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Odraslost je obdobje, ko posameznik konča s šolanjem, prične z iskanjem službe, se zaposli, prične skrbeti zase, skratka, se odseli od doma. Takrat prične opravljati različne pomembne družbene vloge. V tem obdobju so še posebej na udaru ženske, ki poleg skrbi zase, opravljanja gospodinjskih del in službe, skrbijo še za druge in se soočajo s številnimi težavami in stresnimi situacijami. Ženske namreč dvakrat pogosteje kot moški zbolevajo za depresijo, kar povezujejo s hormonskim ravnovesjem, bolj stresnim načinom življenja, soočenje z nasiljem in zlorabam ter nenehnim razmišljanjem. Živimo v času, kjer je doživljanje stresa nekaj čisto normalnega. Vsi ga kdaj občutimo. Je pa res, da posamezne stresorje dojemamo drugače. Nekomu nekaj povzroči stres, drugemu drugo. Problem nastane, ko je tega stresa preveč. Pretirano doživljanje negativnega stresa lahko vodi v doživljanje simptomov tesnobnosti in depresivnosti ali celo do različnih motenj in bolezni. Ljudje se zaradi pretiranega doživljanja stresa najpogosteje srečajo s tesnobo in depresijo. Pri tesnobi gre za nekajminutne neprijetne čustvene in vedenjske simptome, ki lahko sprožijo tudi napad panike, medtem ko gre pri depresiji za simptome, ki vztrajajo dlje časa ter je glavni simptom doživljanje neskončne žalosti. Stres, simptome tesnobnosti in depresivnosti lahko obvladujemo z različnimi strategijami. V našem delu se posvečamo sprostitvenim tehnikam. Sprostitvene tehnike izzovejo sprostitev, ki bistveno zniža učinke stresa na telo in um. Med drugim vadba le-teh upočasni srčni utrip, znižuje krvni tlak, upočasni dihanje in izboljšuje prebavo. Namen raziskave, izvedene med dvanajstimi aktivnimi ženskami, je bil preveriti, kako kratka, a redna uporaba sprostitvenih tehnik vpliva na razbremenitev stresa, doživljanja simptomov depresivnosti in tesnobnosti, na zmožnost osredotočenega zavedanja in sprejemanja sedanjega trenutka ter na zadovoljstvo z življenjem aktivnih žensk. V raziskavi smo uporabili kvazieksperimentalno metodo, in sicer enoskupinski predtest-posttest načrt kot pripomoček je bila izbrana mobilna aplikacija s sprostitvenimi tehnikami. Analiza rezultatov je pokazala, da ima redna vadba sprostitvenih tehnik pomemben vpliv na doživljanje stresa. Na podlagi ugotovitev v teoretičnem delu in kazalnikov v naši raziskavi lahko rečemo tudi, da imajo sprostitvene tehnike pozitiven vpliv na doživljanje simptomov depresivnosti in tesnobnosti, na zmožnost osredotočenega zavedanja in spoprijemanja sedanjega trenutka ter na zadovoljstvo z življenjem aktivnih žensk. Ugotovili smo tudi, da ni ene najboljše in najučinkovitejše sprostitvene tehnike, temveč lahko ob redni in vestni vadbi z vsako tehniko dosežemo sprostitveni odziv. Uporabnice so bile nad pozitivnimi vplivi redne vadbe sprostitvenih tehnik presenečene vse so čutile pozitivne spremembe in se strinjajo, da bodo z uporabo nadaljevale. Adulthood is the period when an individual finishes school, starts looking for a job, gets a job, starts taking care of himself, in short, moves away from home. It is then that he begins to perform various important social roles. During this period, women are particularly affected, who, in addition to taking care of themselves, doing housework, and working, also take care of others and face many problems and stressful situations. Women are twice as likely as men to suffer from depression, which they associate with hormonal balance, a more stressful lifestyle, coping with violence and abuse, and constant thinking. We live in a time where experiencing stress is something completely normal. We all feel it sometimes. However, it is true that we perceive individual stressors differently. To some, something causes stress, to others something else. The problem, however, arises when there is too much of this stress. Excessive experience of negative stress can lead to experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression, or even to various disorders and illnesses. People are most likely to experience anxiety and depression due to excessive stress. Anxiety is a few minutes of unpleasant emotional and behavioural symptoms that can also trigger a panic attack, while depression consists of symptoms that persist for a long time and the main symptom is experiencing endless sadness. Stress, symptoms of anxiety and depression can be managed through a variety of strategies. In our work we focus on relaxation techniques. Relaxation techniques evoke relaxation, which significantly reduces the effects of stress on the body and mind. Among other things, exercise slows the heart rate, lowers blood pressure, slows breathing and improves digestion. The purpose of the study, conducted among twelve active women, was to examine how short but regular use of relaxation techniques affects stress relief, experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety, the ability to focus on and accept the present moment, and life satisfaction of active women. In the research, we used a quasi-experimental method, namely one group with a pretest-posttest plan, and a mobile application with relaxation techniques was chosen as an aid. Analysis of the results showed that regular practice of relaxation techniques has a significant impact on experiencing stress. Based on the findings in the theoretical part and indicators in our study, we can also say that relaxation techniques have a positive impact on experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety, on the ability to focus and cope with the present moment and on being satisfied with your life as an active woman. We also found that one single best and most effective relaxation technique does not exist, but we can achieve a relaxation response with each technique with regular and conscientious exercise. The users were surprised by the positive effects of regular practice of relaxation techniques, all felt positive changes and agreed to continue using them.

Introduction: University students are subjected to different kinds of stressors, i.e.academic pressures, social issues and financial problems. This can affect their academic achievements and quality of life. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the health-related quality of life of university students, and how it is affected by the presence of chronic diseases, mental disorders comorbidity, and patterns of medical services' use. Methods: This web-based study included a sample of 1,410 Slovenian university students. We used a self-administered questionnaire, containing a sheet with demographic data, Zung's self-assessment inventories about anxiety and depression, and EQ-5D questionnaire. The main outcome measures were scores on EQ-5D part and VAS part of the EQ-5D questionnaire. Results: Independent factors associated with the health-related quality of life of university students, were the presence of chronic pain, the presence of depression and anxiety, need for urgent medical help and at least one visit to a clinical specialist in the past year. The independent factors associated with the health status of university students were the presence of chronic diseases, chronic pain, depression and anxiety, a visit to a clinical specialist, a need for urgent medical help and a visit to an emergency unit in the past year. Conclusion: Health-related quality of life of university students can be seriously affected by the presence of mental disorders and chronic pain. Appropriate health-related measures should be adopted to achieve early recognition of worse health-related quality of life, the presence of mental disorders and other chronic conditions, and to enable their effective treatment. Uvod: Studenti su izloženi različitim stresovima, kao što su pritisak studija, društvena pitanja i finansijski problemi. To sve može da utiče na njihove rezultate studiranja i kvalitet života. Cilj rada: Cilj istraživanja je bio da se odredi kvalitet života studenata u odnosu na njihovo zdravstveno stanje i kako na njega utiču hronična oboljenja, mentalni poremećaji, komorbiditeti i način korišćenja zdravstvenih usluga. Metode rada: Istraživanje zasnovano na upotrebi interneta obuhvatilo je uzorak od 1.410 studenata fakulteta u Sloveniji. Korišćen je upitnik koji je sadržavao pitanja o demografskim podacima ispitanika, Zungove (Zung) upitnike o samoproceni anksioznosti i depresije i EQ-5D upitnik (upitnik emotivne inteligencije). Glavni rezultati obuhvatili su ukupan zbir bodova iz EQ-5D dela i VAS (vizuelna analogna skala bola) dela upitnika EQ-5D. Rezultati: Nezavisni faktori udruženi s kvalitetom života studenta u odnosu na njihovo zdravstveno stanje obuhvatili su: postojanje hroničnog bola, postojanje depresije i anksioznosti, potrebu hitne medicinske pomoći i najmanje jedan specijalistički pregled na klinici tokom prethodne godine. Nezavisni faktori udruženi sa zdravstvenim stanjem studenta bili su: postojanje hroničnih oboljenja, hroničnih bolova, depresije i anksioznosti, pregled kod kliničkog specijaliste, potrebu hitne medicinske pomoći i pregled na odeljenju za hitnu pomoć tokom prethodne godine. Zaključak: Kvalitet života studenata u odnosu na njihovo zdravstveno stanje može da bude ozbiljno ugrožen usled mentalnih poremećaja i hroničnih bolova. Potrebno je da se primene odgovarajuće mere zdravstvene zaštite koje bi omogućile rano prepoznavanje pogoršanog kvaliteta života, zastupljenost mentalnih poremećaja i drugih hroničnih stanja, kako bi se sprovelo efikasno lečenje studenata.

Teoretično ozadje: V magistrskem delu smo preučevali indikatorje duševnega zdravja. Med negativne komponente duševnega zdravja spadajo depresija, anksioznost in stres. Prav tako smo vključili teorijo o samomoru, kvaliteti življenja in dobrem počutju ter o prestajanju kazni zapora. Namen: Podrobna seznanitev in preučitev epidemioloških značilnosti in medsebojnega vpliva več dejavnikov (depresija, anksioznost, stres, samomorilno vedenje, kvaliteta življenja in psihološko blagostanje) med zaprtimi osebami. Metoda: Magistrsko delo je del projekta z naslovom Zaprte osebe v Sloveniji: kvaliteta življenja, samomorilno vedenje in druga tvegana vedenja, ki ga izvajajo Inštitut Andrej Marušič, Slovenski center za raziskovanje samomora, Univerzitetni klinični center Maribor in Uprava Republike Slovenije za izvrševanje kazenskih sankcij. Pri izvajanju študije so sodelovali študenti psihologije in biopsihologije, ki so nam pomagali pri pridobivanju vzorca. K sodelovanju v raziskavi so bile povabljene vse zaprte osebe v izbranih zaporih, odzvalo se jih je 222. Iz testne baterije smo za magistrsko delo uporabili vprašalnike DASS, PSS, WHOQOL-BREF in WHO-5. Za obdelavo podatkov smo uporabili program IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 in z omenjenimi vprašalniki testirali različne demografske in druge dejavnike. Rezultati: Ugotovili smo, da obstaja povezava med diagnozo duševne/telesne bolezni, ki je bila postavljena pred ali med prestajanjem kazni, in samomorilnim vedenjem zaprtih oseb. Izračunali smo, da obstaja povezava med socialno mrežo v segmentih, ki zajemajo pogostost stikov z družinskimi člani pred in med prestajanjem kazni zapora, željo po več stikih z osebami izven zapora, zakonski stan, če zaprte osebe živijo skupaj s partnerji in, če imajo zaprte osebe otroke, in komponentami duševnega zdravja zaprtih oseb. Prav tako smo ugotovili, da velikost zavoda za prestajanje kazni zapora ne vpliva na samomorilno vedenje in komponente duševnega zdravja zaprtih oseb. Z analizo smo ugotovili, da čas, preživet v okviru zaporne kazni, vpliva na zaznavo kvalitete življenja in da čas, preživet v okviru zaporne kazni, ne vpliva na zaznavo psihološkega blagostanja. Dokazali smo, da depresija, ki spada med komponente duševnega zdravja, vpliva na samomorilno vedenje zaprtih oseb in da kvaliteta življenja ter psihološko blagostanje zaprtih oseb vplivata na komponente duševnega zdravja zaprtih oseb. Zaključek: Študija Indikatorji duševnega zdravja med zaprtimi osebami je primer, kako kvantitativno raziskovanje omogoča pregled stanja in novih spoznanj na področju penologije. Theoretical background: This master's thesis discusses mental health indicators. Depression, anxiety and stress belong to negative components that influence an individual’s mental health state. This thesis also incorporates the suicide theory, the theory on quality of life and well-being, as well as the theory on serving sentence in prison. Purpose: A detailed familiarization and examination of epidemiological characteristics and reciprocal influence of multiple factors (depression, anxiety, stress, suicidal behavior, quality of life and psychological well-being) among prison population. Method: This master's thesis is a part of the project entitled Prison population in Slovenia: quality of life, suicidal behavior and other hazardous behaviors, implemented by Andrej Marušič Institute, Slovene Center for Suicide Research, University Medical Centre Maribor and Prison Administration of the Republic of Slovenia. The study was performed in collaboration with students of psychology and bio-psychology who helped us obtain the sample. The invitation to participate in the research was addressed to all prisoners in chosen prisons and 222 responded positively. The data for the thesis were obtained with DASS, PSS, WHOQOL-BREF and WHO-5 questionnaires and processed with IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 program. These questionnaires were used to test various demographic and other factors. Results: Out findings suggest that there is a connection between the mental/physical disorder diagnosed before or while serving a prison sentence and suicidal behavior of prison population. We have also established a connection between the segments of social network that relate to the frequency of contact with family members before and while serving a prison sentence, a desire for more social interaction with people outside the prison, marital status, the fact weather a prisoner lived with a partner and if he has children, as well as mental health components of prison population. We have established that the size of a prison does not have any effect on suicidal behavior and mental health components of prison population. The analysis of the results indicated that the time spent in prison does influence the perception of the quality of life, but on the other hand, the time spent serving a prison sentence does not have effect on the perception of psychological well-being. We have proven that depression - as one of mental health components - does affect suicidal behavior of prison population and that the quality of life, as well as the psychological well-being of prison population do influence mental health components of prison population. Conclusion: The Mental Health Indicators of Prison Population study is an example of how a quantitative research can provide an overview of the situation and new findings in penology.

Za posameznikovo učinkovito delovanje je potrebna prisotnost tako telesnega kakor tudi duševnega zdravja. V kolikor pa so duševne funkcije tako prizadete, da oseba celo izgubi stik z realnostjo, govorimo o psihotičnih motnjah, med katerimi kot najbolj uničujoča izstopa shizofrenija. Psihoza prizadene celotno osebnost in se zrcali v bolnikovi kvaliteti življenja. Ta je lahko okrnjena do te mere, da pripelje celo do samomorilnega vedenja. Namen magistrskega dela je bil na avtentičnem vzorcu posameznikov s psihotičnimi motnjami preučiti povezavo med kvaliteto življenja in samomorilnim vedenjem. Zanimalo nas je ali prihaja do razlik v subjektivni kvaliteti življenja glede na pretekli poskus samomora. Nadalje je bil naš cilj raziskati kateri so tisti dejavniki tveganja, ki pomembno napovedujejo kvaliteto življenja in razvoj samomorilnih teženj. Odkrivanje teh prispeva k identifikaciji rizičnih posameznikov in izboljšanju kvalitete življenja. Raziskava je bila izvedena na specifični klinični populaciji kroničnih in stabilnih bolnikov z diagnosticirano psihotično motnjo, katero MKB-10 uvršča v sklop "Shizofrenija, shizotipske in blodnjave motnje" (F20–F29). Raziskovalni vzorec je zajemal 47 udeležencev, in sicer 25 moških in 22 žensk, starih od 19 do 65 let, ki se ambulantno zdravijo na Oddelku za psihiatrijo UKC Maribor. Podatki so bili pridobljeni z individualnim apliciranjem testne baterije, katere začetni del zajema demografske, klinične in psihosocialne podatke, drugi del pa vprašalnike WHOQOL-BREF, PSS, DASS-21 in INQ-15. Pri ugotavljanju razlik glede na pretekli poskus samomora smo prišli do presenetljivih rezultatov, saj se ti niso statistično pomembno razlikovali na nobeni izmed dimenzij kvalitete življenja. Pri preverjanju napovedne moči dejavnikov tveganja so rezultati razkrili, da depresija, poleg dimenzije občutka odtujenosti v medosebnih odnosih, pojasni statistično pomemben delež variance kvalitete življenja. V nasprotju z našimi pričakovanji pa nobeden izmed merjenih dejavnikov tveganja ni statistično pomembno napovedoval samomorilnih teženj pri tej zaskrbljujoči populaciji. The effective functioning of an individual requires the presence of both physical and mental health. If the mental functions are so damaged that a person loses touch with reality, we are talking about psychotic disorders, among which schizophrenia stands out as the most destructive one. Psychosis affects the whole personality and is reflected in the patient's quality of life. The latter may be degraded to such an extent that it can even lead to suicidal behaviour. The purpose of this master's thesis was to study the link between the quality of life and suicidal behaviour on an authentic sample of individuals with psychotic disorders. We wanted to know whether there are differences in the subjective quality of life in comparison with the past suicide attempt. Furthermore, our aim was to investigate which risk factors significantly predict the quality of life and the development of suicidal tendencies. Their detection contributes to the identification of high-risk individuals and the improvement of their quality of life. The study was conducted in a specific clinical population of chronic and stable patients with a diagnosed psychotic disorder, which falls within the scope of "Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders" (F20–F29) according to the ICD-10. The research sample consisted of 47 participants, namely 25 men and 22 women, aged between 19 and 65 years, who are being clinically treated at the Department of Psychiatry of the University Medical Centre Maribor. The data was obtained by individual application of the test battery, which includes demographic, clinical and psychosocial information in the first part, and the questionnaires WHOQOL- BREF, PSS, DASS-21 and INQ-15 in the second part. When determining the differences since the past suicide attempt, we came to some surprising results, as they were not statistically significantly different in any dimensions of the quality of life. When checking the predictive power of risk factors, the results revealed that depression, along with the dimension of the sense of alienation in interpersonal relationships, explains a statistically significant proportion of the quality of life variance. Contrary to our expectations, none of the measured risk factors statistically significantly predicted suicidal tendencies in this worrying population.

Slovenija sodi med države z visokim samomorilnim količnikom. Ta se pomembno povezuje s sindromom odvisnosti od alkohola ter duševnimi motnjami, kar posledično vpliva na slabšo kvaliteto življenja. V okviru magistrskega dela smo želeli preučiti povezavo med samomorilnim vedenjem in kvaliteto življenja pri bolnikih s sindromom odvisnosti od alkohola. Preveriti smo želeli stopnjo kvalitete življenja pri bolnikih s poskusom samomora v primerjavi s tistimi brez poskusa samomora. Nadalje je bil naš namen ugotoviti, kateri izmed merjenih dejavnikov tveganja najbolje napoveduje kvaliteto življenja in kateri samomorilno vedenje. Osvetliti smo želeli dejavnike tveganja, ki negativno vplivajo na kvaliteto življenja pri bolnikih, odvisnih od alkohola, saj lahko poznavanje teh doprinese k boljši kvaliteti življenja in zmanjšanju tveganja za samomorilno vedenje. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 70 udeležencev, od tega 56 moških in 14 žensk, starih od 28 do 72 let, s postavljeno diagnozo sindroma odvisnosti od alkohola. Zaradi aplikacije na klinični populaciji smo uporabili krajše različice vprašalnikov in sicer WHOQOL-BREF, WHO-5, DASS-21, PSS, INQ-15. Rezultati naše raziskave so pokazali, da med bolniki, odvisnimi od alkohola, ki so poskušali narediti samomor, v primerjavi s tistimi, ki ga niso, ni prišlo do statistično pomembnih razlik na treh izmed štirih dimenzij kvalitete življenja, z izjemo socialne komponente. Večkratna regresijska analiza je pokazala, da je subjektivno blagostanje statistično pomemben prediktor kvalitete življenja. Z logistično regresijo smo potrdili pretekle raziskave glede kvalitete življenja in depresije kot dveh ključnih prediktorjev samomorilnega vedenja pri osebah, odvisnih od alkohola. Ugotovitve naše raziskave opozarjajo na pomembnost prihodnjega raziskovanja dejavnikov tveganja pri bolnikih, odvisnih od alkohola, in omogočajo primerjavo z drugimi kliničnimi populacijami. Slovenia is one of the countries with a high suicide rate. This rate is significantly linked with alcohol dependence syndrome and mental disorders, which in turn affects the poorer quality of life. In this master's thesis we wanted to examine the link between suicidal behaviour and quality of life in patients with alcohol dependence syndrome. We wanted to check the level of quality of life in patients who attempted suicide, compared to those who did not attempt suicide. Furthermore, we aimed to determine which of the measured risk factors best foretells the quality of life and which suicidal behaviour. We wanted to highlight the risk factors that negatively affect the quality of life in patients with alcohol dependence, as the knowledge of these factors can contribute to a better quality of life and reduce the risk of suicidal behaviour. The study involved 70 participants, 56 men and 14 women, aged between 28 and 72 years, diagnosed with alcohol dependence syndrome. Because of the application in a clinical population we used the shorter versions of the questionnaires, namely WHOQOL-BREF, WHO-5, DASS-21, PSS and INQ-15. The results of our study showed that there were no statistically significant differences in three of the four dimensions of quality of life, with the exception of the social component, among patients with alcohol dependence who attempted suicide, compared to those who did not. Multiple regression analysis has shown that the subjective well-being is a statistically significant predictor of the quality of life. By using logistic regression we have confirmed previous researches on the quality of life and depression as two key predictors of suicidal behaviour in people with alcohol dependence. The findings of our study highlight the importance of future research into risk factors in patients with alcohol dependence and allow a comparison with other clinical populations.