerial interventions need to be taken to improve critical care nurse' job satisfaction and retain skilled nurse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) is used to evaluate maternal infant feeding attitude. The breastfeeding rate has declined but no validated instruments to assess infant feeding attitudes or related studies have been available in mainland China. Aims: The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of a mainland Chinese version of the IIFAS among postpartum women. Methods: Postpartum women (N = 660) were recruited from three university hospitals in Guangzhou in mainland China. The participants completed an IIFAS questionnaire before being discharged and accepted telephone follow-up sessions at 6 weeks and 3 months postpartum. The reliability of the scale was evaluated using intra-class correlations (ICC) for test-retest reliability, correlated item-total correlations and Cronbach's a. The validity of the scale was evaluated using the content validity index (CVI), construct validity using exploratory factor analysis and predictive validity using independent t-tests. Results: The ICC was 0.861. The correlated item-total correlations ranged from 0.262-0.691. Cronbach's a was 0.623. The CVI was 0.996. Four factors were extracted using exploratory factor analysis and they contributed to 48.69% of the total variance. Conclusions: The mainland Chinese version of the IIFAS scale can be considered a reliable, valid and predictive scale for assessing infant feeding attitudes among women in mainland China. In-hospital scores on the scale were significant predictors of the infant feeding method and breastfeeding duration at 3 days, 6 weeks and 3 months postpartum. Construct validity was confirmed and showed four factors. However, future studies are required to improve the lower level internal consistency of the IIFAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the authors examine the reliability and validity of the Fear of Intimacy with Helping Professionals Scale (FIS–HP) with Chinese (N = 150) and American (N = 145) elderly persons. Factor analysis using principal component analysis with a varimax rotation was used to examine the FIS–HP factor structure for both samples. A three factor solution emerged for both samples. The FIS–HP has acceptable internal consistency reliability with both the United States and China samples. Correlation analysis supported five of the six hypotheses related to convergent validity. English and Mandarin versions of the scale are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]