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The disorder known as hyperdontia is characterized by an excess of teeth or teeth that appear to be added to the normal amount of teeth. With a frequency ranging from 0.1% to 3.9% in permanent dentition and from 0.3% to 1.8% in deciduous dentition, it affects males more often than women. Since children’s cognitive abilities are still developing in comparison to adults’, children freely communicate their worry and anxiety and frequently exhibit uncooperative behavior patterns while undergoing treatment. A 7-year-old child who was emotionally immature reported with a principal complaint of missing tooth in his left upper front tooth area for 2 years. Cone-beam computed tomography was advised to verify location and structural interaction with neighboring structures. Due to his lack of emotional sensitivity and cooperation with others, we planned the surgical extraction under general anesthesia. In the present case, it was deemed preferable to wait for a spontaneous eruption, and the patient was observed for a month on a regular basis.

Background/purpose: The dental adhesive market is constantly evolving to meet the demands of dentists and patients, but new products and upgrades should be rigorously evaluated before being used in clinical practice. This study investigated the physicomechanical properties and dentin bonding efficacy of a newly upgraded universal adhesive compared to its predecessor. Materials and methods: Twenty-four molars were divided into four groups (n = 6/group) based on adhesive (new vs. predecessor) and application mode [self-etch (SE) vs. etch-and-rinse (ER)] for evaluating their dentin microtensile bond strength (μTBS), failure pattern, and bonding interface. Additional thirty-six molars’ crowns were perpendicularly sectioned to obtain flat mid-coronal dentin discs. The opposing dentin surfaces of each disc received contrasting treatments (new/predecessor adhesive applied in SE/ER mode), resulting in six interventions. The bonded discs (n = 6/intervention) were used to assess the adhesives’ survival probability employing a double-sided μTBS test. The other physicomechanical properties examined were adhesives’ oxygen inhibition layer (OIL), viscosity, hardness, elastic modulus, degree of conversion (DC), and in-situ DC. Results: Both adhesive versions showed similar μTBS (P > 0.05), failure pattern (P > 0.05), and survival probability (P > 0.008). ER mode promoted resin tag formation and exhibited a slender adhesive layer for both adhesives. The newer adhesive version showed a thinner adhesive layer in general with narrower OIL (P

Dental stains are pigmented deposits that can be intrinsic or extrinsic in origin and are seen on the surface of the teeth. Discoloration of teeth can be due to developmental defects, traumatic injuries, or the intake of several medications. Extrinsic stains create discoloration outside the tooth surface and lay on the surface or in the acquired pellicle, whereas stains within dentin or intrinsic discoloration sometimes come from pulpal or systemic origin. To plan a specific treatment approach and its associated result, it is important to identify the etiologic cause that is creating the stain, in an attempt to provide esthetic treatment for the same. This case report describes the successful management of intrinsic staining of anterior teeth in a 10-year-old girl. The treatment plan included esthetic rehabilitation using composite veneer. The fluoride-releasing composite used provided an acceptable color match and exceptional handling properties and was relatively easy to maintain with its antiplaque effect. This case also represents a unique histopathological finding from ground sections of a retained extracted deciduous tooth.

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) is a rare, aggressive type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) that is mostly diagnosed in elderly patients. Its non-specific clinical presentation (lymphadenopathy, fever, night sweats, weight loss, generalized rash, and hepatosplenomegaly) often results in a delay in the diagnosis. The diagnosis is mainly established based on a detailed clinical evaluation and biopsy findings, and currently, available treatment options include corticosteroids, immunotherapy, and single- or multi-agent chemotherapy. Here, we report a case of a 61-year-old male who presented with complaints of easy fatigability, dyspnea, and fever along with inguinal lymphadenopathy and was diagnosed as a case of AITL. He was given multiple cycles of R-CHOP chemotherapy (Cytoxan, Hydroxyrubicin, Oncovin, Prednisone chemotherapy regimen), which led to tumor eradication. The patient, however, expired due to unknown reasons. The case highlights the major diagnostic modalities and treatment strategies for AITL and sheds light on the poor prognosis of the disease despite adequate management. Keywords: Angioimmunoblastic

Background: The general health and quality of life are directly correlated with oral health. Oral health is one of the unique health concerns that apply to all children. Pediatric dentistry is built on effective communication with children, which is also a requirement for providing pediatric dental care. Many pediatric dentists find it difficult to anticipate children's behavior and how they will respond to therapeutic procedures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate children's attachment types in order to forecast their behavior during a dentist appointment. Materials and Methods: The participants were 120 children between the ages of 4 and 7 who were reported to the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly. The youngsters were evaluated by a dental graduate student. While they waited in the waiting area, the parents were asked to complete the Kinship Center Attachment Questionnaire regarding their kids. In the second visit, dental work was scheduled for the kids who had met the requirements for inclusion in the first visit. Another pediatric dentistry postgraduate student evaluated the children's conduct during the dental procedure using a predefined questionnaire and the Frankl scale. The Chi-squared test, t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and linear regression were used to examine the data. Results: According to the findings, 55.8% of the total children were cooperative, among which 59.1% were female and 52.0% were males. The average age of the kids was 6.2 ± 0.95. Moreover, 21.3% of kids had insecure attachment styles and 78.7% of kids had secure attachment types. The child–dentist communication and the insecure ambivalent attachment pattern were significantly correlated. As a result, our study demonstrated that children's safe attachment styles varied with age. Our results showed that there is an inverse relationship between children's collaboration and age, with cooperation rising as age increases. Conclusions: According to the findings of this study and considering its limitations, in young ages, the attachment style of the mother plays an important role in behavior of children. The significant correlations existed between the insecure ambivalent attachment style and child–dentist communication, as well as the secure attachment type and mother–child separation.

The use of digital smile designing simplifies the restoration of esthetics. In this article, a case of diastema and incisal notching in anterior teeth was rehabilitated with porcelain laminate veneers using combination of digital and analog workflow.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical behavior of prefabricated componeers and direct composite veneering. The objective of the study was to compare the changes in color, surface texture, marginal integrity, and gingival response for componeers and direct composite veneers. Settings and Study Design: This was an in vivo, comparative study. Materials and Methods: Ten patients indicated for anterior veneers were selected and divided into Groups A and B of five patients each. Group A was restored with componeers and Group B with direct composite veneers. Both the groups were compared for color changes, surface textural changes, marginal integrity, and gingival response, starting immediately post veneering and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months subsequently. Statistical Analysis Used: Friedman's two-way analysis of variance and Mann–Whitney test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Results for color ranged from excellent to good with minimal color changes post veneering. Overall, “gingival response,” in both the groups, showed statistically significant differences in mean rank scores (P ≤ 0.05). The data depicted an improvement in gingival response for all patients during the period of the study. Surface textural changes were significant only for maxillary right canine and maxillary left lateral incisor (P = 0.024 and 0.039, respectively) in both the groups. Maxillary right canine in both the groups showed significant changes in marginal integrity. Intergroup comparison of gingival response, surface texture, and marginal integrity depicted no significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: This study concluded that the intergroup comparison of componeers and direct composite veneers for the parameters, gingival response, surface texture, and marginal integrity did not depict any significant differences. Both the groups displayed minimal changes in color, surface texture, and marginal integrity and improved gingival response.

Context: Diabetes mellitus is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The health of oral tissue is related to saliva and both the composition and flow of saliva are altered in diabetic patients. Aim: This study aims to assess the prevalence of Candida in diabetic patients and non-diabetic controls and to assess the relationship between the candidal carriage and glycemic control, the relationship between the oral prevalence of Candida species, and clinical candidal infection, and the effect of antidiabetic therapy and smoking on candidal infection. Settings and Design: This cross-sectional population-based study was conducted on 100 diabetic and 50 non-diabetic (control) patients. Methods and Material: Saliva samples were collected and the concentrated oral rinse technique was used for quantitative oral candidal isolation. A digital colony counter enumerated several candidal colonies on each plate. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test and Mann–Whitney test are used. Results: Colony-forming units (CFU/ml) in diabetics were 3131.14 and in control was 986.8. Out of 55 diet control patients, 30 had a candidal carrier; out of 44 patients on oral hypoglycemic, 30 had candidal carrier; and out of 1 patient on insulin, 1 had a candidal carrier. Out of 19 diabetics (good control), 8 had candidal carrier; out of 28 (moderate control), 12 had candidal carrier; and out of 53 (poor control), 41 had a candidal carrier. Out of 14 smokers, 8 had candidal carriers, and out of 36 nonsmokers, 11 had candidal carriers. Conclusions: Diabetic patients carry a higher number of candida in their oral cavity.

Nasopalatine duct cyst (NPDC) is a non-odontogenic, developmental epithelial cyst that accounts for 1% of maxillary cysts. It often arises due to the spontaneous proliferation of the epithelial tissue remnants, although trauma, bacterial infection, and mucous retention may also trigger the proliferation. Owing to its slow-growing, asymptomatic nature, the cyst is often discovered as an accidental finding during routine clinical and radiographic examinations. However, the majority of cases present as a tiny, asymptomatic swelling just posterior to the palatine papillae. Radiographically, it appears as a well-defined oval or round radiolucency in the maxillary anterior teeth region and should be differentially diagnosed with inflammatory periapical lesions and a wide incisive foramen. A pulp vitality test is essential to rule out lesions of endodontic origin. Microscopically, NPDCs display a mixed pattern of the epithelial lining and exhibit neurovascular bundles (small to medium-sized nerves, arteries, and veins), and minor salivary glands in the cystic connective tissue, a distinctive feature facilitating a confirmatory diagnosis. Enucleation and marsupialization remain the treatment of choice. NPDC associated with impacted mesiodens is an extremely uncommon entity. A comprehensive literature search carried out on the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines revealed only three cases of NPDC with impacted mesiodens to date. The purpose of this study is to report an extremely rare case of NPDC associated with an impacted inverted mesiodens in a 19-year-old male patient who presented with an asymptomatic swelling in the maxillary anterior teeth region. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the fourth reported case of NPDC with impacted mesiodens.

Impression making in compromised residual alveolar ridge is a regular challenge in rehabilitating patients with conventional removable complete dentures. In patients who cannot afford implant-supported dentures, specialized impression technique is a viable and justified option for fabrication of complete dentures. More often, the stability of denture in such patients becomes a deciding factor between failure and success. Furthermore, increased interarch space may result in increased height of maxillary and/or mandibular dentures with corresponding increase in weight, which further compromises the retention and stability of the prosthesis. This article describes an amalgamation of Hobkirk's impression technique in a case of resorbed maxillary residual alveolar ridge with a flabby anterior segment and fabrication of hollow maxillary dentures using a “three-dimensional printed dental spacer” with a “double-flask technique.” The weight of the final prosthesis was reduced therefore contributing to improved retention and stability of the final prosthesis.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the effect of saliva and blood contamination on the shear bond strength (SBS) of self- and total-etch adhesive systems on enamel and dentin. Materials and Methods: Sample of 100 extracted noncarious primary molars were taken as experimental groups, which were divided into two groups: self-etch group and total-etch group containing fifty teeth each. These groups were further divided into five subgroups - 10 teeth each. The specimens were then subjected to contamination with saliva or blood; before and after application of adhesive agent, whereas, in control group, there was no contamination done before and after adhesive application. Fresh saliva and blood were used. After the bonding procedure, resin composite was built up with diameter and height of 3 mm. After that, the specimens were tested for SBS in universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 cm/min. The results were then statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: The results of the study revealed that the SBS of self-etch adhesive system was better than the total-etch adhesive system and there was significant difference found among various subgroups of total-etch group, i.e., when adhesive application was done before, after and without saliva or blood contamination. There was no significant difference found within the subgroups of self-etch group when adhesive application was done before, after, and without saliva contamination. In case of blood contamination, significant difference was found in SBS in both self- and total-etch groups.

Background: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are widespread in the population and are a serious dental public health problem among children. Dental trauma may cause both functional and esthetic problems, with possible impacts on the patient's quality of life. Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of elementary school teachers regarding dental trauma and its management. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire study consisting of 12 closed-ended questions were used to interview 150 elementary school teachers who participated in this study. The questions assessed the knowledge and attitude of teachers toward their student's dental trauma and its management. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Packages of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. Results: Among 150 teachers, 54% had dealt with trauma to their students, 91.3% school teachers said that they would save the avulsed tooth, 64% had heard about reimplantation of tooth, and 37% school teachers stated that they would not carry the tooth in any media reflecting their lack of knowledge regarding management of avulsed tooth. Conclusion: As many teachers have a low level of knowledge regarding dental trauma, there is a need for greater awareness to improve knowledge and attitude of teachers related to the emergency management of TDIs in children by organizing educative and motivational programs.

Introduction: Sense of coherence (SOC) is hypothesized to be an important psychological factor that enables people to cope with stressors and successfully maintain and improve health. Very few publications report on the relationship between “salutogenesis,” as measured by the concept of SOC and oral health status. However, little is known about the relationship between the mother's SOC and dental caries of their children. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the present study was to explore the impact of mother's SOC level on dental caries status of their children. Materials and Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted with the children aged 4–8 years attending public school (n = 200). Questionnaires were applied to mothers to obtain level of SOC. Dental caries status in children was assessed using decayed, missing, filled tooth surfaces (DMFS) and/or dmfs index. One-way analysis of variance F-test and post hoc Tukey test were used to assess the effect of mother's SOC level on their children's caries dmfs index. Results: Mean of dmfs and/or DMFS in children showed statistically significant relation with their mother's SOC level (P < 0.01). On intergroup comparison, significant (P < 0.01) difference was found when mean of dmfs and/or DMFS with mothers having low SOC and high SOC was compared. However, there was no significant relation when mean was compared to mothers with medium and low SOC. Conclusion: Dental caries of children gets influenced by mother's SOC level. There was an inverse relationship between mother's SOC level and their children dental caries status.

Background: Several classifications have previously been described to assess dental arch relationships of cleft patients and therefore the surgical outcome. The most commonly used method for evaluation of surgical outcome is Goslon Yardstick. Another scoring system that can be used is the modified Huddart/Bodenham scoring system. Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the dental arch relationships of subjects with repaired unilateral and cleft lip and palate who come at an orthodontic center by means of Goslon and modified Huddart/Bodenham scoring system and to find a correlation between the two systems. Methodology: The study models of 16 patients (9 males, 7 females) with an average age of 14.2 years (range 11–23 years) were evaluated for arch constriction by four observers which included two orthodontists and two postgraduate students. Results: The analysis of dental arch relationship using Goslon Yardstick revealed that 63% of patients ranked between Goslon 3 and 5. The mean modified Huddart/Bodenham score was −16.13. Conclusion: The study revealed that modified Huddart/Bodenham scoring system provided better interobserver agreement than Goslon Yardstick by untrained observers. There was a good inverse correlation between two scoring systems.

Aim: To evaluate the effect of duration of application of 17% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and SmearClear on the removal of intracanal smear layer by SEM. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two extracted maxillary incisors were root canal instrumented and randomly distributed into three groups of 24 teeth each according to different final irrigation regimens, Group A-17% EDTA + 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), Group B-SmearClear + 1% NaOCl, Group C (Control group)-Distilled water + 1% NaOCl. Further each group was subdivided into 3 subgroups according to the duration of application of the irrigating solutions for 1, 3 and 5 minutes. Following de-coronation and splitting of roots, one-half of each root was examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 1000Χ magnification for smear layer at 6 mm and 2 mm levels. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test (P < 0.05) Results: At 6 mm level, the mean smear scores were similar with both 17% EDTA solution and Smear Clear, however, at 2 mm level, they were significantly lower with Smear Clear (P < 0.05). The smear scores decreased as the duration of application of either 17% EDTA or Smear Clear increased from 1 to 5 minutes. Conclusion: Final irrigation with either 17% EDTA solution or Smear Clear followed by 1% NaOCl was effective in removing the smear layer for all three durations of applications. But, in the apical third, Smear Clear was more effective when compared with 17% EDTA solution.

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of EndoVac irrigation system and side-vented closed ended needle (Max-I probe) in removing smear layer from root canals at 1 mm and 3 mm from working length using ProTaper rotary instrumentation. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 freshly extracted maxillary central incisors were randomly divided into two groups after complete cleaning and shaping with ProTaper rotary files. In one group, final irrigation was performed with EndoVac system while in other group, final irrigation was done with a 30 gauge Max-I probe. 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% ethylenediaminetetracetic acid were used as final irrigants in all teeth. During instrumentation, 1 ml of 3% NaOCl was used for irrigation after each rotary instrument in the similar manner as in final irrigation. After instrumentation and irrigation, teeth were sectioned longitudinally into buccal and palatal halves and viewed under scanning electron microscope for evaluation of smear layer. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-test. (P < 0.05) Results: At 3 mm level, there was no significant difference between two groups. At 1 mm level, EndoVac group showed significantly better smear layer removal compared with Max-I probe (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: EndoVac system results in better smear layer removal at 1 mm from working length when compared to Max-I probe irrigation.

Missing teeth are a common developmental abnormality in humans. It may manifest as absence of varying numbers of primary and/or secondary teeth. Early treatment and follow-up are the key to successful rehabilitation of young patients with congenitally missing teeth. It is critical that oral rehabilitation is started early to maintain and correct the oral functions. Mucosa borne removable prostheses are the commonly selected treatment options for the young patients who present with oligodontia or anodontia. This clinical report describes esthetic, functional, and psychological rehabilitation of a young boy with severe oligodontia in maxillary arch and anodontia in mandibular arch. The individualized conservative graded approach in prosthetic rehabilitation with removable acrylic prosthesis helped to achieve esthetics, functionality, and psychological benefits.

Background: Simple orthodontic procedure such as separator placement can be associated with the occurrence of transient bacteraemia. Use of clorhexidine before separator placement has been recommended as a measure to decrease the bacteraemia. Aim: The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of transient bacteremia after separator placement following use of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash. Methodology: The study group consisted of 27 adult patients who reported for orthodontic treatment (18 males and 9 females). The patients were asked to rinse their mouth for 60 sec with 15 mL of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash before the separator placement. An aseptic technique was used to draw out 5 ml of blood was from either the left or right antecubital fossa immediately before orthodontic separator placement (as control group), and the second 5 ml sample was taken 1–2 min after the placement of separators mesial and distal to all the first molars. All the blood samples were inoculated into culture bottles containing Brain Heart Infusion and incubated aerobically for 7 days. Media used for bacterial growth is chocolate agar and MacConkey agar. Results: From a total of 27 patients and 54 samples, none of the sample was found positive for bacteremia. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that there is no bacteremia after the placement of separators following the use of chlorhexidine mouthwash.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare smear layer removal at apical 1 mm level after final irrigation activation with an EndoVac system and Max-I probe. Materials and Methods: Fifty freshly extracted maxillary central incisors were randomly divided into two groups after completing cleaning and shaping with ProTaper rotary files. In one group, final irrigation was performed with an EndoVac system while in the other group final irrigation was performed with a 30 gauge Max-I probe. 3% sodium hypochlorite and 17% ethylenediaminetetracetic acid were used as final irrigants in all teeth. After instrumentation and irrigation, the teeth were sectioned longitudinally into buccal and palatal halves and viewed under a scanning electron microscope for evaluation of the smear layer. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: The EndoVac group showed significantly better smear layer removal compared with the Max-I probe at the apical 1 mm level. Conclusion: An apical negative pressure system (EndoVac) results in better debridement at apical 1 mm when compared with side-vented closed ended needle irrigation (Max-I probe).

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare audio and audiovisual distraction aids in management of anxious pediatric dental patients of different age groups and to study children′s response to sequential dental visits with the use of distraction aids. Study Design: This study was conducted on two age groups, that is, 4-6 years and 6-8 years with 30 patients in each age group on their first dental visit. The children of both the age groups were divided into 3 subgroups, the control group, audio distraction group, audiovisual distraction group with 10 patients in each subgroup. Each child in all the subgroups had gone through three dental visits. Child anxiety level at each visit was assessed by using a combination of anxiety measuring parameters. The data collected was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Tukey honest significant difference post-hoc test at 0.05% level of significance revealed audiovisual group showed statistically highly significant difference from audio and control group, whereas audio group showed the statistically significant difference from the control group. Conclusion: Audiovisual distraction was found to be a more effective mode of distraction in the management of anxious children in both the age groups when compared to audio distraction. In both the age groups, a significant effect of the visit type was also observed.

Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is an idiopathic skeletal disorder in which the trabecular bone is replaced and distorted by poorly organized, structurally unsound fibro-osseous tissue. The lesion is classified into two forms: Monostotic (75-80%) and polyostotic. A distinct form of Polyostotic FD, known as McCune-Albright Syndrome, is accompanied by cutaneous pigmentation and sexual precocity, and this occurs almost exclusively in women. Typical radiographic appearance shows an expanded osseous lesion having poorly defined margins covered by a thin "eggshell" cortex and lacking periosteal new bone formation. Here, we are presenting two case reports of FD involving the maxilla.

Introduction: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by bilateral white striations or plaques on the buccal mucosa, tongue or gingiva that has a multifactorial etiology, where the psychogenic factors seem to play an important role. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the existing relation between the OLP and psychological alterations of the patient, such as stress, anxiety, and depression. Materials and Methods: Hospital anxiety and depression scale was applied for psychometric analysis. Results: The study indicates a definitive relationship between a stressful life event and onset and progression of OLP. Conclusion: Stress management and bereavement counseling should be a part of management protocol of OLP.

Objectives: Objectives of the study were to determine the severity of malocclusion, orthodontic treatment needs and variation in malocclusion with respect to age and sex (gender) in 12 and 15 years age-group children in rural and backward areas of Haryana, India. Materials and Methods: A sample of 1322 school children (12 and 15 years of age) was selected randomly. Severity of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs were assessed according to dental aesthetic index (DAI) criteria (WHO). All the 10 components of DAI were assessed. Clinical examination was performed by single examiner. The data for each child was coded and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 13, Chi Square and Student t-tests. Results: 23.6% of the subjects had dental anomaly, ranging from mild to severe. Percentage of medium, high, and very high treatment needs in children was 15.1, 4.9, and 3.6% respectively. Conclusion: 76.4% children had little or no malocclusion and 23.6% children were in need of treatment which reveals that the infl uence of civilization has reached rural and backward areas.

Background: In recent times, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) therapy and placebo drug therapy have been studied widely in the management of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain; but at the individual level. Thus, it was required to compare the efficacy of TENS and placebo drug therapy in patients with TMJ pain disorders. Aims: To determine the effectiveness of TENS therapy and placebo drug therapy in the treatment of TMJ pain disorders and to compare the efficacy of both. Settings and Design: A comparative study was done with 40 subjects reporting with the chief complaint of TMJ pain by dividing them into two groups through randomization. Materials and Methods: Subjects of either sex in the age group of 18-60 years and diagnosed with TMJ pain disorders were considered and divided into two equal groups of 20 patients each as Group I and Group II. Group I patients were advised TENS therapy once in a week for 4 weeks and were followed up in the fifth week. In Group II, placebo was given once daily for 4 weeks and follow-up was done in the fifth week. TMJ pain before, during, and at the completion of the treatment was measured in terms of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Statistical Analysis: Z-test for proportion and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. Results: A significant improvement in the tenderness of muscles and TMJ and for maximum mouth opening bilaterally was observed in Group I during different visits. It was also observed that the average values for pain and tenderness of the muscles and TMJ in TENS therapy for the different visits including follow-up were less compared to the values in placebo drug therapy. Conclusion: TENS therapy proved to be one of the widely and most effectively used treatment modalities with its multifaceted approach toward the treatment of the TMJ pain disorders as compared to placebo therapy.

Successful prosthetic rehabilitation of an ocular defect can be achieved by recording the remaining orbital anatomic structure using a functional impression technique. This clinical report discusses the ocular impression making procedure in a subject with a history of failed ocular implant in eviscerated eye. The problem encountered while making a static ocular impression is a nonfunctional recording of associated musculature, making ocular prosthesis unstable. This case report presents an accurate impression making of the anophthalmic socket using a functional impression technique.

Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) or anomalad is one of the most readily recognized presentation, and results of the first brachial arch malformation. PRS presents a classic triad of micrognathia, glossoptosis, and cleft palate. Infants with PRS can present with varied problems, some of them emergencies. However, in infants with a complete cleft palate, most commonly encountered problems are with feeding. This article describes the clinical and laboratory procedures for construction of a feeding plate in a neonate with PRS due to the presence of a cleft palate.

Introduction: This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial and physical properties of orthodontic composite resin modified by the addition of an antimicrobial agent. Materials and Methods: Transbond XT (3M Unitek), a photo-activated, light-cured composite resin, modified by the addition of chlorhexidine, in concentrations 2.5 wt% was formed into a uniform disc and also used for direct bonding of the brackets on the freshly extracted premolars for testing. The tablets of each group and a control group were subjected to the agar plate diffusion test to measure the zone of bacterial inhibition. In addition, they were incubated for 24 h in brain heart infusion medium inoculated with Streptococcus mutans and examined for antimicrobial action. A total of 80 extracted premolars were collected and divided into two sets of 40 teeth each. Stainless steel preadjusted edgewise appliance (PEA) brackets were bonded by using control and experimental composites. A universal testing machine was used to determine the shear bond strength. The first set of teeth was tested after 24 h and the second set after 25 days of storage in distilled water. Time-dependent release of antimicrobial agents from the modified composites was also monitored spectrophotometrically. Results: The findings indicated that (1) addition of chlorhexidine to the orthodontic composite resin enhanced its antimicrobial properties, (2) there was no significant difference between the bond strengths of the control and the experimental resins tested after 24 h and 25 days and (3) maximum release of chlorhexidine from the modified resin was much higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration level.

Aim: Preventive measures are necessary to prevent a potential irregularity from progressing into a more severe malocclusion. The determination of the tooth size-arch length discrepancy in mixed dentition requires an accurate prediction of the mesiodistal widths of the unerupted permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: For the study, 200 subjects in the age group of 16-25 years were selected from various colleges of M. M. University. The mesiodistal width of permanent mandibular incisors, first molars, canines and premolars of both arches were measured on the subject cast using an electronic digital caliper. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between mesiodistal tooth widths of males and females. Linear regression equation was determined to predict the sum of mandibular and maxillary permanent canines and premolars using mandibular first molars plus the four mandibular incisors as predictors. Results: There was no significant difference between the actual and predicted width of sum of permanent canines and premolars using regression equations. The predicted widths of both arches using Tanaka and Johnston equations showed significant differences. Determined regression equations for males were accurate in male samples and determined regression equation for females were accurate in female samples for both arches.

Aim : The paper aims to present a study conducted in Dera Bassi, Mohali, India. The purpose of the study was to ascertain the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in children of age group 7-12 years in private schools in Gulabgarh village. Material & Method : Age & sex distribution, etiological factors, risk factors and cause of injury were the parameters taken into consideration. The data collected was processed and analyzed using the SPSS statistical software program. Results : The overall prevalence of dental trauma was 14.5%, amongst the 880 subjects examined, out of which, 63.2% males and 36.4% females were found to be affected. The maxillary central incisor was found to be most commonly affected tooth (43.8%). The most common cause of injury reported was fall during playing (37.5%). Conclusion : Enamel fracture was most prevalent (50%). No risk factor was significantly higher than others; however children with Angle′s class II div 1 malocclusion exhibited greater risk factor for traumatic injuries.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate mandibular morphology in different facial types using various parameters. This study was conducted on lateral cephalograms of a total of 110 subjects, which included 55 males and 55 females between the age of 18-25 years having a mean of 22.3 years for males and 21.5 years for females. The sample was divided into normodivergent, hypodivergent, and hyperdivergent subgroups based on Jarabak′s ratio. Symphysis height, depth, ratio (height/depth) and angle, antegonial notch depth, ramal height and width, mandibular depth, upper, lower, and total gonial angle, and mandibular arc angle were analyzed statistically and graphically. It was found that the mandible with the vertical growth pattern was associated with a symphysis with large height, small depth, large ratio, small angle, decreased ramus height and width, smaller mandibular depth, increased gonial angle, and decreased mandibular arc angle in contrast to mandible with a horizontal growth pattern. Sexual dichotomy was found with mean symphysis height and depth in the female sample being smaller than in the male sample, but symphysis ratio was larger in the female sample; males having greater ramus height and width, mandibular depth than females. The mandible seemed to have retained its infantile characteristics with all its processes underdeveloped in hyperdivergent group.

The Hallermann-Streiff syndrome (HSS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by distinctive craniofacial malformations and significant orodental abnormalities. A relative lack of dental literature regarding this syndrome has been noted. Most cases of Hallermann-Streiff syndrome occur randomly for unknown reasons and may be the result of mutations, or changes to the genetic material. A 15-year-old girl presented with almost all the classical signs of HSS except congenital cataract- A thorough medical and dental examination was performed. Opinion by the gynecologist, ophthalmologist and ENT specialist were considered. These patients require an interdisciplinary preventive treatment.

Nasolabial angle has become the angle depicting the esthetics so has attained the prime importance in the treatment planning. Dr Jay P. Fitzgerland and Dr. Ram S. Nanda. In 1992 gave norms for Caucasian population. A radiographic cephalometric study was undertaken with 45 subjects of Indian origin to evaluate and compare with their result. The method of evaluation was according to the criteria given by Dr. Jay P Fitzergerald in AJODO 1992; 102:328-34. Significant decrease in nasolabial angle values was found in case of Indian population as compared to white adults.

Adenomatoid Odontogenic tumor is an uncommon tumor of odontogenic origin, characterized histologically by formation of duct like structures by epithelial component and amyloid-like deposits′. Adenomatoid Odontogenic tumor accounts for about only 0.1 % of tumours and cyst of the jaw and 3% of all odontogenic tumours 2 . Adenomatoid Odontogenic tumor has a benign behaviour and conservative surgical enucleation is sufficient and the prognosis is excellent 3 . A unique case of Adenomatoid Odontogenic tumor in the mandible is discussed herewith.

Hypohidrotic (anhidrotic) ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a congenital syndrome characterized by sparse hair, oligodontia, and reduced sweating. It is estimated to affect at least one in 17000 people worldwide. We report a rare case of HED in a 14-year-old male child patient which extraorally manifested as alopecia, scanty eyebrow and eye lashes, frontal bossing, depressed nasal bridge, and full and everted lips. Intraoral examination revealed complete anodontia of the deciduous teeth and partial anodontia of the permanent teeth. It is usually inherited as an X-linked recessive trait caused by mutation in any of the three EDA pathway genes. X-linked and autosomal recessive forms are phenotypically similar; thus, identification of carriers of partial forms of the disorder in their families is the key to clarifying intrafamilial genetic transmission.