Search

Background: It has been reported that the knowledge, attitudes and practices of nurses play a significant role in preventing incontinence‐associated dermatitis (IAD), and these three factors influence and interact with each other. This study aimed to translate the English version of the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Incontinence‐Associated Dermatitis Questionnaire (KAP‐IAD‐Q) into Chinese and assess the validity and reliability of the Chinese KAP‐IAD‐Q (C‐ KAP‐IAD‐Q) used with Chinese nurses. Methods: The KAP‐IAD‐Q was translated into Chinese strictly in accordance with the Brislin translation model, and a Chinese version of IAD was formed after discussion by experts. From October to November 2021, a total of 259 Chinese nurses were recruited through a convenience sampling method and investigated using the Chinese version of the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the incontinence‐associated dermatitis questionnaire (C‐KAP‐IAD‐Q) and the general self‐efficacy scale to assess its reliability and validity. Results: Three factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis comprised of 22 items. The Cronbach's α coefficients were 0.961, 0.929 and 0.833, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.98 totally. The scale‐level content validity index (S‐CVI) was 0.95, and the item‐level content validity (I‐CVI) was 0.83–1.00. The correlation coefficient between the general self‐efficacy scale and the C‐KAP‐IAD‐Q was 0.561 (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The 22‐item C‐KAP‐IAD‐Q seems to be culturally well adapted and has good psychometric properties used by Chinese nurses. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? There is a knowledge gap among nurses, and the attitudes of nurses to prevent incontinence‐associated dermatitis (IAD) have a significant impact on the final implementation of preventive interventions.The Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of the Incontinence‐associated Dermatitis Questionnaire (KAP‐IAD‐Q) was developed and assessed as a valid and reliable tool in Singapore.China does not currently have such a tool.What this paper adds? This study translated the KAP‐IAD‐Q into Chinese and formed the Chinese version of the KAP‐IAD‐Q (C‐ KAP‐IAD‐Q).The C‐KAP‐IAD‐Q comprises 22 items and three factors, including knowledge, attitudes and practices towards IAD prevention with proper psychometric properties.The implications of this paper: The C‐KAP‐IAD‐Q could be used in clinical practice and research to provide a reference for improving the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards IAD prevention in China.The C‐KAP‐IAD‐Q can make a great contribution to supporting the education and management of IAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To psychometrically test the Chinese version of Self‐Care of Coronary Heart Disease Inventory. Background: Self‐care is a significant step to impede the progression of coronary heart disease and serves as the primary outcome in self‐care interventions. In China, however, no instrument is available to measure self‐care in patients with coronary heart disease. To address this gap, we introduce the Self‐Care of Coronary Heart Disease Inventory into China. Design A cross‐sectional design. Methods: We translated the inventory into Chinese using standardized methods. Then, it was psychometrically tested on a convenience sample of 301 patients with coronary heart disease (October 2017 to May 2018). Construct validity was evaluated via exploratory factor analysis and testing hypotheses. Internal consistency reliability was measured with Cronbach's alpha or composite reliability. Results: Both self‐care maintenance and management subscales showed a two‐factor structure, whereas self‐care confidence subscale showed a one‐dimension structure. All subscales were significantly correlated with associated variables (disease‐related knowledge and perceived control). The internal consistency reliability for all three subscales was acceptable. Conclusion: The Chinese version showed acceptable psychometric properties when applied to the sample group of this study. It is recommended for use in self‐care interventions targeting coronary heart disease. SUMMARY STATEMENT: What is already known about this topic? Self‐care is important for patients with coronary heart disease to control risk factors, reduce recurrence and improve the prognosis.Self‐Care of Coronary Heart Disease Inventory is developed based on the middle‐range theory of self‐care of chronic illnesses and shown acceptable psychometric properties.Self‐care of CHD is a growing focus of research and clinical practice; however, a tailored instrument to measure self‐care in Chinese patients with CHD is lacking. What this paper adds? This study provides the evidence of the construct validity and internal consistency reliability of the Chinese version of Self‐Care of Coronary Heart Disease Inventory.The Chinese version is a reliable and valid measure to assess the self‐care in patients with coronary heart disease. The implications of this paper: This study fills an important gap concerning measures of self‐care related to CHD in China.The Chinese version of Self‐Care of Coronary Heart Disease Inventory has the potential to be an ideal outcome measure in self‐care interventions and promote the research focusing on self‐care of CHD.This study adds the knowledge of the psychometric properties regarding the inventory in diverse cultural backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital competence is critical for university students to adapt to and benefit from digitally enhanced learning. Prior studies on its measurement mostly focus on educators and relied on factor analyses. However, there is a lack of valid and convenient tools to measure university students' digital competence. This study aimed to develop a digital competence scale for university students (DC‐US) in digitally enhanced learning with robust psychometric properties. An initial DC‐US with 23 items was proposed to measure the single latent trait of digital competence. It was validated and refined continuously through a pilot study, a main study and a predictive validity study in three datasets involving 825 participants altogether, using factor analyses, Rasch analyses and the partial least squares modelling. The final DC‐US turned out to comprise two subscales: technical literacy and digital skills, with 10 items retained, and manifested high internal consistency, unidimensionality and measurement invariance. The scale also demonstrated strong predictive validity, with technical literacy greatly predicting digital skills, which negatively predicted technostress. The DC‐US enables instructors and school administrators to conveniently obtain preliminary information of university students' digital competence, informing their digital class preparation and development of timely interventions for addressing digital deficiencies. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic?: Digital competence is critical for university students to adapt to and benefit from digitally enhanced learning (DEL).There is a lack of valid and convenient tools to measure university students' digital competence.Prior studies on its measurement mostly focus on educators and relied on factor analyses. What this paper adds?: A unidimensional, valid and unbiased digital competence scale was developed for university students.Rasch analyses and classical test theory were employed jointly for the scale development.The digital competence scale comprised two subscales: Technical literacy and digital skills. Implications for practice: University students can use the scale for a quick self‐assessment of their digital competence before joining DEL.Instructors can use the scale to gain an initial knowledge of their students' digital competence to inform digital class preparation.University administrators can rely on the scale to quickly evaluate the implementation effectiveness of DEL schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of this study was to refine the Falling Risk Assessment Tool in Ophthalmology Inpatients (FRAT) and assess its psychometric properties. Design: A cross‐sectional design was used. Methods: A convenience sample of 730 patients in the ophthalmology department was recruited in a level A tertiary hospital in Guangdong Province from July 2021 to January 2022. Data were analysed using item analysis, interrater reliability, content validation, internal consistency reliability and exploratory factor analysis. Results: Five factors were extracted, accounting for 63.039% of the variance. The interrater reliability of the tool was 0.97. Cronbach's α was 0.658. The I‐CVI was 0.75–1.00, the S‐CVI/UA was 0.95 and the adjusted mean values of Kappa for indicators ranged from 0.72 to 1.00, as evaluated by the expert group. The FRAT showed satisfactory reliability and validity, and can be used to measure the fall risk assessment in ophthalmology inpatients. Patient or Public Contribution: After explaining the purpose, the patients received our fall risk assessment and answered the corresponding questionnaire questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To adapt and psychometrically test two scales from The Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS) for measuring nurses' preparedness to manage intimate partner violence (IPV) and opinions on IPV in China. Design: A cross‐sectional study for cross‐cultural adaptation and validation of instruments. Methods: The study was conducted in two tertiary hospitals in northeastern and southwestern China in 2020: (Step 1) translation and back‐translation by four translators; (Step 2) expert consultation to assess content validity by a five‐person panel; (Step 3) cognitive debriefing to evaluate the online survey with six nurses; (Step 4) pilot testing to finalize the survey with 79 nurses; and (Step 5) psychometric evaluation of construct validity and internal consistency reliability including post hoc analysis with 1071 nurses. Results: The Chinese scales of Perceived Preparation and Opinions demonstrated generally acceptable content validity, construct validity and internal consistency reliability; some factor analysis results were uninterpretable, and socially desirable responses existed. A post hoc inspection of item and score distributions assisted the item classification into Confident, Cautious and Concerned regarding the authenticity of nurses' responses. Conclusion: Reliability and construct validity of the Chinese versions of Perceived Preparation and Opinions were supported in this sample. The instrument measures nurses' preparedness and opinions towards IPV. Item classification into Confident, Cautious and Concerned categories is a pragmatic way to interpret the results. Impact The Chinese scales can be used to measure nurses' preparedness and opinions towards IPV in China. The study also provides an approach for interpretation of results and identification of socially desirable responses in validation and survey studies in other contexts. The adaptation and use of the Chinese scales serve as a primary step in responding to IPV in China's health sector and can be used as a template for adapting the instrument in other low‐ and middle‐income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The present study aimed to develop and examine the psychometric properties of the Transition Status Scale for Newly Graduated Nurses. Methods: Three phases were conducted: Phase I involved a qualitative research to explore and establish the potential items pool; Phase II reduced the items using the item analysis with a sample of 73 nurses. Phase III evaluated the psychometric properties of the final scale. Data from 814 valid questionnaires were analysed using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Five factors, including 'Interpersonal integration', 'Profession‐related positive emotion', 'Competence for nursing work', and 'Active coping strategies', 'Balance between work and life', accounted for 68.87% of total variance. Cronbach's α was 0.891. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated acceptable model fitness. Conclusions: The Transition Status Scale for Newly Graduated Nurses has good psychometric properties. It can be used to measure the transition status conveniently and effectively. Implications for Nursing Management: The assessment result with the Transition Status Scale for Newly Graduated Nurses can provide information about the transition status of new nurses, thereby providing reference to guide the specific nursing interventions to smooth the transition process. It can also work as an alternative instrument to compare the effectiveness of different transition programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Long‐term care needs are important for older adults with dementia in the West, but they have not received enough attention from China. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of a long‐term care needs instrument for older Chinese adults with dementia. Methods: A total of 1,212 older adults with dementia were recruited from five Chinese cities to complete a 30‐item long‐term care needs questionnaire. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using multiple assessments, including a content validity assessment, Cronbach's alpha, an item‐to‐total correlation test, and exploratory factor analysis. Results: The questionnaire was divided into four sub‐sections: life care services (eight items), basic and specialist care services (12 items), mental comfort psychological services (four items), and homecare support services (six items). Cronbach's alpha was.93 for the whole questionnaire and ranged from.83 to.92 for the four sub‐questionnaires. The item‐to‐total correlation coefficients for the four sub‐questionnaires were between.68 and.88, and the test–retest correlation coefficient was.88. Conclusion: Our results validated the reliability and validity of a questionnaire designed to measure the quality of long‐term care services for older Chinese adults with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Fatigue is very common in patients with breast cancer. Developing appropriate measurement tools to assess fatigue is critical. The aim of this study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-10 (MFI-10) in patients with breast cancer. Design: A cross-sectional validation study. Methods: The MFI-10 was translated in Chinese using a combination of expert assessment and cross-cultural adaptations. The Chinese version of MFI-10 was then administered to 402 patients with breast cancer from three affiliated hospitals. Results: Principal component analysis extracted three factors that explained 78.197% of the total variance. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of MFI-10 scale was 0.864. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit to data (χ2 = 51.638, df = 35, NFI = 0.943, CFI = 0.981, AGFI = 0.924, TLI = 0.975 and RMSEA = 0.049), which represents good construct validity. Conclusions: The MFI-10 is a reliable and valid tool to measure fatigue in Chinese patients with breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: The Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire (EBPQ-English) has been used in various populations. However, it has not been validated in the Chinese nursing population. This study aimed to translate EBPQ-English into Chinese and evaluate its psychometric properties. Methods: The Brislin translation procedure was used to maintain the conceptual equivalence. The validity and reliability of EBPQ-Chinese were investigated using exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's α with 810 nurses from nine tertiary hospitals in Southern China. Results: Principle axis factoring and oblimin rotation yielded three factors with 22 items, including Knowledge and Skills (k = 14; α = 0.94), Attitudes (k = 3; α = 0.83), and Practice (k = 5; α = 0.86), which explained 57.03% of the total variance. Conclusions: Evidence supports the validity and reliability of a three-factor 22-item EBPQ-Chinese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparing healthcare students for community care has been emphasised due to the global ageing population. An instrument to measure students' community care competency is lacking. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a new scale known as Community Care Competency Scale (CCCS) for measuring nursing students' community care competency. CCCS consists of 21 items derived from literature review and community care standards. Content validity was established through a panel of seven experts in the areas of knowledge with a content validity index of 0.96. A cross‐sectional study was undertaken in a university in Singapore by using an anonymous self‐administered questionnaire to nursing students, and obtained a response rate of 87% (n = 283). Psychometric properties were explored using convergent and known‐group validity testing, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach's alpha test. The results showed good convergent and known‐group validity. EFA and CFA showed a coherent construct of the 21 items of CCCS in a one‐factor model. The Cronbach's alpha of 0.94 indicated excellent internal consistency. The CCCS is a valid, reliable and easy‐to‐administer instrument that measures community care competency. This instrument will contribute to the empirical body of knowledge on evaluating the effectiveness of community care educational programmes for nursing students to prepare future healthcare professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To develop and validate an instrument to measure nurses' empathy motivation in China (See Supporting Information Appendix S1). Background: Nurses are increasingly expected to empathise with patients in clinical settings. However, research investigating nurses' empathy motivation in China is lacking, and no specific instrument exists worldwide. Design: Two‐stage cross‐sectional study, which follows the STROBE guidelines. Instrument development and psychometric evaluation were used (See Supporting Information Appendix S1). Methods: A literature review and qualitative interviews with nurses were conducted to generate the initial items. Convenience samples of 340 (for item analysis) and 640 (for psychometric evaluation) clinical nurses working at four tertiary hospitals in Anhui Province were recruited. The scale was validated by content validity, surface validity and item analysis. A total of 640 participants were randomly divided into two equal groups. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used with varimax rotation, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and internal consistency reliability to analyse the psychometric properties of the scale (See Supporting Information Appendix S1). Results: From the initial 90‐item pool, 27 items were retained by the item analysis. The EFA (N = 290) showed the following six factors on the scale explained 71.266% of the overall variance: amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrative regulation and intrinsic motivation. Furthermore, when limited to three factors, that is autonomy motivation, controlled motivation and amotivation, 56.578% of the variance was explained. The findings showed high internal consistency. The six‐factor solution and three‐factor solution of the scale, including 27 items, were both confirmed by the CFA, for example χ2/df = 1.744, 2.261; RMSEA = 0.051, 0.066; GFI = 0.882, 0.847; TLI = 0.942, 0.902; and RMR = 0.039, 0.049, respectively. Conclusions: The nurses' empathy motivation scale presents good psychometric properties and can be used to explore nurses' empathy motivation in China (See Supporting Information Appendix S1). Relevance to clinical practice: This study offers insight into nurses' complicated reasons for exhibiting empathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To develop and validate the Chinese version of Verbal and Social Interaction Questionnaire for Nursing Students. Background: The development of caring interaction skills is particularly important for achieving better nursing student–patient interactions. Nursing students in China, as in most countries, have often failed to establish a caring interaction with their patients. There is a lack of instruments to explore the difficulties and problems in nursing student–patient interactions in China. Design: A descriptive, cross‐sectional survey was carried out. Methods: Data for cross‐cultural adaptation and psychometric testing purposes were collected between May 10, 2017 and November 11, 2017. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed; pilot testing, content validity and reliability were assessed for the translated questionnaire. EQUATOR guidelines for observational studies (strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology) were applied. Results: 716 nursing students from four universities in China completed the questionnaire. A pilot testing (n = 32) was conducted at a university hospital. The internal consistency reliability and the intra‐class correlation coefficients were satisfactory. The overall content validity index was 0.95. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a four‐factor solution, explaining 61.26% of the variance, and the items had factor loadings ranging from 0.46–0.82. The final model's fit indexes were relatively acceptable. Overall, this instrument demonstrated sound psychometric properties. Conclusion: The Chinese version of Verbal and Social Interaction Questionnaire for Nursing Students has a high level of reliability and acceptable content validity. However, some values in the construct validity assessment were lower than was hypothesised, suggesting a need for further model modification. Relevance to clinical practice: This easy‐to‐use instrument may help nursing educators, clinicians and managers in the assessment and development of students' interactional skills during their training or student–nurse transition period. Using the questionnaire could both provide the students with a greater understanding of caring interactions and help the nursing educators gain a better comprehension of the students' verbal, social and interactional skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To translate and validate the Nurse Spiritual Therapeutics Scale (NSTS) among cancer patients in Beijing, China. Background: Spirituality is an essential and integrating facet of persons. However, spirituality is a new concept for most people in mainland China. Methods: The NSTS was translated, adapted and content‐validated. The psychometric evaluation was performed with data collected from cancer patients hospitalised in one of the two academic medical centres. After computing the scale content validity index (S‐CVI), exploratory factor analysis was conducted to understand the content validity of the scale. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. GRRAS checklist was used to enhance the quality and transparency of this research. Results: Participants (N = 153) completed the 18‐item C‐NSTS. The S‐CVI of the C‐NSTS was 0.92. Cronbach's alpha of C‐NSTS was 0.88. The C‐NSTS was observed to include three factors (providing of religious support, listening to one's life perception and finding of one's value) and three additional items that did not adequately load onto a factor, yet were retained given their face value. Together, these factors explained 65.2% of the variance. Conclusion: This initial psychometric evaluation of the 18‐item C‐NSTS demonstrated it to be a valid and reliable instrument to assess cancer patients' wishes regarding nurse‐provided spiritual care in the Chinese culture. Relevance to clinical practice: These findings could be used for spiritual care, hospice and palliative care, undergraduate or graduate studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To translate the Patient Perceptions of Patient‐Empowering Nurse Behaviours Scale (PPPNBS) into Chinese and to psychometrically test the Chinese version of PPPNBS (PPPNBS‐C) in chronically ill patients. Background: The growing prevalence and burden of chronic illnesses became the driving force for the need of empowerment as an approach to engage patients in self‐management. The PPPNBS was developed to assess patient perceptions of the process of empowerment during hospitalisation. Extending its application to different clinical context and ethnicities is worth pursuing. Design: A cross‐sectional survey. Methods: The PPPNBS was translated according to Brislin's translation guidelines and was culturally adapted. A questionnaire survey was carried out to determine the reliability and validity of the PPPNBS‐C among a total of 517 hospitalised patients with chronic illnesses. Results: The content validity was found to be good with a content validity index of 0.94. Exploratory factor analysis identified six factors explaining 68.56% of the total variance and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed this six‐factor structure. The hypothesised differences were demonstrated through contrasted group comparisons by time since diagnosis and length of hospital stay. The score of the PPPNBS‐C was significantly and positively associated with that of the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire, as was the Self‐Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6‐Item Scale score, providing evidence of convergent validity. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.960 and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.86 for the total scale, explaining good internal consistency and time stability. Conclusions: The PPPNBS‐C has preliminary verification of the validity and reliability and could be useful in measuring patient perceptions of patient‐empowering nurse behaviours. Relevance to clinical practice: The PPPNBS‐C can be applied to chronically ill patients as a metric of the implementation status of patient‐empowering nurse behaviours and can be used as a guide to encourage nurse's intentional utilisation of empowering behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives To develop a Meaning in Life Scale for cancer patients in Chinese version and to test the validity and reliability. Background Meaning in life is a protective factor of psychological well-being and is negatively related to depression and demoralisation among cancer patients. The existing scales measuring meaning in life are mostly designed in English and there is no scale designed for Chinese cancer patients based on Chinese cultural background. Design Process of instrument development and psychometric evaluation were used. Methods Items were generated from literature review and a focus group interview. Delphi technique was used to test the content validity. Item analysis and exploratory factor analysis were performed with data from 251 cancer patients. The internal consistency of the scale was tested by Cronbach's alpha. Results A 25-item Meaning in Life Scale in Chinese version with five domains was developed. The five factors explained 62·686% of the variance. The Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was 0·897. Conclusions The Meaning in Life Scale in Chinese version has acceptable internal consistency reliability and good content validity and acceptable construct validity. The content of the scale reflected the attitudes of cancer patients towards meaning in life based on Chinese cultural background. Relevance to clinical practice The Chinese version of Meaning in Life Scale for Cancer Patients appears to be a new scale to assess meaning in life among Chinese cancer patients exactly and the concept of meaning in life presented in this scale provides new ideas of meaning intervention in routine clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the validation of the Chinese versions of the Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SIDAS), the short form of Stigma of Suicide Scale (SOSS), and the short form of Literacy of Suicide Scale (LOSS) among 57 Chinese and English bilinguals and 224 Chinese university students. All the translated scales showed high correlations with the original versions. The translated SIDAS and refined SOSS demonstrated robust factor structures, good internal consistency, and convergent validity. Chinese students with self-reported depression symptoms tended to have higher glorification of suicide and lower suicide literacy. These brief scales fill an important gap in evaluating suicide outcomes in Chinese-speaking societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aims To translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Essentials of Magnetism II tool ( EOM II) for Chinese nurses in critical care settings. Background The EOM II is a reliable and valid scale for measuring the healthy work environment ( HWE) for nurses in Western countries, however, it has not been validated among Chinese nurses. Methods The translation of the EOM II followed internationally recognized guidelines. The Chinese version of the Essentials of Magnetism II tool (C- EOM II) was reviewed by an expert panel for culturally semantic equivalence and content validity. Then, 706 nurses from 28 intensive care units ( ICUs) affiliated with 14 tertiary hospitals participated in this study. The reliability of the C- EOM II was assessed using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient; the content validity of this scale was assessed using the content validity index ( CVI); and the construct validity was assessed using the confirmatory factor analysis ( CFA). Results The C- EOM II showed excellent content validity with a CVI of 0·92. All the subscales of the C- EOM II were significantly correlated with overall nurse job satisfaction and nurse-assessed quality of care. The CFA showed that the C- EOM II was composed of 45 items with nine factors, accounting for 46·51% of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for these factors ranged from 0·56 to 0·89. Conclusions The C- EOM II is a promising scale to assess the HWE for Chinese ICU nurses. Relevance to clinical practice Nursing administrators and health care policy-makers can use the C- EOM II to evaluate clinical work environment so that a healthier work environment can be created and sustained for staff nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To determine the validity, reliability and acceptability of the Mandarin Chinese version of the Problems and Needs in Palliative Care questionnaire-short version (PNPC-sv) for measuring problems and palliative care needs among patients with advanced cancer. Methods: This was a validation study using a forward- and backward- translation procedure, a panel of experts and a cross-sectional study design. The Mandarin Chinese version of the PNPC-sv was translated by four independent translators. The translated Chinese version was further reviewed by an expert panel to identify its content validity. A pilot test was conducted in 10 advanced cancer patients to preliminarily assess the face validity, readability and clarity of the pre-final version of the PNPC-sv. 178 patients with advanced cancer, regardless of their gender and types of cancer diagnosis, were further recruited through a convenience sampling from three tertiary hospitals in China to assess the psychometric properties of the PNPC-sv Mandarin Chinese version. Content validity was measured using the content validity index (CVI). Construct validity was estimated via confirmatory factor analysis and the contrasted groups approach. Concurrent validity was identified by analysing the correlations between the EORTC Quality-of-Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) and the PNPC-sv. Reliability of the PNPC-sv was examined with the internal consistency reliability and item-to-total correlations. Several closed-ended and open-ended questions were designed to explore its acceptability. Results: 174 patients completed the questionnaires. High content and face validity were determined after the two rounds of assessment with the expert panel and the patients. An excellent CVI of 1.0 was achieved and patients rated the PNPC-sv as a useful instrument for assessing their problems and needs (mean score = 7.99, 0–10 scale) and reported the items were not particularly sensitive and easy to understand. The majority of the fit indexes meet the critical criteria, with the Chi-square divided by degrees of freedom (x2/df) being 1.58 and 2.05, and the root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA) being 0.06 and 0.07 for the problem part and need-for-care part, respectively. In relation to the contrasted groups analysis, it clearly discriminated the differences on the sub-scores of Activities of Daily Life (ADL), spiritual and psychological problems and needs between male and female patients; ADL, physical, social and financial problems and needs between age groups; and autonomic problems and needs between patients with different cancer stages. Statistically significant correlations (p < 0.05) were detected between the PNPC-sv and the EORTC QLQ-C30 in the majority of the sub-scores (positive correlations) and total scores (negative correlations). The Cronbach's alpha of the total scale was 0.88 and 0.91 for the problem part and need-for-care part, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha of the subscales were generally above 0.70. Item-to-total correlations were generally acceptable, with the majority of the values being above 0.40. The PNPC-sv questionnaire was reported to be convenient and easy to understand, and the average time for completing was 11 min. Conclusions: The Mandarin Chinese version of the PNPC-sv is a valid, reliable and user-friendly instrument for measuring problems and palliative care needs among patients with advanced cancer. Further research is needed to further examine its psychometric properties particular internal structure in a larger patient sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Psychometrically rigorous and comprehensive needs assessment measures for Chinese general cancer caregivers are relatively scarce. We described the development and psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Cancer Support Person's Unmet Needs Survey‐Short Form (SPUNS‐SFC). Methods: A forward–backward translation method was utilised to develop the SPUNS‐SFC. The construct validity, internal consistency, convergent validity and discriminant validity of the SPUNS‐SFC were evaluated. Results: A total of 1,026 Chinese cancer caregivers completed the SPUNS‐SFC. Items 10, 11, 13, 24 and 26 were removed as more than 80% of respondents reported having no unmet needs on these items. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a five‐factor structure, which accounted for 78.47% of the total variance, and consisted of the following domains: information, healthcare access and continuity, personal and emotional needs, worries about the future, and financial needs. Internal consistency of the measure was high, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranging from 0.87 to 0.95 for the five domains. The measure illustrated adequate evidence of convergent validity, demonstrated by significant correlations with multiple measures of psychological well‐being. Known‐groups validity was established, as 87.5% of the hypotheses were supported. Conclusion: This study indicates the SPUNS‐SFC is a reliable and valid measure of the unmet needs of Chinese cancer caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]