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Background The patient’s needs should guide the orthodontist in choosing the most appropriate therapy. The purpose of the present survey was to compare the esthetic perception of the facial profile by orthodontists (O), dentistry students (DS), orthodontic patients (OP) and surgical-orthodontic patients (SOP) and to evaluate the influence of gender, age and level of study. Material and Methods A facial profile photograph of a young female was taken and twelve modified images were made, altering the position of the jaws in protrusion and in retrusion. Two hundred caucasian examiners, divided into four groups (O, DS, OP, SOP), were selected. Each examiner was asked to complete the questionnaire with an approval rating from 1 to 10. An ordinary least square OLS model was applied. Significant levels were set at P ≤ 0.05. Results All examiners considered a straight profile or a slight retrusion of the maxilla as the most attractive profile. Slight discrepancies (up to 2 mm) in jaw protrusion were barely perceived by patients. Mandibular retrusion (2 and 4 mm) was one of the least appreciated condition by all examiners. Surgical-orthodontic patients assigned lower ratings compared to orthodontic patients. Female subjects assigned lower ratings than males. Patients with secondary school education assigned higher statistically significant values compared to other levels of study. The lowest values were attributed by the sample of age > = 17 years. Conclusions The choice of the most appropriate therapy is based not only on a correct diagnosis, but on the evaluation of esthetic and psychological aspects. Key words:Estethic, profile, orthodontic, surgical orthodontic patients.

Objective: To compare the facial profile attractiveness of Class II patients treated with Twin Force® or intermaxillary elastics. Methods: Sample comprised 47 Class II patients divided into two groups: G1) TWIN FORCE - 25 patients treated with fixed appliances and Twin Force® fixed functional appliance (mean initial age was 17.91 ± 7.13 years, mean final age was 20.45 ± 7.18 years, and mean treatment time was 2.53 ± 0.83 years); G2) ELASTICS - 22 patients treated with fixed appliances and Class II intermaxillary elastics (mean initial age was 15.87 ± 5.64 years, mean final age was 18.63 ± 5.79 years and mean treatment time was 2.75 ± 0.60 years). Lateral cephalograms from pretreatment and posttreatment were used. Cephalometric variables were measured and silhouettes of facial profile were constructed and evaluated by 48 laypeople and 63 orthodontists, rating the attractiveness from 0 (most unattractive profile) to 10 (most attractive profile). Intergroup comparisons were performed with Mann-Whitney and independent t-tests. Results: At pretreatment, facial profile of the Twin Force® group was less attractive than the Elastics group. Treatment with Twin Force® or Class II elastics resulted in similar facial profile attractiveness, but the facial convexity was more reduced in the Twin Force® group. Orthodontists were more critical than laypeople. Conclusions: Treatment with Twin Force® or Class II elastics produced similar facial profile attractiveness at posttreatment. Profile attractiveness was reduced with treatment in the elastic group, and improved in the Twin Force® group. Facial convexity was more reduced with treatment in the Twin Force® group. RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a atratividade do perfil facial em pacientes Classe II tratados com Twin Force® ou elásticos intermaxilares. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 47 pacientes Classe II divididos em dois grupos: G1 - Twin Force® (25 pacientes tratados com aparelhos fixos e o aparelho funcional Twin Force®; idade inicial média de 17,91 ± 7,13 anos, idade final média de 20,45 ± 7,18 anos, e tempo médio de tratamento de 2,53 ± 0,83 anos); G2 - Elásticos (22 pacientes tratados com aparelhos fixos e elásticos intermaxilares de Classe II, idade inicial média de 15,87 ± 5,64 anos, idade final média de 18,63 ± 5,79 anos, e tempo médio de tratamento de 2,75 ± 0,60 anos). Foram usadas telerradiografias laterais pré- e pós-tratamento. As variáveis cefalométricas foram mensuradas, e silhuetas do perfil facial foram construídas e avaliadas por 48 leigos e 63 ortodontistas, que pontuaram a atratividade entre 0 (perfil menos atraente) e 10 (perfil mais atraente). As comparações intergrupos foram realizadas com os testes Mann-Whitney e t de Student para amostras independentes. Resultados: Na fase pré-tratamento, o perfil facial no grupo Twin Force® foi menos atrativo do que no grupo Elásticos. Os tratamentos com o Twin Force® ou com Elásticos de Classe II resultaram em atratividade semelhante do perfil facial, mas a convexidade facial foi mais reduzida no grupo Twin Force®. Os ortodontistas foram mais críticos do que os leigos. Conclusões: Apesar de os tratamentos com o Twin Force® ou com Elásticos de Classe II terem resultado em atratividade semelhante do perfil facial após o tratamento, a atratividade do perfil foi reduzida com o tratamento no grupo Elásticos e melhorou no grupo Twin Force®. A convexidade facial foi mais reduzida com o tratamento no grupo Twin Force®.

Introduction There is no consensus about the immediate and latte follow-up effects of maxillary protraction in cleft lip and palate patients. Objective To evaluate the stability of Class III early treatment in cleft lip and palate patients through maxillary expansion and protraction. Material and method The sample consists in three lateral cephalometric radiographs of 28 patients (mean pre-treatment age of 6.7±1.8 years) who presented cleft lip and palate and were treated with maxillary expansion and Petit facial mask. The angular (SNA, SNB, ANB, SN.GoGn, FMA, Z Angle) and linear (overjet, Co-A, Co-Gn, Nperp-A, Nperp-Pg, AO-BO) cephalometric measures were evaluated through the Dolphin® software, in three moments: T0 (initial), T1 (after treatment), and T2 (follow-up). Data were submitted to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey-Kramer test. The correlation between cephalometric measures and patient’s age was determined by Pearson’s chi-squared test. Result The SNA, ANB, and AO-BO measures increased considerably (p0,05). O overjet aumentou significativamente após o tratamento e mesmo tendo diminuído com o tempo, ainda se apresentava maior quando comparado ao momento inicial (p

Introduction The study investigated which patient and orthodontic treatment factors act as predictors for the conclusion of the ongoing treatment in a dental clinic of a specialization program in Orthodontics. Methods Data were collected from the records of patients treated from 1997 to 2015. Potential predictors for treatment conclusion were investigated: patient-related factors (PRFs) and treatment-related factors (TRFs). PRFs were sex, age, face balance, Angle malocclusion classification, open bite, denture, facial pattern, facial profile, buccal corridor, crossbite, maxillary deficiency, and sagittal mandibular behavior; and TRFs were therapeutic approaches, treatment modality, extractions, and Bolton discrepancy. The initial and final treatment dates were collected. Descriptive data analysis, univariate, and multivariate logistic regression were performed (5% significance). Results Of the 903 records, 561 patients were included in the study. It was demonstrated that starting the treatment at a young age (PRF) and the presence of crossbite (TRF) are predictive factors for the treatment conclusion. A vertical facial pattern (dolichofacial or brachyfacial) and a greater number of extractions for orthodontic reasons may contribute positively to the conclusion of the treatment. The frequency of treatment inconclusion was higher during the first 2 years of treatment (more than 50% of the patients that initiated the treatment). Conclusions Young age at the beginning of treatment and the presence of crossbite malocclusion can increase the chance of treatment conclusion.

Background and Aim: Several studies have compared the orthodontists’, dentists’, and dental patients’ opinions with regard to facial profile esthetics; however, the Iranian population has been limitedly researched in this respect. Our aim was to determine the differences in the esthetic preferences of Iranian patients, dentists, and orthodontists with regard to facial profile esthetics. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, ideal facial profiles for both genders were chosen, and nine anteroposterior combinations for each sex were obtained using the Dolphin imaging software program. 132 individuals (44 subjects per group) were asked to rank the facial profiles from 1 to 9 (the least and most attractive facial profiles, respectively). Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-U-Whitney tests were utilized to compare the results. Results: The facial profile with a retrusive maxilla/protrusive mandible was ranked as the worst profile by orthodontists, dentists, and patients (males: 1.25, 1.52, and 1.45, respectively, P=0.128; females: 1.89, 1.84, and 1.59, respectively, P=0.745). The orthodontists and dentists rated the ideal facial profile as the best profile (males: 7.98 and 7.80, respectively, P=0.033; females: 8.05 and 8.02, respectively, P=0.008); howev-er, the patients chose the retrusive mandible as the most attractive facial profile (males: 7.82, P=0.043; females: 7.89, P=0.009). Conclusion: Clinicians must consider the patient’s idea about the ideal facial profile that he/she wants to achieve at the end of the treatment. Based on the results of this study, the Iranian patients prefer a more convex facial profile, which can be considered as an important factor in treatment planning.

This report describes the successful orthodontic treatment of two cases of highly placed canine with different clinical situations using segmental T-loop. The objective of this study was to evaluate the modification in T-loop on differently angulated canine. Orthodontic treatment of highly placed canine is justified as its aberrant position may damage the roots of adjacent teeth. In addition to it, functional occlusion and esthetic balance are achieved after orthodontic treatment. Malocclusion with severe crowding is difficult to treat without extraction as it compromises the patient's profile. Cases were managed with extraction of both maxillary and mandibular first premolars followed by Canine retraction with 0.017 in. × 0.025 in. TMA wire segmented T-loop spring using 0.022 in. × 0.028 in. (edgewise appliance). Different moments were applied for canine retraction at different axial inclinations. After treatment, satisfactory improvements in facial profile and lip competency with normal overjet and overbite without marked gingival recession and anchorage loss were observed.

Summary Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the angular photogrammetric characteristics of subjects according to the facial esthetics criteria applicable in Cote d’Ivoire. Material and methods This was a horizontal study, concerning of group of young people from Cote d’Ivoire whose attractiveness and photogrammetric characteristics were assessed. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical software. The limit of statistical significance was P 0.05. Subjects were characterized by PCA. Results Attractive subjects had a large mid-face section with an upturned nose ( P 0.01 ). Attractive women had facial profiles that were more convex than men who were judged handsome. Conclusion Despite the subjectivity of the notion of beauty, certain angles of the facial profile contribute to the esthetic balance of black Ivorian faces.

This retrospective study evaluated facial profile pleasantness determined by two protocols of Class II treatment. The sample comprised facial profile silhouettes obtained retrospectively from the pretreatment (T1) and posttreatment (T2) cephalograms of 60 patients (42 males and 18 females) divided into two groups. One group of 30 patients (mean age of 12.84 years) was treated with the extraction of maxillary first premolars (mean treatment time of 2.7 years), and the other group of 30 patients (mean age of 12.81 years) was treated with a mandibular advancement appliance (Forsus) (mean treatment time of 2.49 years). The facial profile silhouettes (T1 and T2) were randomly distributed in an album containing one patient per sheet. The examiners consisted of 60 orthodontists and 60 lay individuals, who analyzed the profiles in regard to facial pleasantness, using the Likert scale. A comparison between stages T1 and T2 of the two treatment protocols and between the examiners was performed by mixed-design analysis of variance at a significance level of 5%. The results demonstrated a significant difference between T1 and T2 (greater scores for T2 compared to T1), and between lay individuals and orthodontists (orthodontists assigned higher scores), but with no significant difference between the treatment protocols. Both protocols produced positive effects on the facial profile esthetics, from the standpoint of lay individuals and orthodontists.

Objective: For the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in adults, mandibular advancement devices (MADs) are often used. Since adults with a prognathic mandibular phenotype are at risk of developing an unfavorable facial profile, midfacial development using biomimetic oral appliance therapy might provide a suitable alternative. However, the effect of this procedure on the maxillary air sinuses is unknown; therefore, changes in sinus pneumatization were investigated in this study. Methods: After obtaining informed consent, 16 consecutive Korean adults with midfacial hypoplasia had 3D cone-beam (CB) CT scans taken, and biomimetic upper appliances (DNA appliance®, Vivos Therapeutics, Inc., USA) were constructed.All subjects were instructed to wear the device 12–16 h/day. Each month, examination for the progress of midfacial development was recorded. Post-treatment, a follow-up 3D CBCT scan was undertaken with no device in the patient's mouth. Pre- and post-treatment linear and volumetric measurements were obtained using appropriate software, and compared statistically using t-tests. Results: The mean age of the sample was 25.0 yrs ± 8.7. The mean treatment time was 15.5 mths ± 5.2. Post-treatment, the transpalatal bone width increased from 35.3 mm ± 3.0 to 38.5 mm ± 2.0 (P < 0.001); the maxillary air sinus volume on the left side increased from 18.8 cm3 ± 6.5 to 20.0 cm3 ± 6.0 (P < 0.05), and from 18.5 cm3 ± 5.7 to 19.7 cm3 ± 5.8 (P < 0.05) on the right side. Conclusions: Biomimetic oral appliance therapy may be able to increase the maxillary air sinus volume in adults. In view of these preliminary findings, further studies on the effect of enhanced pneumatization on paranasal sinus function and sleep parameters are warranted.

Background Quantitative measurements are important for objective evaluation of postprocedural outcomes. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging is known as an objective, accurate, and reliable system for quantifying the soft tissue dimensions of the face. Objective To compare the preprocedural and acute postprocedural nasofrontal, nasofacial, nasolabial, and nasomental angles, early changes in the height and length of the nose, and nasal volume using a 3D surface imaging with a light-emitting diode. Methods The 3D imaging analysis of 40 Korean women who underwent structured nonsurgical rhinoplasty was conducted. The 3D assessment was performed before, immediately after, 1 day, and 2 weeks after filler rhinoplasty with a Morpheus 3D scanner (Morpheus Co., Seoul, Korea). Results There were significant early changes in facial profile following nonsurgical rhinoplasty with a hyaluronic acid filler. An average increase of 6.03° in the nasofrontal angle, an increase of 3.79° in the nasolabial angle, increase of 0.88° in the nasomental angle, and a reduction of 0.83° in the nasofacial angle was observed at 2 weeks of follow-up. Increment in nasal volume and nose height was also found after 2 weeks. Side effects, such as hematoma, nodules, and skin necrosis, were not observed. Conclusion The 3D surface imaging quantitatively demonstrated the early changes in facial profile after structured filler rhinoplasty. The study results describe significant acute spatial changes in nose shape following treatment.

The case of a patient of 16 years 9 months of age whose chief complaint was «crooked teeth» with skeletal class II, hyperdivergent growth, bilateral molar class I, bilateral canine class II, severe maxillary and mandibular crowding and deviated midlines is hereby reported. The patient did not refer any habit. The treatment consisted in alignment, leveling, detailed and retention with the following appliances: 0.022” x 0.028” Roth prescription brackets. The active treatment time was 1 years 7 months. Thermoformed acetate retainers were placed in the upper and lower arches as well as fixed retainers from teeth #13-23 and 33-43. The treatment was successful obtaining bilateral canine and molar class I, normal overjet and overbite, matching dental midlines, good intercuspation and a harmonic facial profile.

We successfully treated a Class II Division 2 patient with maxillary group distalization using interradicular miniscrews. A woman, aged 28 years 11 months, had a convex profile and an excessive overjet caused by a skeletal Class II jaw-base relationship. After leveling and alignment, titanium miniscrews were obliquely implanted between the maxillary second premolar and first molar. To distalize the maxillary dentition, nickel-titanium closing coil springs with a 2-N load were placed between the screws and the hooks on the archwire. After 28 months of active orthodontic treatment, a proper facial profile and an acceptable occlusion were achieved with a 4-mm distalization of the maxillary dentition. The resultant occlusion was stable throughout a 5-year retention period. Interradicular miniscrews were useful to distalize the maxillary dentition for correcting a Class II malocclusion. This new strategy, group distalization with miniscrews, can make the treatment simpler with greater predictability.

Soft tissue facial profile is one of the most important elements for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment. It is influenced by genetic factors, heritage, race, ethnicity, environmental factors (mouth breathing, atypical swallowing habits) sagittal maxillo-mandibular position, facial biotype, type of muscles among others. Objective: To correlate facial profi le with dimensions and shape of the dental arches in a school population of Yucatan. Material and methods: An observational, prospective, analytical, cross-sectional study of models and photographs from 6-8 year-old scholars enrolled as regular students in two schools of southern Yucatan. Results: The study group consisted of 88 models and photographs: 52.27% were from male subjects and 47.72% from females. The predominant facial profile was convex for both genders. OrthoForm III arch shape was the most observed. The association between facial profi le and upper and lower arch shape was determined by χ2 test, showing a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05). Conclusions: It would be convenient to establish specific normal values for each geographic region, taking into consideration environmental, genetic and nutritional factors as well as race, ethnicity, gender and age.

Background: Bimaxillary protrusion is considered as one of the most important causes to seek the orthodontic treatment to get better esthetics. This study aimed to test the effect of orthodontic treatment in improvement the facial esthetics. Materials and Methods: Ten Iraqi Arab females having bimaxillary protrusion based on Class I malocclusions treated with fixed orthodontic appliance and extraction of the maxillary and mandibular 1st permanent premolars. Pre and post-treatment facial profile photographs were taken for each patients and the effect of treatment was tested in comparison with the pre-treatment photographs by using seven angular measurements. Results: After treatment, the upper and lower lip projections were decreased significantly, the naso-labial and mento-labial angles were increased significantly. Conclusion: Treatment of bimaxillary protrusion with fixed orthodontic appliances and extraction of four premolars improve the facial esthetics of the patients by decreasing the lip projection and increasing the naso-labial and mento-labial angles. Key words: Bimaxillary protrusion, facial esthetics, photographs.

Objectives To study the present treatment situation and investigate a better orthodontic approach for patients with cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) through systematically reviewing the published cases and to conclude the surgical-orthodontic treatment experience of cleidocranial dysplasia. Methods A comprehensive search for studies published through to April 10, 2018 was conducted using the Pubmed, Web of Science, and Embase databases. The CCD cases treated with the approach combining surgical exposure and orthodontic treatment were concluded. Results Eight papers and 9 finished cases were included to be compared with the present case. The age of cases ranged from 9 to 28 years. Clearing the way of eruption path in early age can facilitate the spontaneous eruption of impacted teeth. For adults, combined surgical-orthodontic treatment can achieve a nearly complete dentition and stable occlusal contact, but it is time consuming and needs surgical assistance. The combination of orthognathic surgery can reduce the difficulty of orthodontic treatment and treatment duration, as well as achieve a better facial profile. Conclusion Surgical exposure combined with orthodontic traction is an effective treatment for patient with CCD. Patient’s age, demand, economic circumstances, and status of permanent dentition should be considered when making treatment plan.

Purpose There are two key considerations for successful esthetic dental treatments. This article systematically describes the two key considerations: the end points of esthetic dental treatments and assessments of esthetic outcomes, which are also important for acquiring clinical skill in esthetic dental treatments. Study selection The end point and assessment of esthetic dental treatment were discussed through literature reviews and clinical practices. Results Before designing a treatment plan, the end point of dental treatment should be established. The section entitled "End point of esthetic dental treatment" discusses treatments for maxillary anterior teeth and the restoration of facial profile with prostheses. The process of assessing treatment outcomes entitled "Assessments of esthetic dental treatment" discusses objective and subjective evaluation methods. Conclusions Practitioners should reach an agreement regarding desired end points with patients through medical interviews, and continuing improvements and developments of esthetic assessments are required to raise the therapeutic level of esthetic dental treatments.

Introduction: Cephalometric norms of various populations show differences between diverse ethnic and racial groups. Thus, numbers of cephalometric norms have been established for different ethnic groups.Objective: To assess skeletal, dental and soft tissue features in a sample of well-balanced face of Sudanese university students.Materials & method: Lateral cephalographs were taken from 18-25 years old 35 male and 38 female Sudanese university students with balanced facial profile and Class I occlusion with no previous orthodontic treatment. Fourteen angular and five linear measurements, and facial index were recorded according to Husund analysis. Male and female mean values were compared statistically using Student t-test.Result: Statistically significant differences were noted between both genders especially in skeletal variables SNA˚, SNB˚, SNPg˚, ML- NSL˚, NL-NSL˚, UFH, LFH and dental variable I -Ī. Holdaway angle showed no significant difference between the genders. Skeletally, maxilla and mandible of the Sudanese sample were more prognathic compared to Caucasians and Arabs but less prognathic than the Africans. Dentally, maxillary and mandibular incisors were more proclined compared to Arabs and Caucasians. Soft tissue analysis showed more lip protrusion in Sudanese adults.Conclusion: The study offered normative cephalometric standards for Sudanese adults, which were specific for each gender group. The normative values showed that the Sudanese sample lied between African and Arab values which might suggest that the studied sample had an Afro-Arabian mixture.

Objectives: The Frankel manoeuvre is a procedure by which the mandible of Class II individuals is postured forward in dental Class I relationship. The evaluation of the resulting facial profile provides information concerning the components determining the sagittal discrepancy. Data concerning the reproducibility of its assessment are not available. This study aimed to evaluate the intra-observer and inter-observer reproducibility of the assessment of the manoeuvre and to assess whether the amount of clinical experience affects its reproducibility. Methods: Two lateral photographs, one in centric occlusion, and the other with the mandible postured forward (Frankel manoeuvre) of 100 Angle Class II individuals aged between 9 and 13 years were evaluated by six orthodontists (T0). Each examiner was asked whether the facial profile worsen or not with the manoeuvre after being trained by an expert orthodontist. The test was repeated after 2 weeks interval (T1). Intra-observer and inter-observer agreement were evaluated by computing the Cohen’s K . Results: The agreement ( K values) between observations (T0 versus T1) for each examiner ranged from 0.49 to 0.72. The overall agreement was 0.65 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.54–0.75]. The agreement in the group with less clinical experience was 0.61 (95% CI = 0.46–0.76), while it was 0.68 (95% CI = 0.53–0.83) in the more experienced group. The amount of clinical experience did not affect intra-observer agreement ( P = 0.50). The overall agreement between the examiners and the trainer was 0.74 (95% CI = 0.65–0.83) and 0.73 (95% CI = 0.64–0.83) at T0 and T1 respectively. Conclusion: The assessment of the Frankel manoeuvre is reproducible and it is not influenced by the amount of clinical experience.

Purpose This study was aimed to evaluate the perception of maxillary incisor inclination (MxI) on smiling facial profile with respect to various nose contours by orthodontists, general dentists and laypeople. Materials and methods One male and one female smiling facial profile photograph with a Class I occlusion on skeletal Class I jaw bases with normal profile were digitized. Each photograph was altered by changing the incisor inclination (+5°, +10°, −5°, −10°) and nose contour (straight, convex & concave) to obtain 15 photographs and were randomly distributed among the three groups to score the attractiveness using visual analogue scale. Results Significant differences ( P P value 0.4440). Among the dentists and laypeople group up to 10° of lingual inclination in convex nose subjects and 5° of both labial and lingual inclinations in concave nose subjects were rated as attractive. Conclusion Change in the nose contour showed a statistically significant change in the aesthetic perception of maxillary incisor inclination among all the three groups.

Aim: To assess the sagittal soft and hard soft tissue morphology of growing C lass III patients in comparison with a Class I control subjects. Materials and Methods: Forty-one female children with Class III malocclusion and 30 C lass I female children were included in the study. Eight linear and 6 angular measurements were made on lateral cephalograms to evaluate soft tissue and skeletal characteristics. Results: The subjects with Class III malocclusion showed a retrusive maxilla (A-y distance, 48.52±2.53) and upper lip (Ss-y distance, 64.14±3.26), a protrusive mandible (B-y distance, 56.15±5.49) a prominent chin (Pog’-y distance, 70.65±6.87), retroclined lower incisors (IMPA, 87.14±5.68) , and increased vertical dimensions (SN-GoMe, 36.49±5.29) compared to control subjects. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that soft and hard tissue characteristics of Class III subjects are distinct from Class I subjects in the middle region and lower third of the face. Orthopedic traction of mid-face arguably started earlier as a first treatment protocol to obtain balanced facial profile in Class III subjects. Keywords: Soft tissue profile, cephalometry, Class III malocclusion, Class I occlusion SINIF I VE SINIF III ILISKILI COCUKLARDAKI SERT VE YUMUSAK DOKU YUZ MORFOLOJISI FARKLILIKLARI: SEFALOMETRIK INCELEME OZ Amac: Bu calismanin amaci Sinif III iliskiye sahip co- cuklarin sert ve yumusak doku yuz morfolojisini Sinif I iliskiye sahip kontrol bireyleri ile karsilastirmaktir. Gerec ve Yontem: Bu calisma Sinif III malokluzyonlu 41 ve Sinif I okluzyonlu 30 bayan cocugu icermektedir. Bu bireylerin sert ve yumusak doku karakteristiklerinin incelenmesi icin sefalometrik filmler uzerinde 8 linear ve 6 acisal olcum yapilmistir. Bulgular: Kontrol grubundaki bireylerle karsilastirildi- ginda, Sinif III malokluzyonlu bireylerin retruziv ust ce- ne ve ust dudak, protruziv bir alt cene ve belirgin cene ucu, retrokline alt kesici disler ile artmis dik yon boyut- lara sahip olduklari gorulmustur. Sonuc: Bu calismanin bulgulari, Sinif III bireylerin or- ta ve alt yuz bolgesindeki sert ve yumusak doku yuz karakterlerinin Sinif I bireylerden farkli oldugunu gos- termektedir . Sinif III bireylerde dengeli bir yuz profile elde etmek icin, maksiller protraksiyon ilk tedavi proto- kolu olarak daha erken baslatilmalidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yumusak doku profili, sefalometri, Sinif III malokluzyon, Sinif I okluzyon

The objective of this article was to investigate the perception of esthetic changes in the facial profile of bilateral Class II patients treated with the Modified Thurow Appliance for extraoral treatment. Silhouettes were traced of profiles of patients who initially presented a bilateral Class II molar relationship and who, post-treatment, presented molars in a Class I relationship. Three groups were formed: the first composed of patients with maxillary protrusion (SNA >84°), the second with maxillary retrusion (SNA

The prevalence of skeletal Class II malocclusion is high amongst Asian population. Various treatment modalities have been presented for the treatment of Class II malocclusions in adult patients. We come across many adult patients who desire a costeffective and non-surgical correction and they accept dental camouflage as a treatment option to mask skeletal discrepancy. This case report presents a 26-year-old non-growing female who had a skeletal Class II malocclusion with prognathic maxilla and retrognathic mandible with an overjet of 7 mm, severe crowding, but did not want surgical treatment. We considered the camouflage treatment by extracting upper first premolars. Following the treatment, a satisfactory result was achieved with an acceptable static and functional occlusion, facial profile, smile and lip competence with patient satisfaction.

The computation of facial profile from dental morphometrics has been a subject of great interest in forensic odontology. The use of teeth to draw a profile and facial features is valuable in times of mass disasters when body remains are unavailable due to extreme destruction. This study aims to identify and evaluate applicable parameters in the permanent maxillary central incisors and the face of an individual. A correlation of these parameters establishes a mathematical equation that further charts a tooth-facial profile table. Thirty soft and hard tissue landmarks on the face in the frontal and the lateral profiles (using standardized photographs) and seven landmarks on the facial/labial surface of the clinical crown of the permanent maxillary central incisor (using casts of the maxilla) were identified for the study. Based on these, a set of eight horizontal and seven vertical parameters on the face and four parameters on the tooth were created for the assessment. Internal and external correlations between the two were carried out and statistically analyzed. A logistic regression was made to predict the probability of the parameters most likely to be reproduced in the creation of the facial profile, based on tooth morphometrics. The results indicated a definite correlation between the facial and the tooth parameters. Among the multiple parameters, a definite correlation in the horizontal dimension could be established between the mouth width and the mesiodistal width (MDW) of the tooth. In the vertical dimension, a definite relationship existed between the crown height of the tooth and the width of the midface (zygoma-mandible). There exist divergences in the correlation of tooth and facial parameters.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of snoring in an adult male university population, and to test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in facial profile shape, malocclusion type, or palatal morphology among snorer and nonsnorer. Materials and Methods: Berlin questionnaire was given to 840 students and employees aged 18–45 years (24 ± 40). Both snorers and nonsnorers were assessed for the facial profile type, malocclusion type, and palatal morphology. Chi-square and Student's t-test were used to compare the difference between the two groups. Results: The prevalence of snoring was 16.28%. The most frequent findings among snorer were straight profiles (52.0%), Class I malocclusion (74.7%), and V palatal shape (16.0%), respectively. The Chi-square test revealed a significant difference in terms of V-shaped palatal morphology (P < 0.05); higher neck circumference (NC) (P < 0.007); upper arch length was significantly shorter (P < 0.038); and the inter- first upper premolar distance was significantly narrower (P < 0.013). Conclusion: The null hypothesis is rejected. Snoring in our university population is associated with V-shape palatal morphology, increased NC and decrease in the upper arch length, and inter- first upper premolar distance.

This cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the cephalometric characteristics in the elderly, taking into account differences between genders, age ranges, ethnic groups and dental aspects. The sample consisted of 250 elderly subjects of both genders (163 female, mean age: 68 yr.; 87 male: 70.4 yr.). Conventional lateral cephalograms for cephalometric analysis were scanned and analyzed by Dolphin Imaging software 11.5. The statistical treatment of the data evaluated the influence of gender and age range variables (independent t test), as well as ethnic group, facial profile, and dental characteristics (one-way ANOVA), on cephalometric measurements. A confidence interval of 95% and level of significance of 5% were considered for all the tests performed. The results revealed: 1) The cephalometric measurements evaluated showed significantly lower values for the female gender; 2) a significant decrease in the cephalometric values was observed in relation to the growth pattern, with the advancement of age; 3) significant cephalometric differences were observed between the ethnic groups and the facial profiles; 3) dentulous patients had greater absolute values for all the components evaluated, followed by the individuals with partial dental losses and by those who were edentulous. It may be concluded that the cephalometric alterations observed in this study are inherent to facial maturity, and that they represent specific characteristics regarding each of the variables evaluated. These modifications must be taken into account when planning the treatment for younger patients, to minimize the modifications arising from the natural aging process.

Background. Nasolabial angle is the angle that is measured between points columella, subnasale and labiale superius. The reference values vary from 90 to 120 degrees (the mean value is 109.8 degrees). In some disorders, nasolabial angle might change. This influences the facial profile. One of such deformities are clefts. The nasolabial angle might be decreased in cleft patients due to deformation of the nose and upper lip that might be caused by the reconstructive surgical procedures performed. Objectives. The aim of the study was to compare the nasolabial angle between the groups of patients with total clefts of the lip, alveolar bone and palate and healthy individuals. Material and Methods. The cephalometric X-rays of 118 patients with clefts (73 boys and 45 girls) and 101 healthy individuals (32 boys and 69 girls) were taken into account to measure nasolabial angle and compared. Results. In patients with cleft deformities, the nasolabial angle values were smaller than in healthy individuals. Among the patients with clefts, the ones with a bilateral type of deformity are characterized by the highest mean values of nasolabial angle. The angle is smaller in groups of girls when compared to boys. Conclusions. Nasolabial angle in patients with total clefts of lip, alveolar bone and palate is statistically smaller than in healthy individuals. This might be a result of either the deformation of the upper lip or (more probably) the nose. The orthodontic treatment should be individualized (Adv Clin Exp Med 2015, 24, 3, 481–485).

Introduction: Craniofacial growth of the skeleton and soft tissue influences the final configuration of occlusion and overall facial esthetics. Materials and Methods: Two hundred samples were taken from Himachali ethnic population with age ranging from 18 to 28 years. The records will then be scaled to life size and landmarks will be located on the digitized image to obtain all linear and angular measurements. Results: The parameters were analyzed using SPSS Statistics Software version 11.5. Student's t -test was conducted for comparison between male and female subjects. The reproducibility of the measurements was analyzed using Dahlberg's (1940) formula. To determine the difference between two measurements, made at least 2 months apart, 25 randomly selected records were redigitized. Conclusion: Himachali males and females show considerable sexual dimorphism with less prominent nose, less protrusive lower lip, and more chin height in males whereas females had more convex profile, less protrusive upper lip, and more tipped nose.

The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of cephalometry in planning of orthodontic patients with teeth crowding (TC) and Angle Class I molar relationship (MR). Cephalometric values of 70 patients with TC and class I MR were analyzed before and after orthodontic treatment. Cephalometric study of correlations proved to be more relevant than comparing with mean values. In patients with TC and class I MR statistically significant were correlations with: facial profile (ÐN-A-B) and jaws relationship in anterio-posterior direction (ÐA-N-B); ÐN-A-B and type of maxillary growth (ÐPn-Mp, ÐB); ÐB and maxillary incisors inclination (Ðis-SpP); ÐPn-Mp and mandibular incisors inclination (Ðii-Mp). These correlations depend on age, anomaly severity and orthodontic strategy. Cephalometry proved to be effective tool for orthodontic treatment planning, prognosis and modelling.Цель настоящей работы - оценка эффективности цефалометрии в планировании ортодонтического лечения пациентов со скученным положением зубов (СПЗ) и соотношением моляров по I классу Энгля. Проанализированы цефалометрические показатели 70 больных с СПЗ и соотношением моляров по I классу Энгля до и после окончания ортодонтического лечения. Цефалометрический анализ, ориентированный на значимые взаимосвязи, является более информативным, чем ориентированный на средние значения. У пациентов с СПЗ и I классом по Энглю выявлена тесная статистически значимая взаимосвязь между: профилем лицевого скелета (ÐN-A-B) и соотношением челюстей в переднезаднем направлении (ÐA-N-B); ÐN-A-B и типом роста челюстей (ÐPn-Mp, ÐB); ÐB и наклоном резцов верхней челюсти к ее основанию (Ðis-SpP); ÐPn-Mp и наклоном резцов нижней челюсти к ее основанию (Ðii-Mp). Взаимосвязи между цефалометрическими параметрами зависят от возраста, выраженности аномалии и стратегии ортодонтического лечения. В планировании ортодонтического лечения цефалометрию необходимо использовать в комплексе методов прогнозирования и моделирования его результатов.