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Nulliparous (pregnant women who are giving birth for the first time) and multiparous (women who have multiple children) may have different concerns, which may be associated with risk of antenatal depression. This study aims to examine the role of social support and stressful life events as risk factors for antenatal depression in nulliparous and multiparous women. The sample included 1,524 pregnant women recruited from an obstetrics setting at the end of the first trimester of pregnancy from two Spanish tertiary-care public hospitals. The sample completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the "social support" and "stressful life events" subscales of the Postpartum Depression Predictor Inventory-Revised (PDPI-R). Nulliparous women reported a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms (15.6 percent) compared to multiparous mothers (20.1 percent). In both groups, marriage/partner problems (NP: β = 0.178, p  < .01 vs MP: β = 0.164, p  < .01) and a perceived lack of instrumental support from friends (NP: β = -0.154, p < .01 vs MP: β = -0.154, p  < .01) were significant risk factors for antenatal depression. However, nulliparous women have more risk factors such as unemployment (β = 0.096, p  < .05), job change (β = 0.127, p  < .01), financial problems (β = 0.145, p  < .01) and lack of instrumental support from partner (β = -0187, p  < .01). For multiparous women, moving (β = 0.080, p  < .05) and lack of instrumental support from family (β = -0.151, p  < .01) were risk factors. These results suggest the critical need for screening and designing preventive interventions adapted and taking into consideration parity to provide more effective health care during pregnancy.

Pregnant women and mothers in sub-Saharan Africa are at high risk for perinatal depression, warranting a need to develop culturally tailored interventions to prevent perinatal depression. This paper documents the process of adapting an evidence-based preventive intervention developed in the United States, the Mothers and Babies Course (MBC), to fit the contexts of rural pregnant women and mothers of young children in Kenya and Tanzania using the updated Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications-Enhanced (FRAME). Data from informant interviews and field observations from the planning and implementation phases were used to make adaptations and modifications of the MBC for perinatal women through the eight aspects of FRAME. Follow-up field visits and reflection meetings with case managers and intervention participants indicated that the adapted version of the MBC was well accepted, but fidelity was limited due to various implementation barriers. The FRAME provided an optimal structure to outline the key adaptations and modifications of a preventive intervention intended to maximize engagement, delivery, and outcomes for high-risk perinatal women in rural settings.

Background: To date, dozens of systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) summarize the effectiveness of preventive interventions for perinatal depression. However, the results are inconclusive, making an urgent need to step up to higher levels of evidence synthesis., Aims: To summarize and compare the evidence from the SR&MA examining the effectiveness of all types of interventions for preventing perinatal depression., Method: PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and OpenGrey were searched from inception to December 2022. We selected SR&MA of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared all types of preventive interventions for perinatal depression with control groups whose outcome was the reduction of depressive symptoms and/or incidence of new cases of perinatal depression (PROSPERO: CRD42020173125)., Results: A total of 19 SRs and MAs evaluated 152 unique RCTs that included 83,408 women from 26 countries and five continents. The median effect size for any intervention was SMD = 0.29 (95% CI: 0.20 to 0.38). Exercise/physical activity-based, psychological, and any type of intervention showed median effect sizes of 0.43, 0.28 and 0.36, respectively. The degree of overlap among RCTs was slight. According to AMSTAR-2, 79% of them were rated as low or critically low-quality. The strength of evidence, according to GRADE, was poorly reported and, in most cases, was low., Conclusions: Exercise/physical activity-based and psychological interventions have a small-to-medium effect on reducing perinatal depressive symptoms. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that dietary supplements and pharmacological interventions are effective in preventing perinatal depression. There is a need for high-quality SR&MA of RCTs, mainly focusing on universal preventive interventions., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Introduction: Although suicide is the main cause of maternal death during pregnancy in industrialized countries, there are few research regarding the prevalence and risk factors of suicidal ideation during pregnancy, especially in Spain., Method: In a multicenter study, the sample included 1,524 pregnant women recruited from an obstetrics setting from two Spanish tertiary-care public hospitals. The prevalence of prenatal suicidal ideation was estimated by analyzing their responses to item 9 on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The risk factors (which increases the probability of having suicidal ideation) included sociodemographic and biomedical variables, and the stress subscale from the revised prenatal version of the Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory (PDPI-R)., Results: A total of 2.6% of pregnant women reported suicidal ideation. Risk factors of suicidal ideation during pregnancy include sociodemographic, such as prior history of depression (β = 0.120, p < .05), unemployment (β = 0.149, p < .05), and being an immigrant (β = 0.140, p < .01), and biomedical variables, such as previous abortion (β =0.169, p < .01) and assisted reproduction (β = -0.100, p < .05)., Discussion: Given that the prevalence of suicidal ideation is higher than expected, the results of the study suggest the critical need for screening and designing preventive interventions adapted to pregnant women to decrease risk of associated suicidal behavior. In protocols carried out by midwives, specific risk factors should be included in health screenings during pregnancy., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The prevalence and risk factors associated with prenatal depression among Spanish-speaking women in Spain and Mexico are examined and compared through a cross-cultural study. The study utilizes secondary data from 563 participants who received prenatal care in Madrid (N = 283) and in Mexico City (N = 280), assessed with the PHQ-9 and the PDPI-R. Spanish women reported a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms (10.0%) than Mexican women (20.3%). Regression analyses showed that previous prenatal anxiety and lack of family emotional support were common risk factors to the two countries. Within each country, significant risk factors included: (a) previous depression history (β = 0.224; p < 0.001) in Spain; and (b) unplanned pregnancy (β = - 0.116; p < 0.027), lack of emotional support from others (β = 0.129; p < 0.032), marital dissatisfaction (β = 0.186; p < 0.009), and life stress due to financial problems (β = 0.117; p < 0.026), and life stress due to marital problems (β = 0.114; p < 0.040) in Mexico. Health professionals can tailor interventions to their particular risk factors to reduce the adverse effects on mothers and infants., (© 2020. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

This manuscript is based on a keynote address presented at the 2020 Marcé Society's Conference celebrating the Society's 40th anniversary. The address described a 50-year perspective on prevention research, current evidence that perinatal depression can be prevented, and how digital tools could be used to disseminate perinatal depression prevention interventions throughout the world. We utilized the Mothers and Babies Course as a case study to illustrate these goals. The article reviews the gradual progress of depression prevention research, from the time when the state of the science was such that it was believed that the onset of major depressive episodes could not be prevented until the present day. In addition, the article recounts the three consensus reports on prevention of mental disorders published by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, culminating in the 2019 report, which calls on the field to implement known interventions for the prevention of depression and other mental disorders, and to scale up their administration to reduce the prevalence of these disorders in the general population. The paper presents the 2019 recommendations of the US Preventive Services Task Force, which instructs the health system to provide routine referrals to perinatal depression prevention interventions (e.g., the Mothers and Babies Course) to perinatal persons at risk for depression. We now have the knowledge to prevent approximately half of episodes of perinatal depression. It is time to implement this knowledge and begin to do research on how to prevent the remaining half., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Introduction: The aim was to examine the risk factors of anternatal depression among immigrant and native pregnant women in Spain. Method: A total of 1,524 pregnant women completed the Patient Health Questionnaire and the Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory-Revised form. Results : The native group reported a lower prevalence (15.2%) compared with immigrant group (25.8%). For immigrants, primiparity, moving, and perceived lack instrumental support from friends or emotional support from partners and family members were significant risk factors. Discussion: The study identified risk factors that can be used for preventive interventions during pregnancy. Significance: Screening and interventions for depression during pregnancy should take migration status into account to maximize effective health care. Also, health providers should consider how migration status can result in different risk factors that affect depression during pregnancy.

Objective : This pilot study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioural intervention to prevent perinatal depressive symptoms in pregnant women at high risk for perinatal depression in Spain. Background : Perinatal depression (PD) can negatively affect maternal and infant outcomes. Mamás y Bebés /The Mothers and Babies Course (MBC) is an evidence-based CBT intervention aimed at teaching women at high risk for depression mood regulation skills to prevent depression in the United States, including Spanish-speaking perinatal women in the United States. However, there is limited research on preventive interventions for PD in Spain. Method : Pregnant women screened for high risk for PD were recruited in their first trimester in an obstetrics clinic at two urban hospitals in Spain. In a non-experimental design, 30 women completed eight weekly group sessions of the MBC. The Patient Health Questionnaire was the main depression outcome at four time points: pre-intervention, post-intervention, and at 3 months and 6 months postpartum. Participants completed an evaluation questionnaire at the end of each session to assess the acceptability of the intervention. Results : The MBC was effective in reducing depressive symptoms from baseline to all three time points: post-intervention, 3 and 6 months postpartum. Attendance was high (76.7% attended all eight sessions). Mothers reported positive feedback from the participating in the MBC. Conclusion : This pilot study suggests that the intervention is feasible, acceptable, and provides promising evidence for reducing depressive symptoms in urban Spanish perinatal women. Larger and rigorous randomised trials are needed to confirm these findings.

Background: Perinatal anxiety and depression are common complications during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the item characteristics, reliability, validity, and factorial structure of the four-item Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) and to determine the associations between scale scores and sociodemographic factors in a sample of pregnant women from Spain. Method: A total of 845 pregnant women were recruited from two public hospitals in Spain between 2014 and 2016. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire that included Patient Health Questionnaire-4, including the two-item Patient Health Questionnaire and the two-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and scale inter-correlations between the PHQ-4 and PHQ-9 revealed that the PHQ-4 has a bivariate structure and adequately assesses the dimensions of antenatal anxiety and depression. Conclusion : The PHQ-4 is a reliable and valid instrument to screen for depression and anxiety during pregnancy. The PHQ-4 is an ultra-brief measure that can be used to screen for antenatal depression and anxiety to prevent the negative consequences associated with these mental health conditions among mothers and infants.

Objective: Prenatal depression is a major public health problem, therefore predicting and preventing it is a relevant objective for public health agendas. Consequently, it is important to have adequate screening tools to detect risk factors associated with prenatal depression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties reliability and factor structure of the Spanish version of the Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory- Revised- Prenatal Version (PDI-R) in pregnant women who attend prenatal care in an urban hospital in Spain., Methods: The sample was formed of 445 women receiving prenatal care in an obstetrics clinic in an urban public hospital in Madrid, Spain. The internal consistency of PDPI-R was assessed by measuring Cronbach's Alfa index, calculating the COR curve and percentiles for this sample., Results: The PDPI-R showed good internal consistency in this sample (Cronbach's Alfa = 0,855). The area under the COR curve is 0,84 p≤0,001. Sensibility and specificity values were 62,3% and 69,5% respectively, and the cut-off point with greatest sensibility and specificity was 4., Conclusions: The PDPI-R is reliable and can be used to screen for risk factor for depression during pregnancy., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

A growing research literature highlights the public health need for preventive interventions to reduce symptoms and incidence of perinatal depression among vulnerable populations. The Mothers and Babies (MB) course is a cognitive-behavioral intervention designed to teach mood regulation skills to English- and Spanish-speaking low-income women at high risk for perinatal depression. We describe the development of the MB course and evaluate the extent to which research findings support efficacy, effectiveness, and dissemination based on the Society for Prevention Research Standards Committee's standards of evidence. Our review of research and implementation activities suggests that the MB intervention demonstrates promising evidence for efficacy in reducing depressive symptoms; empirical support for prevention of major depressive episodes is still preliminary. Work is in progress to evaluate program effectiveness and prepare for broad dissemination and implementation. The MB course shows promise as an intervention for low-income women at risk for perinatal mood issues. Spanish and English intervention materials have been developed that can be delivered in different settings (hospitals, home visiting), in different dosages (6, 8, or 12 sessions), and via different modalities (group, individual). Evaluating the MB course against current standards is intended to inform other prevention intervention development research.

Pregnancy represents a unique period of time when women are at an increased risk of developing depression. Although the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) is one of the most widely used self-report measures of depression symptomology, its psychometric properties and underlying factor structures have not been determined for antenatal women and among Latinas. The current study evaluated the latent symptom structure of the BDI-II in a community-based sample of Latina pregnant women (N = 217) identified to be at high risk for depression. Exploratory factor analyses were used to identify underlying salient individual item loadings for two- and three-factor models. Confirmatory factor analyses then examined several different indices to determine the best model fit. Examination of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supports a three-factor oblique structure of the BDI-II composed of Cognitive-Affective, Somatic, and Pregnancy Symptoms. The three-factor model provides clinicians with the ability to target specific constellations of depressive symptoms instead of relying on the BDI-II total score that represents the overall severity of depression in this population.

We conducted exit interviews with a random sample of 39 predominantly Central American immigrant mothers who had completed a longitudinal randomized controlled trial to prevent perinatal depression. We found that rates and levels of perinatal depression in the intervention and control groups were lower than expected and did not differ between groups at 1 year postpartum. Therefore, we conducted extensive semistructured interviews to (a) understand why these high-risk women had such low rates of major depressive episodes and depressive symptoms, and (b) determine if the mechanisms responsible for reductions in depression differed between the intervention and usual care groups. We discovered that the intervention group learned specific mood-management skills from their participation in the intervention, and that the control group experienced their participation in the study as a "low-dose" intervention. Our experience highlights the importance of conducting qualitative studies to understand quantitative outcomes of intervention studies.

Perinatal depression is a prevalent and detrimental condition. Determining modifiable factors associated with it would identify opportunities for prevention. This paper: 1) identifies depressive symptom trajectories and heterogeneity in those trajectories during pregnancy through the first-year postpartum, and 2) examines the association between unintended pregnancy and depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms (BDI-II) were collected from low-income Hispanic immigrants (n=215) five times from early pregnancy to 12-months postpartum. The sample was at high-risk for perinatal depression and recruited from two prenatal care settings. Growth mixture modeling (GMM) was used to identify distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms over the perinatal period. Multinomial logistic regression was then conducted to examine the association between unintended pregnancy (reported at baseline) and the depression trajectory patterns. Three distinct trajectory patterns of depressive symptoms were identified: high during pregnancy, but low postpartum ("Pregnancy High": 9.8%); borderline during pregnancy, with a postpartum increase ("Postpartum High": 10.2%); and low throughout pregnancy and postpartum ("Perinatal Low": 80.0%). Unintended pregnancy was not associated with the "Pregnancy High" pattern, but was associated with a marginally significant nearly four fold increase in risk of the "Postpartum High" pattern in depressive symptoms (RRR=3.95, p<0.10). Family planning is a potential strategy for the prevention of postpartum depression. Women who report unintended pregnancies during prenatal care must be educated of their increased risk, even if they do not exhibit antenatal depressive symptoms. Routine depression screening should occur postpartum, and referral to culturally appropriate treatment should follow positive screening results., (© Society for Prevention Research 2011)

Objective: A randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral (CBT) intervention to prevent perinatal depression in high-risk Latinas., Method: A sample of 217 participants, predominantly low-income Central American immigrants who met demographic and depression risk criteria, were randomized into usual care (UC; n = 105) or an 8-week CBT group intervention during pregnancy and 3 individual booster sessions during postpartum (n = 112). Participants completed measures assessing depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale at baseline; Beck Depression Inventory, Second Edition [BDI-II]) and major depressive episodes (Mood Screener) at 5 time points throughout the perinatal period., Results: Intent-to-treat analyses indicated that intervention participants had significantly lower depressive symptoms and fewer cases of moderate depression (BDI-II ≥ 20) at Time 2 than UC participants. These effects were stronger for women who fully participated in the intervention (≥ 4 classes). The cumulative incidence of major depressive episodes was not significantly different between the intervention (7.8%) and UC (9.6%) groups., Conclusions: A CBT intervention for low-income, high-risk Latinas reduced depressive symptoms during pregnancy but not during the postpartum period. Low levels of depressive symptoms and lower than expected rates of clinical depression in both groups may partially be due to methodological issues. As perinatal depression is a significant public health problem, more work is needed to prevent perinatal depression in low-income, ethnically diverse women., ((c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved.)

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between alexithymia and perinatal depressive symptoms and the stability of the alexithymia construct in a sample of low-income, predominantly Latina women during pregnancy and the early postpartum period., Methods: Seventy-seven pregnant women completed self-report questionnaires and were classified as "high risk" or "low risk" for developing a major depressive episode based on a history of depression and/or current high depressive symptom scores. Measures included the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, and the Maternal Mood Screener, and were completed during pregnancy and at postpartum month 2., Results: Alexithymia was positively associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy and early postpartum. Women at high risk for depression had significantly higher alexithymia levels than low-risk women during pregnancy but not during postpartum. Alexithymia and depressive symptoms were independently and strongly correlated across the ante- and postpartum periods. Hierarchical regression analyses indicate that alexithymia scores at postpartum were predicted by alexithymia scores during pregnancy, above and beyond the variance explained by the depressive symptom scores during pregnancy and postpartum., Conclusion: Alexithymia is positively correlated with depressive symptoms during the perinatal period and is a stable phenomenon.

BackgroundOne in seven women experience postpartum depression, posing a serious public health concern. One of the most robust predictors of elevated postpartum depressive symptoms is major stressful life events that occur during pregnancy. Having greater resilience resources that promote successful adaptation to stressful demands may be protective in the face of stress during pregnancy. The current study tested whether three resilience resources- mastery, dispositional optimism, and spirituality- each predicted early symptoms of postpartum depression and moderated the hypothesized association between experiencing stressful life events during pregnancy and symptoms of postpartum depression.MethodsThe sample included 233 women who participated in a prospective longitudinal study from pregnancy through postpartum. Depressive symptoms were assessed at approximately 4 to 8 weeks after birth, whereas resilience resources and stressful life events were measured in pregnancy. Multiple linear regressions were used to test hypotheses.ResultsStressful life events predicted greater symptoms of depression postpartum. Mastery and optimism predicted fewer symptoms of depression postpartum. Mastery moderated the association between stressful life events and symptoms of depression when controlling for previous psychiatric history, t(231) = -1.97, p=.0497.LimitationsThere was some attrition among study participants across timepoints, which was accounted for in analyses with multiple imputation.ConclusionsThese findings point to the protective nature of a mother's sense of mastery in the face of major life stressors during pregnancy and suggest this is an important construct to target in interventions addressing postpartum depression.

Colombia endured 70 years of internal conflict, but despite a peace agreement, violence continues to be significant in the post-conflict era. Violence degrades the health and well-being of affected populations and it engenders psychological distress. Little is known about the impact of violence on the mental health of sexual and gender minority populations in Colombia. This study aimed to examine the frequency and sources of violence among cisgender men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women and their association with depressive symptoms and substance use. We administered a survey to 942 MSM and 58 transgender women recruited using respondent-driven sampling. We estimated the relationship between mental health indicators and experiences of violence using stepwise logistic and linear regressions, controlling for income, education, age, race, and mistreatment for being effeminate when younger. Respondent-driven sampling adjusted prevalence of any type of violence was 60.9% for the total sample, 59.8% for MSM, and 75.1% for transgender women. Experiences of violence were significantly related to depressive symptoms, binge drinking and drug use for the MSM sample. Violence perpetrated by family members or acquaintances was associated with greater depressive symptoms, and violence perpetrated by partners and strangers was associated with increased binge drinking and drug use. These results provide significant evidence of the negative association of experiences of violence and the mental health of sexual and gender minority people, a vulnerable population in Colombia. This study addresses issues of diversity regarding sexual orientation and gender identity in a Latin American middle-income country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnant women are at an increased risk for anxiety and depression, but a majority of women go untreated due to a high rate of undetected symptoms. The 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) is an ultrabrief screening instrument for anxiety and depression with sound psychometric properties demonstrated in the general population and primary care, but not among pregnant women. The aim of this study was to provide initial evidence of the validity and reliability of the PHQ-4 among pregnant women. Materials and Methods: Data from an international sample of 1148 pregnant women who participated in an online cross-sectional survey were examined using a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multigroup analysis approaches. Average chronological and gestational ages were 27.7 years old (standard deviation [SD] = 6.5) and 16.8 weeks (SD = 10.6), respectively. Participants were from diverse cultural backgrounds and English and Spanish speaking (n = 587 and n = 561, respectively). Results: CFA reflected two distinct factors, which accounted for 59% of the proportion of variance in the two anxiety items and 50% in the two depression items. Coefficient H values of 0.74 for anxiety and 0.70 for depression suggested good factor reliability. Conclusions: This is the first study demonstrating initial evidence supporting the validity and reliability of the PHQ-4 in pregnant women. Should this study be replicated, a clinical interview, which is the gold standard procedure, should be included. Regardless, the PHQ-4 may be a useful ultrabrief resource for maternal mental health clinicians and health care providers who need to identify potential cases of anxiety and depression in pregnant women using efficient and evidence-based tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate psychometric properties and the factor structure of the Spanish version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in pregnant women received care in an urban public hospital in Spain. Research design/setting In a cross-sectional study, the reliability and factor structure were examined. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to examine the latent structure of the PHQ-9 with a pregnant Spanish-speaking sample ( n  = 445) recruited during the first trimester in an obstetrics clinic in Madrid. Measurements and findings The Spanish version of PHQ-9 had moderate internal consistency ( α  = 0.81). Exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor (cognitive-affective, somatic) and three-factor (cognitive-affective, somatic, pregnancy-related) structure of the PHQ-9, whereas confirmatory factor analyses support a three-factor model (cognitive-affective, somatic, pregnancy-related) as the best fit to the data. Key Conclusions The Spanish version of PHQ-9 is reliable and can be used to screen for depression during pregnancy. A three-factor model structure is adequate to evaluate the components and symptoms of depression for Spanish pregnant women. Implication for practice Midwives can screen for depression during the PHQ-9 and can tailor interventions to minimize the adverse effects on mothers and infants, before and after birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Prenatal depression is a significant public health problem and one of the main risk factors for postpartum depression. Limited research in perinatal depression has been conducted in Spain. The objectives of this study was to: (1) examine the feasibility of integrating a screening program for prenatal depression in an obstetrics setting in a large urban hospital in Spain; and (2) provide an initial estimate of the prevalence rate of the severity of depressive symptoms during pregnancy.Study Design: Screening for prenatal depression was conducted during the first trimester in an obstetrics setting in an urban hospital in Madrid, Spain 2014-2015. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used as the main screener.Results: Of the 730 women asked to complete the screening protocol, 445 (60.9%) completed the PHQ-9 during the first trimester. Those who did not complete the screening were more likely to be immigrants and did not read Spanish. The prevalence of moderate to high severity of prenatal depressive symptoms prenatal depressive is 14.8% (PHQ-9≥10).Conclusion: It is possible to integrate screening for prenatal depression in an urban obstetrics setting, but there are significant structural barriers to implementation. The prevalence of significant prenatal depressive symptoms is similar to previous research in Spain and adds to the limited research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]