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Dermatophytes represent the largest and most common group of fungal infections, impacting 25% of the global population. Among them, Trichophyton rubrum has emerged as the predominant species, responsible for a range of conditions such as tinea corporis, tinea pedis, onychomycosis, tinea cruris, and tinea manuum. Although dermatophyte incidence varies geographically, there is a noticeable rise in cases caused by T. indotineae, a strain that exhibits resistance to terbinafine. In the past decade zoophilic dermatophyte T. mentagophytes genotype VII (now known as T. interdigitale) gains a growing importance, due to its increasing frequency, the severity of the clinical manifestation and mode of transmission. Tinea infections present with various clinical symptoms and can affect individuals of all ages, from tinea pedis in adults to tinea capitis in children. Among adults globally, tinea unguium (onychomycosis) is the most common form of dermatophytosis, affecting 5.5% of the general population. Tinea unguium is more frequently seen in developed countries, while tinea capitis is more common in developing nations. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in cases of tinea faciei, likely due to prolonged mask-wearing. Terbinafine remains the preferred treatment for dermatophyte infections worldwide due to its potent fungicidal properties, minimal risk of drug interactions, and fewer side effects compared to other oral antifungals. Itraconazole and terbinafine appear to be equally effective and safe for treating tinea cruris and tinea corporis. However, the rising resistance of dermatophytes to these antifungal drugs, along with frequent recurrences of dermatophytosis in certain regions, is becoming a significant public health concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the rapid development of the economy and changes in lifestyle in recent years, the epidemiological pattern of dermatophytosis has changed. We analyzed the epidemiological features of dermatophytosis in a hospital in Hangzhou from 2018 to 2023. Methods: Data from patients with culture-positive dermatophytosis were obtained from the Laboratory Information System of the Mycology Laboratory of our hospital. Dermatophyte isolates were mainly identified by macroscopic and microscopic features of the colonies. Results: There were 32,786 patients with culture-positive dermatophytosis during the 6-year period, including 16,789 male patients and 15,990 female patients. Patients’ ages ranged from 1 month to 97 years. Tinea unguium accounted for the largest proportion (14,879, 45.38%), which was mainly prevalent among females (8946, 60.13%). Significant gender differences were observed in all clinical types of dermatophytosis, except for tinea pedis. In total, 15,486 (47.73%) patients aged 21–40 years. The median age of patients with tinea manum and tinea capitis was the highest (49 years) and the lowest (5 years), respectively. Nine species of isolated dermatophytes were identified, of which Trichophyton rubrum accounted for 90.20% (29,573 cases). M. canis accounted for 66.80% of isolated dermatophytes from tinea capitis. The isolation rates of zoophilic species were 43.41% in tinea faciei and 18.90% in tinea corporis. Conclusion: T. rubrum was absolutely predominant agent of dermatophytosis except tinea capitis in which M. canis was the most common organism. The prevalence of zoophilic dermatophytes has increased in tinea faciei and tinea corporis. Tinea unguium was the major clinical form of dermatophytosis, and it was more prevalent among females. The onset peak of dermatophytosis was in the age group of 21–40 years, except for tinea capitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The increase in fungal infections, both systemic and invasive, is a major source of morbidity and mortality, particularly among immunocompromised people such as cancer patients and organ transplant recipients. Because of their strong therapeutic activity and excellent safety profiles, azole antifungals are currently the most extensively used systemic antifungal drugs. Antibacterial properties of various topical antifungals, such as oxiconazole, which features oxime ether functionality, were discovered, indicating an exciting prospect in antimicrobial chemotherapy. Methods: In this study, eleven new oxime ether derivatives with the azole scaffold (5a–k) were synthesized and tested for their antimicrobial effects using the microdilution method to obtain broad-spectrum hits. Results: Although the title compounds showed limited efficacy against Candida species, they proved highly effective against dermatophytes. Compounds 5c and 5h were the most potent derivatives against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Arthroderma quadrifidum, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values lower than those of the reference drug, griseofulvin. The MIC of 5c and 5h were 0.491 μg/mL and 0.619 μg/mL against T. mentagrophytes (MIC of griseofulvin: 2.52 μg/mL). The compounds were also tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Briefly, 5c was the most active against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, with MIC values much better than that of ciprofloxacin (MIC of 5c = 1.56 μg/mL and 1.23 μg/mL, MIC of ciprofloxacin = 31.49 and 125.99 μg/mL, respectively). Molecular docking suggested a good fit in the active site of fungal lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) and bacterial FtsZ (Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z) protein. Conclusions: As a result, the title compounds emerged as promising entities with broad antifungal and antibacterial effects, highlighting the utility of oxime ether function in the azole scaffold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the emerging dermatophyte fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes genotype VII (TMVII), which is associated with tinea infections that can be transmitted through sexual contact. Topics include the clinical characteristics and treatment of TMVII infections, recent cases diagnosed in New York City among men who have sex with men, and public health implications regarding the need for awareness and education among healthcare providers.

Dermatophytosis is distributed worldwide, with a global prevalence of 20%-25%, while allergic diseases have a high prevalence of 10%-45% in the global population. In recent years, research on the correlation between dermatophytosis and allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma has been reported successively, highlighting a previously overlooked relationship between dermatophytes and allergic diseases. This review summarizes the research progress on fungal allergens, the correlation between dermatophytosis and allergic diseases, as well as the mechanisms of interaction, aiming to provide insights for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytosis and allergic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microsporum canis is considered one of the filamentous fungi that cause surface fungal contagion in the humans and animals. The present study aimed to diagnose M. canis via the molecular method and differentiating its local Iraqi isolates from global isolates. Microscopic examination showed 55 specimens with M. canis from 130 specimens collected from children aged between 4-10 years suspected of dermatophytes who attended Medical City Laboratories and Baghdad Hospital in Baghdad city from 1/12/2022 to 1/3/2023. The results showed that the frequency of M. canis infections was 55/130 (42.31%). The results demonstrated significant differences in the animals' contact (p <0.0001), lesions (0.03) and habitation area (p =0.002). Whilst the ages appeared with non-significant differences (p =0.6). In order to confirm the microscopic examination and compare the Iraqi isolates with other global ones, the 55 positive results with M. canis were further diagnosed by using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 4 universal primers with a size of 550 bp for PCR amplicons. PCR amplicons sequencing showed only one isolate of M. Canis that differed from global isolates registered in the database of NCBI. The Iraqi local isolate of M. canis was registered with accession number: OM185328. In conclusion, the PCR technique using ITS rDNA aided in confirming the detection of dermatophytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tinea capitis is an infectious dermatosis frequent in children, causative fungi variable over time and space. The risk factors associated with this disease are still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of tinea capitis among schoolchildren in Lomé (Togo), identify the fungal species involved and assess the associated risk factors. Patients and Methods: It was a cross‐sectional and case–control study conducted in primary schools in Lomé from November 2020 to April 2021. All pupils presenting tinea capitis suspected lesions have been sampled, and the scraping and hair were examined by direct microscopy in KOH solution and cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide. Positive children were matched by age and sex with those without symptoms for case–control study. Results: Out of the 15,087 pupils enrolled, 465 had positive cultures for dermatophytes, corresponding to the tinea capitis prevalence of 3.08% (95% CI [2.59–3.57]). Trichophyton mentagrophytes (81.86%) and Trichophyton soudanense (13.12%) were the majors isolated dermatophytes. The risk factors were mostly living in households with domestic animals, showering less than twice a day, having a history of ringworm, having similar lesions in the same household and sharing personal hygiene items. Conclusion: This study highlights the low prevalence of tinea capitis in schoolchildren in Lomé (Togo), the causative species dominated by T. mentagrophytes and emphasises the importance of environmental and behavioural factors in the mycosis transmission. Implementing preventive measures addressing the identified factors could help to reduce the prevalence of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dermatophytosis, caused by dermatophytes, affects up to 25% of people globally, with higher rates observed in Africa and Asia. While these infections are usually superficial, they can become severe in immunocompromised individuals. Despite their high prevalence, scientific research on dermatophytes is limited and the epidemiological data available are insufficient. In addition, diagnostic methods are not standardised and there are challenges with resistance to antifungals. Objectives: This study aimed to conduct a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications related to dermatophytes and dermatophytosis to assess research output and trends. Methods: A bibliometric analysis of publications from 2000 to 2023 in Web of Science and Scopus examined trends, citation counts, publication types, key journals, top authors and institutions and funding sources. Results: The analysis revealed a significant increase in dermatophyte‐related publications, with 15,868 articles retrieved from the Web of Science and 23,189 from Scopus. Research articles dominated the output, constituting 76.2% in Web of Science and 80% in Scopus. Peak publication years were 2019, 2021 and 2022 in Web of Science, and 2020, 2021 and 2023 in Scopus, with lower output between 2000 and 2002. The United States and India were the leading contributors, followed by Brazil and China, though citation metrics varied. Although there has been a rise in the number of publications, the amount of research conducted on dermatophytes is still very limited in comparison with other types of fungal diseases. Conclusions: Dermatophyte‐related research has increased over the past 2 decades. However, research gaps remain, particularly compared with other fungal diseases. Advances in diagnostics, antifungal testing and taxonomic classification are urgently needed. The study underscores the need for continued research and global collaboration to address these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatophytoses are infectious skin diseases of public health importance because of their transmissibility and high prevalence, especially among children. This is the first study aiming to estimate and report the burden of dermatophytoses on school-age children on the island of Santiago in Cape Verde, an African country that is an archipelago. A total of 249 students attending the afternoon shift of three elementary schools in the city of Achada Igreja were examined. Of these, 60 had suspected lesions of dermatophyte infection. However, from the samples collected from these 60 students, including hair, nails, and skin scrapings, only 18 dermatophyte isolates were obtained, corresponding to a point prevalence of 7.2%. Morphological species identification demonstrated three different species: Trichophyton soudanense, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton violaceum; re-identification by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 2 regions of ribosomal DNA, and the 5.8S rDNA encoding gene (ITS-5.8S region), revealed T. soudanense as the most prevalent species, with only one case of T. rubrum. This is the first epidemiological data describing dermatophytoses and dermatophytes in Cape Verde among school-age children on one of the archipelago islands. It reinforces the need of using culture and accurate identification methodologies when gathering epidemiological data on dermatophytoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onychomycosis is a common fungal infection that affects the nails and accounts for approximately 50% of all nail diseases. The main pathogens involved include dermatophytes, such as Trichophyton rubrum, members of the T. mentagrophytes complex, and emerging pathogens in this infection, T. schoenleinii and T. tonsurans. Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel) essential oil (EO) has been proposed as a promising natural alternative to traditional treatments due to its antimicrobial properties. Among its more than 100 compounds, terpinen-4-ol is one of the main contributors to the antifungal action of this EO. To determine the antifungal activity of tea tree EO against dermatophytes, we designed an in vitro study using EUCAST-AFST protocols to obtain the values of MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MFC (minimum fungicidal concentration) of several commercial M. alternifolia Cheel EOs against three species of dermatophytes isolated from clinical samples with suspected toenail onychomycosis. The results showed that the microorganism most sensitive to the action of the EO was T. rubrum, which had an MIC value more than 13 times lower than the value obtained for T. schoenleinii (0.4% v/v), the most resistant isolate. No differences in antifungal activity were observed by the analysed EOs or between the MIC and MFC values. These in vitro results suggest that tea tree EO is a viable option for the alternative treatment of onychomycosis, although clinical studies are needed to confirm the long-term antifungal activity, safety and efficacy of the oils studied in a clinical context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this age of emergent resistance to antimicrobial agents, pathogenic fungi are not an exception. Diverse strategies have been implemented to curb rampant fungal infections including screening new drugs and stewardship programs. A plethora of recent studies have proved that phytochemicals are efficacious against pathogenic fungi and have potent antifungal activity. This review examines the use of phytochemicals as possible alternative antifungal agents against dermatophytes particularly Trichophyton spp. Literature search was done using three search engines namely Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct limited to the year 2019–2023 only. A total of 30 articles were included and 48 plant extracts were evaluated. The major phytochemicals that proved to be potent antifungals both in vitro and in vivo were terpenoids and phenolics. The antifungal potential of phyto-compounds was significantly elevated by incarnation with nanotechnology. Although much has been done in screening of herbal extracts as possible antifungal agents huge gaps still exist on full characterization of all active herbal extracts with antifungal potential especially against resistant strains, together with their mechanism of action, formulation of pharmaceutical dosage forms and clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chytridiomycosis is a fungal disease responsible for massive amphibian die-offs worldwide, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Potential symbiotic relationships between frogs and the bacteria residing on their skin—referred to as skin-bacteria—may inhibit Bd growth, aiding in resistance to this lethal disease. This research had three main objectives: (1) to detect the presence of Bd in native populations of Atelopus balios, A. bomolochos, and A. nanay in the central Andes and coastal southern regions of Ecuador; (2) to identify the culturable skin-bacteria; and (3) to analyze differences among the bacterial communities in the three Atelopus species studied. Skin swabs were collected from two populations of A. balios (107–203 m a.s.l.) and one population each of A. bomolochos and A. nanay (3,064–3,800 m a.s.l.). These swabs served two purposes: first, to detect Bd using conventional PCR; and second, to isolate culturable bacteria, which were characterized through DNA sequencing, molecular phylogeny, and community composition similarity analysis (Jaccard index). Results showed that Bd was present in all species, with positive Bd PCR amplification found in 11 of the 12 sampled amphibians. The culturable skin-bacteria were classified into 10 genera: Pseudomonas (31.4%), Stenotrophomonas (14.3%), Acinetobacter (11.4%), Serratia (11.4%), Aeromonas (5.7%), Brucella (5.7%), Klebsiella (5.7%), Microbacterium (5.7%), Rhodococcus (5.7%), and Lelliottia (2.9%). The Jaccard index revealed that bacterial genera were least similar in A. bomolochos and A. balios (J = 0.10), while the highest similarity at the genus level was between A. bomolochos and A. nanay (J = 0.33). At the clade-species level, only A. bomolochos and A. nanay show common bacteria (J = 0.13). Culturable bacterial communities of specimens diagnosed as Bd positive (n = 10) or Bd negative (n = 1) share a J value of 0.1 at genus and 0.04 at species-clade level. The prevalence of Bd and the composition of cutaneous bacteria could be influenced by Bd reservoirs, Atelopus biology, and intrinsic environmental conditions. This research contributes to understanding the relationship between endangered Andean species and Bd, and explores the potential use of native skin-bacteria as biocontrol agents against Bd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Onychomycosis is a common nail infection characterized by the discoloration, thickening, and detachment of nails. This study aimed to provide valuable insights into this pathology by assessing its prevalence, clinical aspects, related comorbidities, and causative agents in patients from a Moroccan population.Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 1,606 subjects at the Mycology-Parasitology laboratory of the National Institute of Hygiene in Rabat, Morocco, over five years (2016-2020). Nail samples were collected from both fingernails and toenails and processed through microscopic examination and culture. The incubated tubes were kept at a temperature range of 28-30°C for 4-5 weeks.Results: Onychomycosis was mycologically confirmed in 1,794 samples (93.24%). It occurred commonly in the 41-60 age group, with a higher incidence among females (74.53%). Diabetes, alongside other chronic diseases, was prevalent among patients with underlying conditions, comprising 131 cases (40.56%). Disto-lateral subungual onychomycosis emerged as the most prevalent clinical presentation, comprising 1,536 cases (79.92%). Fingernails primarily affected by yeasts, notably Candida albicans, accounted for 565 cases (29.80%), while toenails were predominantly impacted by dermatophytes, primarily Trichophyton rubrum (n=1,230, 64.87%). Mixed infections exclusively featured yeasts and dermatophytes, predominantly T. rubrum and C. albicans, which accounted for 79 (4.40%) cases. The study explored the influence of molds, yielding insights into their rarity in onychomycosis.Conclusion: These findings hold significant implications for the clinical management and diagnosis of onychomycosis, particularly in patients with underlying chronic conditions. Further epidemiological studies across Morocco are needed for meaningful comparisons.

Dermatophytosis is distributed worldwide， with a global prevalence of 20%-25%， while allergic diseases have a high prevalence of 10%-45% in the global population. In recent years， research on the correlation between dermatophytosis and allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis， atopic dermatitis， and asthma has been reported successively， highlighting a previously overlooked relationship between dermatophytes and allergic diseases. This review summarizes the research progress on fungal allergens， the correlation between dermatophytosis and allergic diseases， as well as the mechanisms of interaction， aiming to provide insights for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytosis and allergic diseases.

The nomenclature of fungi has undergone significant changes in the last decade. Renaming of fungi has always occurred and will continue, largely due to the influence of molecular methods in taxonomy, diagnosis, and epidemiology. Recently, advancements in molecular techniques and genetic analysis have have led to changes in the classification of dermatophytes that could potentially affect the clinical diagnosis and management of the disease. Fungal culture is still considered the "gold standard" for the diagnosing dermatophytosis; however, modern molecular assays have overcome the major drawbacks of culture and can be used in conjunction with it. Dermatophytes are one of the oldest groups of microorganisms known to cause disease in humans and animals. The ability of dermatophytes to secrete keratinolytic enzymes in vitro has led to the study of secretory proteases. Studies on the quantity and function of keratinolytic proteases produced by dermatophytes are increasing, and the enzymatic properties of these compounds have been investigated. Because of the importance of this group of fungi in public health, this review focuses on the new classification of dermatophytes, including the renaming of important medical species, as well as the pathogenic factors associated with them. The search strategy used was a narrative review, using national and international sources such as PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and the country's periodicals database to collect information. In the proposed new classification, Arthroderma includes 21 species, Trichophyton 16, Nanzia 9, Microsporum 3, Paraphyton 3, Epidermophyton and Lophophyton one each. However, more detailed studies are needed to determine the boundaries of these species. Based on previous studies, it can be concluded that the current classification of common anthropophilic dermatophytes is fairly stable and is unlikely to change drastically in the future. While the study of geophilic dermatophytes has been inadequate compared to many zoophilic species, further taxonomic innovation in these groups is expected. In addition, research into the pathogenic mechanisms of dermatophytes has shown that endopeptidases and exopeptidases play an important role in the pathogenesis of dermatophytes by degrading keratin and converting it into free peptides and smaller amino acids. The most important endopeptidases are from the fungilysin family (M36) and two genes encoding MEP1 and MEP5, while the most important extracellular aminopeptidases are the leucine aminopeptidases Lap1 and Lap2 (M28A family) and the dipeptidyl peptidases DppIV and DppV, which are considered to be dermatophyte exopeptidases. The results of previous studies suggest that by identifying these major proteases, it is possible to isolate and identify dermatophyte species. Based on the results of this study, many factors related to the classification and pathogenesis of dermatophytes remain inadequately expressed in existing research. However, the factors discussed in this study serve as a guide for the identification of relevant factors.

Background Dermatophytes are the most common superficial fungal infections worldwide and are treated with prescribed regimens of terbinafine and itraconazole, or with weekly doses of fluconazole. Dermatologists are increasingly encountering treatment failures, and experts suggest that standard treatment regimens are not applicable anymore. We planned an open-label study to evaluate the results of fluconazole 150 mg daily for 8 weeks in patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis. Methods Patients were enrolled from the La’Mer Clinic, Mumbai, India. We included adult subjects with uncomplicated dermatophytosis confirmed by microscopic examination of skin scrapings. Pregnancy, poor renal function, and recent exposure to anti-fungal therapy were exclusion criteria. Patients were reviewed on days 14, 28 and 56. The treating doctor scored the severity of erythema, scaling, and pruritus on a four-point scale: absent, mild, moderate, and severe. Of 107 subjects screened, 100 were finally included in the study. Eleven were lost to follow up and one subject withdrew consent. Results The site of disease was body alone in 29, groin alone in 7, and both body and groin in 64 cases. At 5 weeks, 98%, 100%, and 97% of patients had no scaling, erythema, and pruritus, respectively. Skin scrapings showed 100% mycological cure. In one patient the alanine transaminase level rose from 54.9 to 100.2 U/L, and qualified as a grade 1 adverse event not requiring intervention. No other significant adverse events were noted. Conclusions Our results suggest that fluconazole 150 mg daily for eight weeks effectively treats dermatophytosis. This regimen is safe and well-tolerated even in patients with co-morbidities. Fluconazole is about eight times less expensive than itraconazole or terbinafine and may be the preferred therapy. Registration The trial was registered with Clinical Trials Registry, India (Registration number CTRI/2020/06/026110) on 24 June 2020. FDC Company, India, provided financial support for the study.

Background: In recent decades, globalization and international migration have increased the spread of infectious agents, including dermatophytes. Although considered minor infections, dermatophytoses are highly contagious, and they significantly reduce the quality of life, inducing itching, burning, sleep disturbances, and even depressive states. Moreover, the increasing resistance to antifungals threats the public health and burdens the costs for the healthcare system. Methods: DermaGenius® Resistance Multiplex real-time PCR assay allowed to analyze the terbinafine susceptibility/resistance of 172 Trichophyton strains, which were isolated from human and animal samples collected from 2016 to May 2024 and previously identified by Sanger sequencing. Results: All the 11 animal strains belonged to the T. interdigitale/T. mentagrophytes complex and tested terbinafine sensitive. Out of 161 human strains, 9 (5.6%) showed terbinafine resistance and 7 (4.3%) were identified as T. indotineae. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary data about behavior toward antifungals in animals and finalizes the scientific information currently available about human strains, highlighting the importance of the One Health concept. Moreover, it supports the relevant role of T. indotineae as an emerging dermatophyte with high proportion of terbinafine resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail unit that over time results in dystrophy and disfigurement. It affects the quality of life and increases the prevalence and severity of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Aim: The study investigated the prevalence of onychomycosis, the associated fungal pathogens, and their antifungal susceptibility profile in a cohort of people living with diabetes (PLWDM) in Kano, Nigeria. Settings and Designs: This cross-sectional hospital-based study recruited and enrolled 300 PLWDM from two major diabetes treatment centers in Kano. Materials and Methods: Participants were screened for thickened, brittle, crumbly, or ragged nails, and 30 met the inclusion criteria. Sociodemographic data, clinical history, and other risk factors for onychomycosis were also evaluated. Toenail and fingernail, nail clippings, and scrapings were collected and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). The identification of yeasts and mold isolates was performed using gram stain, germ tube test, CHROMagar, lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB) mount, and slide cultures. Antifungal susceptibility testing was achieved by the agar well-diffusion method. Statistical Analysis Used: The data generated were analyzed using descriptive statistics and associations between variables checked by the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Results: The prevalence of onychomycosis was 63.3% (19/30), and fingernails were mostly affected. Fungal pathogens recovered include dermatophytes, yeasts, and non-dermatophyte molds, with a predominance of Aspergillus spps. (7/19 (36.8%)), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (4/19 (21.1%)), Trichophyton rubrum (4/19 (21.1%)), and Candida albicans (2/19 (10.5%)). A preponderance of the isolates shows a good susceptibility profile to itraconazole, ketoconazole, and clotrimazole, but demonstrated high resistance to fluconazole. Age and use of oral hypoglycemic agents were some of the risk factors identified. Conclusion: The study shows a high prevalence of onychomycosis among PLWDM in Kano and calls for routine screening to minimize or eliminate all possible complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nomenclature of fungi has undergone significant changes in the last decade. Renaming of fungi has always occurred and will continue, largely due to the influence of molecular methods in taxonomy, diagnosis, and epidemiology. Recently, advancements in molecular techniques and genetic analysis have have led to changes in the classification of dermatophytes that could potentially affect the clinical diagnosis and management of the disease. Fungal culture is still considered the "gold standard" for the diagnosing dermatophytosis; however, modern molecular assays have overcome the major drawbacks of culture and can be used in conjunction with it. Dermatophytes are one of the oldest groups of microorganisms known to cause disease in humans and animals. The ability of dermatophytes to secrete keratinolytic enzymes in vitro has led to the study of secretory proteases. Studies on the quantity and function of keratinolytic proteases produced by dermatophytes are increasing, and the enzymatic properties of these compounds have been investigated. Because of the importance of this group of fungi in public health, this review focuses on the new classification of dermatophytes, including the renaming of important medical species, as well as the pathogenic factors associated with them. The search strategy used was a narrative review, using national and international sources such as PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and the country's periodicals database to collect information. In the proposed new classification, Arthroderma includes 21 species, Trichophyton 16, Nanzia 9, Microsporum 3, Paraphyton 3, Epidermophyton and Lophophyton one each. However, more detailed studies are needed to determine the boundaries of these species. Based on previous studies, it can be concluded that the current classification of common anthropophilic dermatophytes is fairly stable and is unlikely to change drastically in the future. While the study of geophilic dermatophytes has been inadequate compared to many zoophilic species, further taxonomic innovation in these groups is expected. In addition, research into the pathogenic mechanisms of dermatophytes has shown that endopeptidases and exopeptidases play an important role in the pathogenesis of dermatophytes by degrading keratin and converting it into free peptides and smaller amino acids. The most important endopeptidases are from the fungilysin family (M36) and two genes encoding MEP1 and MEP5, while the most important extracellular aminopeptidases are the leucine aminopeptidases Lap1 and Lap2 (M28A family) and the dipeptidyl peptidases DppIV and DppV, which are considered to be dermatophyte exopeptidases. The results of previous studies suggest that by identifying these major proteases, it is possible to isolate and identify dermatophyte species. Based on the results of this study, many factors related to the classification and pathogenesis of dermatophytes remain inadequately expressed in existing research. However, the factors discussed in this study serve as a guide for the identification of relevant factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tinea pedis is one of the most prevalent superficial fungal infections. Initial antifungal treatment is often acquired over‐the‐counter (OTC) without previous consultation with a physician. Objective: Lately, increasing antifungal terbinafine resistance has been documented in Denmark and globally and it is therefore of interest to assess how Danish pharmacies advise customers with tinea pedis. Methods: One hundred Danish pharmacies were randomly selected and an employee interviewed from each. A structured question guide was followed, with the possibility to add further comments. Results: Interviews of 94 pharmacies were conducted. Six pharmacies never replied. Terbinafine as standard dose or cutaneous solution terbinafine one time application (Lamisil Once (R)) were recommended by 99% of the pharmacy employees as first‐line treatment. The customer was advised to seek medical attention when tinea pedis was recurring (93%), or when treatment duration was > 2 weeks (77%). The majority (88%) of the pharmacy employees had no knowledge about antifungal resistance. Conclusion: Only few pharmacy employees were aware of the current problem of antifungal resistance and the majority advised costumers to initiate treatment using OTC topical terbinafine. The problem of emerging antifungal resistance requires attention in order to provide customers with tinea pedis effective treatment and prevent further societal spread of resistance to antifungals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Equal access to medicines is crucial to ensuring public health, but access is difficult to measure, especially for infections where changes in infective species make treatment choices highly dynamic. This study investigated if the combination of infection prevalence with medicine efficacy and regulatory availability could access medicines access of topical onychomycosis medicines. Methods: Two databases, PubMed and Web of Science, were used to identify relevant information published between 1990 and 2019. For the meta‐analysis, human onychomycosis investigations using PCR analysis were included. Reviewers independently selected eligible articles, extracted data and assessed the study quality. A random‐effects meta‐analysis model with a Freeman–Tukey transformation was employed to the PCR data. For the meta‐analysis, the global infection trends and regional differences in the infective organisms were determined. Results: Of the 26 studies analysed, the PCR analysis in 18 studies confirmed onychomycosis in about half of the visually suspected cases (55%, CI 43%–67%). Across all 26 studies dermatophytes were the most prevalent infective organism (57%, CI 37%–76%), but a sub‐group analysis showed yeasts predominated in females (31%, CI 0%–84%) (p < 0.0001), in fingernail infections (42%, CI 21%–65%) (p < 0.0001) and in arid countries (p < 0.0001). Combining these results with medicine efficacy data showed that residents from 83 of the 92 countries assessed (90%) could not access the most efficacious topical product, and 22% could not access any broad‐spectrum agents. Countries in Africa had the poorest access to topical onychomycosis medicines. Conclusion: This study identified that access to effective topical products for onychomycosis is a global problem. This issue appeared to be due to under‐representation of candida infections in pivotal clinical studies of topical onychomycosis products. A head‐to‐head multicentre study for topical efinaconazole or a novel broad spectrum topical agent is needed to help resolve these access problems. Protocol Registration: PROSPERO—CRD42023464744 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A common superficial illness called dermatophytosisis brought on by dermatophytes, a genus of keratinophilic, pathogenic fungi. In addition to invading the epidermal barrier, host immunological reactions to dermatophytes may partially cause tissue injury and pathologic inflammation. Understanding the pathophysiology of dermatophytosis, including fungal virulence factors and immune responses against pathogens, is therefore very beneficial. Dermatophytes are classified into nine genera based on the characteristics of their asexual spores, or macroconidae. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of dermatophytes in Egypt with mycological assessment before and after oral itraconazole therapy for chronic, recurrent, and recalcitrant dermatophytosis. Patients and methods: This study included 75 patients with different clinical types of chronic, recurrent, and/or recalcitrant dermatophytosis. All patients were subjected to adequate dermatological examination as regarding site and size of the lesions, the presence of associated papules, vesicles and/or pustules, lesion distribution, morphological variants, duration, and the presence of inflammation and scaling at each follow-up visit. All patients received oral itraconazole at a dose of 200mg/day for 6 weeks. Results: T.mentagrophytes was the most common isolated dermatophyte in patient with recalcitrant dermatophytosis (28%), followed by T.rubrumwhich represents (20%) of the recalcitrant tinea cases. as regarding Therapeutic response after end of itraconazole therapy, complete mycological cure was observed in (66.7%) of cases and complete clinical cure (69.3%) of cases. Recurrence after end of itraconazole therapy was detected in 13 cases (17%). Conclusion: T. mentagrophytesis the most common fungal isolates in patients with recalcitrant dermatophytosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onychomycosis is a common fungal infection of the nails, predominantly caused by dermatophytes and is a notoriously difficult condition to treat. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare, in vitro, the efficacy of different applied ozone dosages against the main fungi that cause onychomycosis. Dermatophyte fungi Trichophyton rubrum (ATCC 28,188) and Microsporum gypseum (ATCC 24,102) were incubated at 28 °C for 14 days. Treatments were divided into nine experimental groups according to applied ozone dosages: Control Group 0 mg/m2: fungi were cultured but received no treatment; cultured fungi that received ozone therapy for 157, 314, 471, 628, 785 943, 1100 and 1257 mg/m2. The main results indicate that topical ozone therapy effectively reduced the germination percentage of T. rubrum and M. gypseum in all experimental periods, achieving a complete eradication with a treatment time of 628 and 1257 mg/m2, respectively. In conclusion, ozone therapy used topically with an applied ozone dosage of 628 mg/m2 for T. rubrum and 1257 mg/m2 for M. gypseum promoted antifungal action on the main dermatophytes responsible for critical complications of onychomycosis. Therefore, ozone therapy can be proposed as an adjuvant for dermatological treatments [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal infections present a challenge when it comes to topical treatment failure thereby necessitating the need for more effective topical delivery systems. Essential oils have demonstrated noteworthy antifungal activity; however, their volatility limits therapeutic use for skin conditions. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of essential oils alone and in combination. Thereafter, antifungal nanoparticulate formulations were designed using three essential oil combinations against Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida albicans. The antifungal activity was investigated using the broth microdilution assay to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The formulations were prepared by forming nanoparticles (polymer-based and composite lipid-polymer-based systems), with the preferred formulation encapsulating the essential oil combinations. Characterisation of the formulations was performed with a Zeta-sizer and using attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The in vitro antifungal activity of the three nanoparticulate formulations was then determined, where a significant (p = 0.002) increase in the average antidermatophyte activity could be observed for all three formulations. The combination of A. sativum and C. martinii displayed the lowest MIC value across all three reference strains (MIC values 0.06-0.38 mg mL-1) and the formulation maintained the antifungal activity with MIC values ranging 0.08-0.36 mg mL-1. A successful combination of essential oils with antifungal activity was achieved thereby emphasising an effective nanoparticulate formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fungi clinically relevant to human skin comprise prevalent commensals and well‐known pathogens. Only rarely human skin harbours fungi that evade identification. Objective: To characterise an enigmatic specimen isolated from a skin lesion. Methods: A comprehensive clinical and mycological workup including conventional methods for phenotypic characterisation and sequencing based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) regions to infer a phylogenetic tree. Results: Cultures on common solid media were macroscopically inconspicuous initially until mycelial tufts developed on the surface, notably on potato dextrose agar. Polymorphous chlamydospores were detected but no aleurospores and ascomata. At 26°C, the isolate grew on standard agars, plant materials and garden soil and utilised peptone, keratins, lipids, inulin, erythrocytes and cellulose. It also grew at 5°C and at 37°C. Nucleotide sequences of its ITS region showed 93% similarity to sequences of different Malbranchea species. The closest matches among LSU rRNA sequences were obtained with the genera Amauroascus, Arthroderma, Auxarthronopsis and Malbranchea (93%–95%). A combined phylogenetic analysis placed the fungus in a sister clade to Neogymnomycetaceae, classified as incertae sedis in Onygenales, on a large distance to either Diploospora rosea or 'Amauroascus' aureus. Conclusions: The genus Inopinatus gen. nov. (MB854685) with the species Inopinatus corneliae sp. nov. (MB854687) is introduced to accommodate our isolate (holotype: DSM 116806; isotypes: CBS 151104, IHEM 29063). Probably Inopinatus corneliae is a geophilic species that, although potentially harmful, was no relevant pathogen in our case. Its ecology, epidemiology and pathogenicity need to be further clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma (DPM) is a rarely reported invasive fungal infection of humans and animals, especially cats. This study aimed to identify dermatophytes, breed associations, and the frequency of extracutaneous (EC) involvement in feline DPM. Electronic records and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPET) from 32 suspected DPM cases in 30 cats were retrieved from a diagnostic laboratory between 2018 and 2024. To confirm DPM and molecular identity, DNA was extracted from FFPET for ITS2 sequencing, and immunohistochemistry was performed on PCR-negative cases. All cases were confirmed as DPM. Microsporum canis was the only dermatophyte identified. The sensitivity and specificity of ITS2 sequencing for M. canis identification in FFPET were 22/32 (68.8%) and 21/22 (95.5%), respectively. Exotic (36.7%) and Persian (23.3%) but not British breeds (26.3%) were over-represented compared to feline admissions at an affiliated veterinary hospital (8.5%, p < 0.001; 3%, p < 0.001; 21.6%, p = 0.817, respectively). Five cases (16.7%) had EC lesions; two had intra-abdominal masses; two had oral cavity masses, including one which extended into the cranial vault; and one had superficial cervical lymph node invasion. Exotic and Persian breeds are over-represented for DPM and M. canis is the primary cause. EC lesions of DPM may occur more commonly than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onychomycosis (OM) is a widespread infection requiring prolonged treatment with potential side effects. Diagnostic certainty is therefore essential before initiating antifungal therapy. Molecular biology has already shown benefits in reducing the time to diagnosis, providing technical ease, and increasing sensitivity for the respective species that molecular tests can detect. Nevertheless, causative agents are numerous, and culture remains essential, particularly for detecting non-dermatophytes mold infections. This study compared the performance of three different diagnostic strategies: conventional culture technique, the multiplex DermaGenius® 2.0 PCR (DG), and a mixed PCR/culture algorithm guided by the result of direct examination with calcofluor (DEC). The mixed algorithm (MA) prioritizes DG PCR and DEC as the primary diagnostic tools, supplemented by selective sample inoculation when mycelial elements are visualized in DEC and when DG PCR fails to detect any fungus or identifies a fungus with morphology differing from that observed in DEC (filamentous fungi versus yeasts). With only 13% of samples requiring inoculation, MA emerged as the most effective strategy, demonstrating significantly higher sensitivity (98.18%; p < 0.001) compared to single-method approaches (78.18% for DG PCR alone and 74.55% for culture alone) while maintaining a specificity comparable to DG PCR (100%). This new approach saves time in result delivery, requires fewer human resources, and increases diagnostic accuracy to better meet the needs of clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caffeine affords several beneficial effects on human health, acting as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent, and analgesic. Caffeine is widely used in cosmetics, but its antimicrobial activity has been scarcely explored, namely against skin infection agents. Dermatophytes are the most common fungal agents of human infection, mainly of skin infections. This work describes the in vitro effect of caffeine during keratinocyte infection by Trichophyton mentagrophytes, one of the most common dermatophytes. The results show that caffeine was endowed with antidermatophytic activity with a MIC, determined following the EUCAST standards, of 8 mM. Caffeine triggered a modification of the levels of two major components of the fungal cell wall, β-(1,3)-glucan and chitin. Caffeine also disturbed the ultrastructure of the fungal cells, particularly the cell wall surface and mitochondria, and autophagic-like structures were observed. During dermatophyte–human keratinocyte interactions, caffeine prevented the loss of viability of keratinocytes and delayed spore germination. Overall, this indicates that caffeine can act as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent for dermatophytosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin disorders among individuals receiving palliative care may be associated with the primary condition or underlying comorbidities and patients may experience pruritus, discomfort or pain. Common conditions include xerosis, pressure ulcers, intertrigo, superficial fungal infections, telogen effluvium, pruritus, herpes zoster, eczematous disorders and edema. During end-of-life care, there is reduced skin perfusion and metabolism hence leading to susceptibility to infection, pressure and injury. Other factors affecting the skin include limited mobility, nutritional deficits and immunosuppression. Although treatment strategies for each skin condition are usually aligned with standard protocols, considerations among these patients include limited life-expectancies, potential treatment burden, drug-drug interactions as well as comfort-directed rather than cure-directed therapy. For patients with xerosis cutis, the regular use of moisturisers is recommended. The management and prevention of pressure ulcers include the strategies of skin assessment and care, pressure redistribution, nutrition and hydration and ulcer care. Superficial fungal infections require treatment with appropriate topical and/or systemic antifungals while antivirals and adjunctive treatment can be prescribed for herpes zoster. Treatment and symptom control of skin disorders in this population can improve quality of life and patients' comfort level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatophytes are widely distributed in the environment, with an estimated prevalence of 20–25% of the the global population yearly. These fungi are keratinophilic and keratinolytic and cause the infection of keratin-rich structures such as skin, hair, and nails. The pattern of this infectious disease covers a wide spectrum from exposed individuals without symptoms to those with acutely inflammatory or non-inflammatory, chronic to invasive, and even life-threatening symptoms. This review summarizes current information on the pathogenicity, virulence factors, and drug resistance mechanisms associated with dermatophytes. A greater number of virulence factors of these fungi are important for the occurrence of infection and the changes that occur, including those regarding adhesins, the sulfite efflux pump, and proteolytic enzymes. Other virulence factors include mechanisms of evading the host defense, while the development of resistance to antifungal drugs is increasing, resulting in treatment failure. The investigation of host-pathogen interactions is essential for developing a more complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying dermatophyte pathogenesis and host response to inform the use of diagnostics methods and antifungal therapeutics to minimize the high fungal burden caused by dermatophytes and to control the spread of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinea capitis is defined as an infection or parasitism of the hair, scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes. The clinical presentation is variable, depending on the type of hair invasion, the level of resistance, and the degree of host inflammatory response. The most severe reaction pattern is known as kerion Celsi, caused mainly by zoophilic dermatophytes, Microsporum canis and Trichophyton tonsurans. It begins as a dry ringworm, which later presents with erythema, inflammation, pustules, and honey-colored crusts, from which abundant pus drains. Due to this clinical appearance, it takes the name kerion, which means "honeycomb". It can be associated with regional lymphadenopathy, fever, malaise, local pain, and often resolves, leaving an area of scarring alopecia. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are important to avoid these sequelae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the leading cause of fungal skin infections around the globe, dermatophytes are responsible for a multitude of skin ailments, ranging from athlete's foot to ringworm. Due to the combination of its growing prevalence and antifungal misuse, antifungal-resistant dermatophyte strains like Trichophyton indotineae have begun to emerge, posing a significant global health risk. The emergence of these resistant dermatophytes highlights a critical need to identify alternative methods of treating dermatophyte infections. In our study, we utilized a 405 nm LED to establish that blue light can effectively inactivate catalase within a variety of both susceptible and resistant dermatophytes. Through this catalase inactivation process, light-treated dermatophytes were found to exhibit increased sensitivity to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing agents, improving the performance of antimicrobial agents such as H2O2 and amphotericin B. Our findings further demonstrate that light-induced catalase inactivation can inhibit the formation and polarized growth of hyphae from dermatophytes, suppressing biomass formation. Thus, by increasing ROS sensitization and inhibiting hyphal development, catalase-deactivating blue light offers a potential non-invasive and non-drug-reliant method of managing dermatophyte infections, opening new avenues for the potential treatment of these common infections in conjunction with existing treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing concerns about controlling dermatophytes due to antifungal drug toxicity and resistance are leading to increased interest in using probiotics to combat skin infections. Our study focussed on evaluating the probiotic and antifungal attributes of the lactic acid bacteria Limosilactobacillus fermentum LfMYSY8 isolated from fermented rice beverage of India, Haria, to impede the growth of Microsporum canis, a common dermatophyte. The isolate showed promising probiotic characteristics like acid tolerance (44.71% at pH 2), bile tolerance (63.40%), cell surface hydrophobicity (43.26%), a strong auto-aggregation ability (74.5%), osmotic stress tolerance, antibacterial activity, and antibiotic susceptibility. While testing the antifungal efficacy, the cells and the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of the isolate inhibited M. canis growth with an average 98% biomass reduction. Substantial reduction in conidial germination and disruption of hyphal structure was observed. CFS characterization revealed that the organic acid metabolites were responsible for anti-fungal activity. Therefore, potential exists for using this strain to control skin infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective- The microscope investigation of fungi is rapid but these diagnostic procedures show lack of sensitivity and specificity with 15% fallacious results and species or genus level identification is not feasible. Material and Methods- This 18-month prospective study included all dermatophytes that were isolated during that time. Dermatophytes were discovered using standard phenotypic techniques. Therefore, in recent years many molecular methods have been developed which are more specific, precise, rapid and cost effective than conventional phenotypic methods. Samples of skin and nails were analyzed under a microscope using 20% KOH and cultivated on Sabouraud dextrose agar supplemented with DTM Media, cycloheximide, and chloramphenicol. By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) r-DNA region, the identity of the fungal isolates was verified. Results- Out Of the 320 samples 270 (84.37%) samples showed growth of fungi (dermatophytes) after culturing on SDA media. Whereas with AP-PCR, 303 (94.68%) samples were positive for dermatophytes. Seven species of dermatophyte namely Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton verrucosum and Microsporum canis identified after culturing on SDA media from these 270 samples were confirmed by AP-PCR also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinea capitis (TC) is still a frequent dermatophytosis in France, both autochthonous and imported. A nationwide retrospective survey was performed and a total of 4395 TC cases were recorded within 36 French mycology laboratories during a 6-year period. TC is a disease that occurs in childhood with 85% of the cases occurring before 10 years old and 94% before the age of 15. Anthropophilic origin was predominant with 779 cases of Trichophyton tonsurans (32.6%), 738 cases of Trichophyton soudanense/T. violaceum (31%), and 445 cases of Microsporum audouinii (19.2%). Of note, T. tonsurans represents more than 80% of the cases in the French West Indies (Martinique and Guadeloupe). By contrast, zoophilic species were less prevalent with mainly M. canis (10.3%) confirming the shift from zoophilic to anthropophilic species observed in many centers during the last decades. During this survey, diagnosis methods were also collected. Most labs had a classical process for the diagnosis: microscopic direct examination associated to cultures on Sabouraud and Sabouraud-cycloheximide media (incubated between 25 ± 5°C for at least 3 weeks) in all laboratories. Identification of the causal dermatophyte was performed by microscopic and macroscopic examination of the cultures in 100% of the labs, with various specific culture media available when fructification was insufficient (mainly malt or potato-dextrose agar, or Borelli medium). New techniques were also implemented with the introduction of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identification in more than two third of the labs, and molecular identification available if necessary in half of the labs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athlete’s foot (Tinea pedis), Body ringworm (Tinea corporis), Jock itch (Tinea cruris), etc. These are diseases accumulated from fungi occurring on the skin, these types of fungi are classified in a group called Dermatophytes. At present, there are numerous options for treatment such as doctor appointments or using anti-fungal agents such as Clotrimazole of which when used for an extended amount of time can cause many side effects to the area of skin applied on such as rashes, hives, blisters etc. To provide an alternative, the project organizers have decided to study Zingiber ottensii Valeton’s fungal inhibition properties via crude extracts, due to it being easily found in the local area of Chiang Mai province and are cheap. Clay sticks being a popular form of skin care due to its compact and easy to carry nature makes it a perfect fit to make as a product from the crude extracts of Zingiber ottensii Valeton. The study shows that the crude extract from Zingiber ottensii Valeton showed anti-fungal properties and were effective in inhibiting the growth of Dermatophytes but weren’t as effective as the standard drug Clotrimazole. With that being said, the crude extracts of Zingiber ottensii Valeton were still suitable to make as a clay stick product.

ABSTRACT Dermatophytes cause superficial infections of skin, hair, and nails. Even though they rarely cause severe infections, they are relatively common, particularly in primary health care. Diagnosis of dermatophyte infections has relied on relatively slow culture-based methods. Nucleic acid-based detection (PCR) methods might provide results more rapidly. Here, we describe the transition from culture-based methods into PCR-based methods in Northern Finland with a catchment area of approximately 720,000 mostly Caucasian people. This study included 14,330 samples collected between 2019 and 2022. Our results showed that the PCR-based method has become the diagnostic test of choice for these infections in this area. Commercial real-time PCR assay DermaGenius 2.0 complete multiplex test detected more positive results than culture and covered the most important dermatophytes, Candida albicans, and few less common species. With PCR, the mean turn-around-time from sample request to results decreased from 19 days to 16 hours.IMPORTANCESuperficial fungal infections, dermatophytosis, are remarkably common worldwide, affecting an estimated 20%–25% of the global population. In the diagnosis of these infections, fast and accurate results by PCR shorten the time to diagnosis and help clinicians to avoid unnecessary antifungal treatments.

Piper is widely distributed in subtropical regions and species of this genus are known for their potent pharmacological activities. Piper arboreum Aubl. is a traditional medicinal plant popularly known as "pau-de-angola", "jaborandi", and chili pepper, demonstrating antifungal, trypanocidal, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities. The leaves of P. arboreum were extracted using Soxhlet and dichloromethane to obtain the extract, which was then fractionated using solvents of different polarities. Samples were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry equipped with an electrospray ionization source. Antifungal microdilution assays were performed, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to assess the invasion of the pretreated nail. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the extract and a dichloromethane fraction were, respectively, 62.5 μg/ml and 16.0 μg/ml against Trichophyton rubrum, and 125 μg/ml and 62.5 μg/ml, and 500 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml against T. mentagrophytes, and Microsporum gypseum, respectively. No growth was observed on nail fragments exposed to the extract (at concentrations > 64 µg/ml and then inoculated with spore suspension. Transmission electron microscopy revealed strong inhibition of hyphal growth and an irregular growth pattern following treatment with the extract and the dichloromethane fraction. Results demonstrated the antifungal properties of the P. arboreum extract and its dichloromethane fraction against dermatophytes, with the identification of three different alkaloid compounds. The cytotoxicity was specific towards the fungal cells, and morphological and ultrastructural analyses indicated damage to the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane as the potential mechanism of action. The leaf material used to generate the extract can be taken from the plant without any detrimental effect thus enabling strategies to be implemented for the exploitation of this species.

The article discusses a case report on the successful treatment of tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton rubrum in a patient with autoimmune chronic hepatitis using daylight photodynamic therapy with BF‐200 ALA combined with topical terbinafine. The standard treatment for tinea capitis involves systemic antifungal medications, but in this case, systemic antifungals were contraindicated due to the patient's liver condition. The combination of photodynamic therapy with oral antifungal medications showed improved treatment efficacy, leading to complete resolution of the infection in the patient. The treatment was well-tolerated, and the patient remained in remission 15 months after the therapy. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Dermatophytes show a wide geographic distribution and are the main causative agents of skin fungal infections in many regions of the world. Recently, their resistance to antifungal drugs has led to an obstacle to effective treatment. To address the lack of dermatophytosis data in Iraq, this study was designed to investigate the distribution and prevalence of dermatophytes in the human population and single point mutations in squalene epoxidase gene (SQLE) of terbinafine resistant isolates. The identification of 102 dermatophytes isolated from clinical human dermatophytosis was performed through morphological and microscopic characteristics followed by molecular analysis based on ITS and TEF-1α sequencing. Phylogeny was achieved through RAxML analysis. CLSI M38-A2 protocol was used to assess antifungal susceptibility of the isolates to four major antifungal drugs. Additionally, the presence of point mutations in SQLE gene, which are responsible for terbinafine resistance was investigated. Tinea corporis was the most prevalent clinical manifestation accounting for 37.24% of examined cases of dermatophytosis. Based on ITS, T. indotineae (50.98%), T. mentagrophytes (19.61%), and M. canis (29.41%) was identified as an etiologic species. T. indotineae and T. mentagrophytes strains were identified as T. interdigitale based on TEF-1α. Terbinafine showed the highest efficacy among the tested antifungal drugs. T. indotineae and T. mentagrophytes showed the highest resistance to antifungal drugs with MICs of 2–4 and 4 μg/mL, while M. canis was the most susceptible species. Three of T. indotineae isolates showed mutations in SQLE gene Phe397Leu substitution. A non-previously described point mutation, Phe311Leu was identified in T. indotineae and mutations Lys276Asn, Phe397Leu and Leu419Phe were diagnosed in T. mentagrophytes XVII. The results of mutation analysis showed that Phe397Leu was a destabilizing mutation; protein stability has decreased with variations in pH, and point mutations affected the interatomic interaction, resulting in bond disruption. These results could help to control the progression of disease effectively and make decisions regarding the selection of appropriate drugs for dermatophyte infections.

Onychomycoses are nail infections that require prolonged therapy and have high recurrence rates. Dermatophytes are the main etiological agents of these infections, followed by yeasts and non-dermatophyte filamentous fungi. The limited antifungal arsenal used to treat onychomycosis and the change in the susceptibility profile of these agents contribute to the chronicity and recalcitrant profile of infections. The present study aimed to determine the antifungal activity of extracts obtained from pure and mixed cultures of Candida parapsilosis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Trichophyton rubrum. Additionally, in vivo toxicity tests with Galleria mellonella and time-kill assays were carried out. The susceptibility profiles of dermatophytes were determined using a microdilution technique with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between 250 and 8000 µg/mL. The time-kill assay, compared to growth control, resulted in the death of dermatophytes within 48 h. No toxicity of the extracts was detected in experiments with Galleria mellonella larvae under the test conditions. The extracts of pure and mixed cultures of Candida parapsilosis and dermatophytes present antifungal activity against T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum. Isolating and identifying compounds in the extracts may allow the development of new therapeutic approaches to control fungal infections.

Background: Kerion is a severe type of tinea capitis that is difficult to treat and remains a public health problem. Objectives: To evaluate the epidemiologic features and efficacy of different treatment schemes from real‐world experience. Methods: From 2019 to 2021, 316 patients diagnosed with kerion at 32 tertiary Chinese hospitals were enrolled. We analysed the data of each patient, including clinical characteristics, causative pathogens, treatments and outcomes. Results: Preschool children were predominantly affected and were more likely to have zoophilic infection. The most common pathogen in China was Microsporum canis. Atopic dermatitis (AD), animal contact, endothrix infection and geophilic pathogens were linked with kerion occurrence. In terms of treatment, itraconazole was the most applied antifungal agent and reduced the time to mycological cure. A total of 22.5% of patients received systemic glucocorticoids simultaneously, which reduced the time to complete symptom relief. Furthermore, glucocorticoids combined with itraconazole had better treatment efficacy, with a higher rate and shorter time to achieving mycological cure. Conclusions: Kerion often affects preschoolers and leads to serious sequelae, with AD, animal contact, and endothrix infection as potential risk factors. Glucocorticoids, especially those combined with itraconazole, had better treatment efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tinea faciei is a relatively uncommon dermatophyte infection. The studies, which included clinical forms, and isolated species of dermatophytes, are limited. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study aims to determine the causative organism, clinical characteristics, treatments and outcomes of patients with tinea faciei attending the dermatologic clinic, Siriraj Hospital, from 1 January 2017 to 30 September 2021. Demographic data, clinical presentations, isolated dermatophyte species, treatments and outcomes were collected and analysed. Results: A total of 151 tinea faciei cases were observed. Trichophyton rubrum (48.6%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex (22.2%) and Microsporum canis (18.1%) were common causative agents. Tinea faciei was commonly detected in females (64.9%) with a history of pets (54.6%). Clinical presentations often involved plaques and scales on the cheeks. Among patients with lesions on the cheek, mycological cure was observed significantly less often compared to those without cheek lesions. Patients with other concurrent skin or nail infections, a history of topical steroids and a history of previous fungal infection had a slightly longer duration of mycological cure than those without factors. Recurrent infection was found in 33.3%. Male, history of previous fungal infection, and lesions on the cheeks were significantly associated with recurrent infection. Conclusions: Fungal infection of the face was commonly found in women and patients with pets. The most common pathogen that caused tinea faciei was T. rubrum. Topical antifungal treatments could be used with favourable outcomes. The history of past infection and lesion on the cheeks should be carefully assessed to be vigilant for recurrent infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tinea faciei, a specific dermatophytosis that affects the glabrous skin of the face, not only causes physical discomfort but also leads to greater psychological distress. Tinea faciei is a public health concern. Objectives: To analyse the epidemiological characteristics, responsible dermatophyte species and clinical features of tinea faciei in Hangzhou. Methods: Data were obtained from the Laboratory Information System of the Mycology Laboratory and Medical Information System at a hospital in Hangzhou. Isolates were identified based on their macroscopic appearance and microscopic morphology. Results: Tinea faciei was diagnosed in 701 patients, involving 359 males and 342 females, aged between 2 months and 97 years. In total, 499 isolates (71.18%) were identified as Trichophyton rubrum. Anthropophilic isolates were identified in 297 (82.73%) males and 207 (60.53%) females (p <.01). Among patients with anthropophilic dermatophytes infection, 447 (88.69%) were adults. Zoophilic dermatophytes were isolated in 57 (15.88%) males and 130 (38.01%) females (p <.01), among whom 108 (57.75%) were children. Conclusions: Anthropophilic dermatophytes, especially T. rubrum, were the predominant cause of tinea faciei, while zoophilic dermatophytes were the most prevalent in children. Compared with men, women may be more susceptible to zoophilic dermatophytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The skin barrier is vital for protection against environmental threats including insults caused by skin‐resident microbes. Dysregulation of this barrier is a hallmark of atopic dermatitis (AD) and ichthyosis, with variable consequences for host immune control of colonizing commensals and opportunistic pathogens. While Malassezia is the most abundant commensal fungus of the skin, little is known about the host control of this fungus in inflammatory skin diseases. Methods: In this experimental study, MC903‐treated mice were colonized with Malassezia spp. to assess the host–fungal interactions in atopic dermatitis. Additional murine models of AD and ichthyosis, including tape stripping, K5‐Nrf2 overexpression and flaky tail mice, were employed to confirm and expand the findings. Skin fungal counts were enumerated. High parameter flow cytometry was used to characterize the antifungal response in the AD‐like skin. Structural and functional alterations in the skin barrier were determined by histology and transcriptomics of bulk skin. Finally, differential expression of metabolic genes in Malassezia in atopic and control skin was quantified. Results: Malassezia grows excessively in AD‐like skin. Fungal overgrowth could, however, not be explained by the altered immune status of the atopic skin. Instead, we found that by upregulating key metabolic genes in the altered cutaneous niche, Malassezia acquired enhanced fitness to efficiently colonise the impaired skin barrier. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that structural and metabolic changes in the dysfunctional epidermal barrier environment provide increased accessibility and an altered lipid profile, to which the lipid‐dependent yeast adapts for enhanced nutrient assimilation. Our findings reveal fundamental insights into the implication of the mycobiota in the pathogenesis of common skin barrier disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onychomycoses are nail infections that require prolonged therapy and have high recurrence rates. Dermatophytes are the main etiological agents of these infections, followed by yeasts and non-dermatophyte filamentous fungi. The limited antifungal arsenal used to treat onychomycosis and the change in the susceptibility profile of these agents contribute to the chronicity and recalcitrant profile of infections. The present study aimed to determine the antifungal activity of extracts obtained from pure and mixed cultures of Candida parapsilosis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Trichophyton rubrum. Additionally, in vivo toxicity tests with Galleria mellonella and time-kill assays were carried out. The susceptibility profiles of dermatophytes were determined using a microdilution technique with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between 250 and 8000 µg/mL. The time-kill assay, compared to growth control, resulted in the death of dermatophytes within 48 h. No toxicity of the extracts was detected in experiments with Galleria mellonella larvae under the test conditions. The extracts of pure and mixed cultures of Candida parapsilosis and dermatophytes present antifungal activity against T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum. Isolating and identifying compounds in the extracts may allow the development of new therapeutic approaches to control fungal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Onychomycosis is a chronic nail infection, and dermatophytes, yeasts, and nondermatophytic molds may be the causative agents. This study aimed to determine the etiological agents of onychomycosis by using conventional and molecular methods. Methods: Between June 2020 and July 2021, 37 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of onychomycosis and mycological evidence (culture and/or EUROArray Dermatomycosis assay) were included in the study. Organisms detected in cultured nail specimens were identified by combined phenotypic characteristics and by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). An EUROarray Dermatomycosis assay was used for molecular detection of fungal pathogens. Results: The EUROArray Dermatomycosis assay was positive for a single fungal target in 23 samples, and 14 samples were positive by culture. The most common pathogen was Trichophyton rubrum in both methods. Coinfection was detected in 14 samples by using molecular methods, and Trichophyton rubrum and Fusarium solani (9 samples) were the most common pathogens detected together. Trichophyton spp., nondermatophyte molds, and Candida spp. were detected in 33 (89.2%), 16 (43.2%), and 6 (16.2%) samples, respectively, when the two methods were evaluated together. Conclusions: Our results revealed that fungal culture allows the diagnosis of onychomycosis, but it is not as sensitive as the EUROArray Dermatomycosis test, especially in patients receiving antifungal therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil of Aniba canelilla (Kunth) Mez (EOAC), an Amazon plant composed of a rare nitro compound, has shown scientific evidence of antifungal activity but is still unexplored against dermatophytes. The antifungal susceptibility of EOAC and its main compound, 1-nitro-2-phenylethane (NP), was evaluated against dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis), evidencing antifungal activity with an inhibitory concentration lower than 256 μg/mL. The mechanism of action was also evaluated, and it is suggested that EOAC and NP have fungicidal action in the fungal membrane, since the antifungal activity occurs through a modification of the shape of the conidial structures of the fungus, showing the permeability of the intracellular content due to the visually observed plasmolysis and cytosolic extravasation through an osmotic process. These results suggest the essential oil and its main compound are promising plant-derived alternatives for treating ungual dermatophytosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tinea capitis (T. capitis), commonly known as scalp ringworm, is a fungal infection affecting the scalp and hair. Among the causative agents, Microsporum canis (M. canis) stands out, often transmitted from cats to humans (zoonotic disease). In this study, we investigated the efficacy of Carica papaya (C. papaya), fruit extract against dermatophytes, particularly M. canis, both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we aimed to identify the active compounds responsible for suppressing fungal growth and assess the toxicity of C. papaya on human cells. Methodology: It conducted in two parts. First, In Vitro Study include the preparation of C. papaya fruit extract using methanol as the solvent, Phytochemical analysis of the plant extract including Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was conducted, Cytotoxicity assays were performed using HUH-7 cells, employing the MTT assay (1-(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), Antimicrobial activity against M. canis was evaluated, including: Zone of inhibition (ZI), Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), M. canis cell alterations were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Second, In Vivo, Albino Wistar male rats were included. Results: The phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract from papaya revealed several functional groups, including hydroxyl, ammonia, alkane, carbonate, and alcohol. Additionally, the GC-MS analysis identified 15 compounds, with xanthosine and decanoic acid being the predominant components. The methanolic extract of papaya fruits demonstrated potent antifungal activity: ZI = 37 mm, MIC = 1,000 µg/mL, MFC = 1900 µg/mL, MTT results indicated lower cytotoxicity of the fruit extract at concentrations of 20 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL, 150 µg/mL, and 200 µg/mL, The IC50 revealed a significant decrease in cell viability with increasing extract concentration. Notably, papaya extract induced considerable alterations in the morphology of M. canis hyphae and spores. In animal tissue, improvements were observed among the group of rats which treated with Papaya extract. This study highlights the potential of C. papaya fruits as a natural antifungal agent, warranting further exploration for clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]