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Objective: Psychological distress has a high impact on quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Studies have shown that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based therapies (MBTs) are successful in reducing psychological distress in patients with anxiety, depressive, and chronic somatic disorders. We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of these therapies in MS, PD, and HD patients.Methods: We performed a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to March 2018. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating a CBT or MBT and reporting psychological outcome measures were included. Two separate meta-analyses were performed; one on studies comparing psychological therapy with a treatment as usual or waitlist condition and one on studies with active treatment control conditions.Results: The first meta-analysis (N = 12 studies, 8 in MS and 4 in PD populations) showed a significant effect size of g = 0.51 in reducing psychological distress. The second meta-analysis (N = 7 studies, in MS populations) showed a mean effect size of g = 0.36. No RCTs were found in HD populations. The overall quality of the included studies was low and considerable heterogeneity was found. No evidence was found for publication bias.Conclusion: CBT and MBTs have a small to moderate effect on reducing psychological distress in patients with PD and MS. However, more research with better methodological quality and larger study samples is warranted, especially in HD patient populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction While anxiety, depression and insomnia frequently (co-)occur in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, little is known about their temporal relationship. In this study, we tested two hypotheses: i) insomnia predicts an increase in symptoms of depression or anxiety and ii) anxiety or depression at baseline predicts insomnia in PD patients six months later. Methods We used longitudinal data from a prospective cohort study of early-stage, medication-naïve PD patients. Primary outcome measures were: anxiety symptoms, measured with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI); depressive symptoms, measured with the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15); and insomnia, defined as a score ≥ 2 on item 1.7 of the Movement Disorder Society – Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. We performed linear and logistic regression analyses, correcting for baseline value of the respective outcome variable. Results Baseline insomnia was not associated with GDS-15 or STAI total score at follow-up. In a post hoc analysis, we found that insomnia predicted a higher STAI State score (B(SE) = 2.50 (1.07), p < 0.05), while the association with the STAI Trait score was not significant. Baseline STAI scores (B(SE) = 0.02 (0.01), p = 0.001) and GDS-15 score (B(SE) = 0.15 (0.05), p < 0.001) were significantly associated with insomnia at follow-up. Conclusion Symptoms of anxiety and depression may constitute a risk factor for insomnia in PD. The relationship between insomnia and anxiety is bidirectional, which suggests that both anxiety and sleep disorders can start a negative spiral in PD patients, where one enhances the other. Independent clinical attention for these symptoms in PD patients is therefore warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and have a major impact on wellbeing. They nevertheless receive limited scientific attention. This study aimed to establish the symptom dimensions of anxiety in PD, and their relationship with depression, autonomic failure and motor symptoms. Methods In this cross-sectional observational study, symptoms of anxiety were measured with the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) in 294 PD patients. Symptom dimensions of anxiety in PD were explored through principal component analysis (PCA) of BAI items. The relationship between anxiety and depressive, autonomic and motor symptoms was assessed through PCA and regression analyses. Results Clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety were present in 45% of patients. PCA of the BAI resulted in five subscales, corresponding to a single affective and four somatic symptom dimensions (thermoregulation, hypotension, hyperventilation and trembling) of anxiety. Symptoms of anxiety and depression displayed a large overlap. All somatic BAI subscales were significantly influenced by motor and autonomic symptoms, while the affective subscale was not. Conclusion Anxiety in PD comprises affective and somatic symptom dimensions. The affective subscale of the BAI is not influenced by motor or autonomic symptoms, and may therefore prove useful for future research. Scores on the somatic subscales of the BAI were associated with autonomic failure and motor impairment, demonstrating a strong interplay between motor and non-motor symptoms in PD. These results stress the importance of a holistic approach of anxiety in PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Depression in Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with reduced limbic activity. [•] Impulse control disorders (ICD) in PD are associated with increased limbic activity. [•] Depression and ICD in PD frequently coincide suggesting a common pathophysiology. [•] Reward-related ventral striatal dopamine release is important for both disorders. [•] Ventral striatal dopamine denervation might be a common neurobiological substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]