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The brain undergoes dramatic changes over the course of the adolescent years, and these developmental changes are implicated in the emergence of disorders that involve negative emotionality. Late adolescence might be the window within which brain networks manifest vulnerabilities to depressive and anxiety symptomology; particularly within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which houses emotional control (dorsolateral) and emotional processing (medial) nodes. Given the comorbidity of depressive and anxious symptomology, it may be that the neural signature is similar for both within the developing PFC. In a sample of 67 adolescents (M = 15.97 years, SD = 1.36), we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to examine the neural signature of emergent anxiety and depressive symptoms among younger and older adolescents. We further examined the extent to which neural signatures of anxiety and depressive symptoms within the PFC were similar or different. Findings revealed that self-reported anxiety and depressive symptoms were highly correlated, and that the neural signatures of both within the PFC were similar, corresponding with the medial subregions of the PFC (i.e., those involved in evaluative processing). These findings were evident only in later adolescence, suggesting the possibility of a common vulnerability for anxiety and depressive disorders emerging around this developmental window., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)