Search

Background: The effect of dynamic changes in metabolic parameters over time on the development of depression has yet to be examined. In this study, we aimed to determine the association between the variability of metabolic parameters and the development of depression using nationally representative data.Methods: We used health examination data provided by the South Korean National Health Insurance System (NHIS) and included those who underwent the examination ≥ 3 times within five years of enrollment, without a previous history of depression (n = 9,058,424). The variability of each metabolic parameter including weight circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels was estimated using variability independent of mean (VIM) indices. High variability was defined as the highest quartile (Q4) of variability.Results: Each metabolic parameter with high variability was associated with a higher risk of newly diagnosed depression compared to those with low variability, after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, regular exercise, income status, baseline diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. As the number of highly variable metabolic parameters increased, the risk for newly diagnosed depression increased even after adjusting for the aforementioned covariates (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3 - 1.4 in those with five highly variable parameters compared to those with no highly variable parameter).Limitations: relatively short observation period; no systematic measure of depression severity.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the variability of metabolic parameters is an independent risk factor for depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is insufficient evidence of the association between oophorectomy and depression.Methods: A nationwide medical records database of South Korea was used to investigate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of major depressive disorder before and after oophorectomy (n = 36,284) using a self-controlled case series design. Outcomes before and after hysterectomy (n = 25,415) were identified to compare with those around oophorectomy.Results: In all oophorectomy and hysterectomy groups, the risk of depression was increased before and after surgery, peaking immediately before or after the operation, with no significant difference in the pattern of the results according to type of surgery. In the bilateral oophorectomy group, the IRR was increased between 2-3 months before the surgery, peaking immediately before surgery at 1.39 (95% CI: 1.30-1.49, p < .0001), and remained heightened for one-year postexposure. Subgroup analyses performed according to ovarian cancer, age group, and hormone replacement therapy produced results similar to those of the main outcome.Limitations: Because we used claims data, the detailed clinical information related to oophorectomy is lacking. There is possibility that time-varying confounder besides age and season might have affected the results CONCLUSIONS: The risk of depression increased before and after oophorectomy. The increase in risk of depression started before oophorectomy and peaked immediately before or after the operation, but no significant differences between unilateral and bilateral surgery and cancer and noncancer or among age groups were noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the association between female reproductive factors and the risk of depression. A retrospective cohort study was performed using a national database in South Korea. Among 945,729 eligible postmenopausal women, the associations between female reproductive factors including the age at menarche, age at menopause, parity, duration of oral contraceptive (OC) use, duration of breastfeeding, and use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), and the occurrence of depression were investigated. Compared to women with menarche at the age of ≤12 years, those with menarche at the age of ≥15 showed an increased risk of depression [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 1.09 for 15–16 years and 1.18 for ≥17 years]. Compared to women with menopause at the age of 50–54, those with menopause at an earlier age showed an increased risk of depression (aHR of 1.20 for <40 years), and those with menopause at a later age showed a decreased risk of depression (aHR of 0.94 for ≥55 years). Use of MHT was associated with an increased risk of depression (aHR of 1.30 for ≥5 years). Duration of breastfeeding and duration of OC use had U-shaped but weak associations with depression. Whereas parity did not show a significant association with depression. Late menarche, early menopause, and the use of MHT were associated with an increased risk of depression in postmenopausal women. • Association between female reproductive factors and depression in postmenopausal women. • Late menarche and early menopause increased the risk of depression. • Oral contraceptive use and menopausal hormone therapy increased the risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Body weight variability (BWV) negatively affects the incidence and outcomes of various diseases, but the nature of the association between BWV and depression remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that BWV is associated with the risk of new-onset depression. Methods: Data from a nationwide population-based cohort in the Korean National Health Insurance Service database were analyzed for 6 598 570 adults with no history of depression and reports of at least three health examinations. BWV was estimated using variability independent of the mean indices and divided into quartiles (Q1 lowest, Q4 highest BWV). Cox proportional hazard models were applied to assess the risk of depression according to the quartile of BWV. Results: The incident rate for depression from Q1 to Q4 of BWV was 20.7, 20.3, 20.8, and 22.2 per 1000 person-years, respectively. BWV, especially high BWV, was associated with an increased risk of depression after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, income, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The hazard ratio (HR) of new-onset depression was highest in Q4 relative to Q1 in the total population (HR 1.12, p < 0.0001) and was higher in women than in men (HR 1.72 v. 1.16, p < 0.0001). In stratified analyses, regardless of obesity or weight change status at baseline, the risk of depression was increased when bodyweight fluctuated highly during follow-up. Conclusions: High BWV was associated with an increased risk of depression. Further studies need to evaluate the role of high BWV with respect to the onset of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between adult Internet game addiction (IGA) and mental disorders. A total of 1401 adults aged between 18 and 74 years participated in this study. The IGA group had significantly younger patients, and it showed a higher proportion of unmarried and unemployed adults, and higher rates of suicidal ideation, plan, and attempt than the non-IGA group. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that IGA was significantly associated with major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and depressive disorders adjusting for all variables. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score was significantly higher in the IGA group than in the non-IGA group for both young adults and middle groups. "Escape from negative emotions like nervousness, sadness, and anger" was the only significant item associated with depression among symptoms of IGA. This study suggests that adults with IGA and depression may use Internet games to escape from negative emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]