Search

Background: Organophosphorus (OP) compound poisoning is a medico-toxic emergency that results in multiorgan failure. The primary mechanism of action is by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, leading to disruption in processes of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and microsomal metabolism resulting in liver toxicity. The present study was conducted to explore the prognostic value of serum cholinesterase in predicting severity of organophosphorous compound poisoning and the need for ventilatory support; and to understand the role of aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) and bilirubin in assessing the severity of acute organophosphate poisoning. Methodology: Hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted among OP poisoning cases at a tertiary hospital in Hubli. Clinical examination was done during the initial resuscitation and treatment of patients. Three milliliter of plain blood was collected on admission before administration of atropine and plasma cholinesterase level, and other biochemical parameters were estimated. Results: Sixty-five percent of poisoning cases had >50% of cholinesterase activity with normal grade poisoning. Moderate and severe grade poisonings were present among 3% and 5% of poisoning cases, respectively. Patients with cholinesterase level activity of ≤50% had significantly higher proportions of respiratory failure (77%) and fatal outcomes (33%). Median levels of AST (Q2: 73.2 IU/mL) and ALT were significantly higher (Q2: 22.7 IU/L) among severe grade poisoning (Che:

Aim: The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare canal transportation (CT) and centering ability (CA) between sequential rotary, single rotary, and single reciprocating file systems using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in simulated curved canals. Materials and Methods: Thirty curved root canals simulated in clear resin blocks were divided randomly into three groups – Group I – ProTaper Gold–PTG (Sequential continuous rotation), Group II – One Curve-OC (Single-file continuous rotation), and Group III – WaveOne GOLD-WOGs (Single-file reciprocating motion) Ten samples of each group were positioned in a custom-made dental stone holder and subjected to CBCT scanning with 5 samples at a time at 3 mm, 5 mm, and 7 mm from the apical end before and after instrumentation. The canals were subjected to instrumentation using the files according to the group allotted. The files were used as recommended by the manufacturer and subjected to CBCT scanning. The values of CT and CA were obtained using the formula given by Gambill et al., and statistical analysis was performed. Results: The results showed that within the groups, all groups showed higher mean values of CT and lower CA in apical level followed by middle and coronal level, respectively, and between the groups, the least CT and highest CA exhibited in WOG followed by OC and PTG, respectively. Conclusion: The least CT and highest CA exhibited in WOG (Single-file reciprocation system) followed by OC (Single-file continuous rotation) and PTG (Sequential file system with continuous rotation), respectively.

Aims: To compare the smear layer removal efficacy of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 0.2% Chitosan nanoparticles, and QMIX 2 in 1 at apical third of root canal system, using Endovac system (Kerr, Switzerland) irrigation system and analyzed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Materials and Methods: Forty-five extracted mandibular single-rooted premolar noncarious human teeth were selected. The samples were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1: Irrigated with 1 ml of 17% EDTA, Group 2: With 0.2% Chitosan nanoparticles, and Group 3: With QMix2in1 (Dentsply Sirona, USA); 15 teeth in each group as final irrigant. The root canals were sequentially cleaned and shaped till 0.30 mm/0.09 taper and were irrigated with 1 ml of 5% sodium hypochlorite and 1 ml of 0.9% saline, after introducing each file into the canal. Endovac system (Kerr, Switzerland) system was used as delivering unit for all irrigation solutions with separate syringes. The tooth samples were sectioned and analyzed under SEM. The data obtained were analyzed using the Chi–square test. Results: All three irrigation solution in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 removed smear layer. Group 3 showed a significant difference in smear layer removal from the root canal system than Group 1 and Group 2. Conclusions: The final irrigation with QMix2in1 (Dentsply Sirona, USA) solution aids in better smear layer removal at the apical third of the root canal system, using Endovac system (Kerr, Switzerland) irrigation system.

Background: The disadvantaged communities are often susceptible to poor oral health due to low incomes, lack of awareness, and low health-care utilization. Untreated dental diseases can lead to loss of teeth which may result in unmet prosthodontic needs. The present study assessed tooth loss, prosthetic status, and treatment needs of a fishing community in Mangalore, India. Materials and Methods: Oral examination of 400 individuals from a fishing community was done through a house-to-house cross-sectional survey using the World Health Organization oral health assessment form 1997. Data on demography, personal habits, and dental utilization were collected using a questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of tooth loss was 43%, and the mean number of missing teeth was 2.32 ± 5.21. More tooth loss was observed in older age groups and smokers. About 97% of the participants did not use any prosthesis, whereas it was needed in 23% in the maxillary arch and 33% in the mandibular arch. Prosthetic need was higher in older age groups. Majority of the participants had never visited a dentist before. Conclusions: Tooth loss was associated with age and smoking in this population. Utilization of oral health services was low, and prosthetic need was high. Targeted health promotion is recommended to prevent tooth loss and improve prosthetic status.

Background: Promoting oral self-care capacity and the use of fluoride toothpaste is an appropriate strategy for the prevention of oral diseases among schoolchildren, especially in a developing country like India. Aim: To assess the oral health behavior of fluoridated toothpaste usage among parents of 12-year-old schoolchildren in Mangalore, South India. Materials and Methods: Around 523, 12-year-old school students selected by cluster random sampling were given questionnaires to be completed by the parents to elicit their dental health behavior. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16.0. Bivariate analysis of the association of dental health behavior and the type of the school was conducted using Chi-square test. Finally, we fitted a multivariate binary logistic regression model to estimate the strength of association, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In this study, all the schoolchildren used toothpaste to clean their teeth, and the major factors which influenced the selection of toothpaste were promotional offer and advertisement for government and private schools, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that private schoolchildren had higher odds for using fluoridated toothpaste (odds ratio [OR] – 6.04 confidence interval [CI]: 1.929–18.912), receiving instructions from dentist (OR – 4.63 [CI: 2.770–7.741]), and brushing twice daily (OR – 0.37 [CI: 0.219–0.629]). Enrollment in government schools was associated with lower odds for selecting toothpaste based on professional advice (OR – 0.11 [CI: 0.072–0.177]). Conclusions: Private schoolchildren had higher usage of fluoridated toothpaste. Private schoolchildren had higher usage of fluoridated toothpaste and receiving instructions from dentist about dental health behavior. To overcome the Inverse Care Law, it is of utmost importance to create awareness among government schoolchildren.

Background: The health risks of tobacco use are well known, but kids and teens continue to smoke and use tobacco. Many young people pick up tobacco habits every year; in fact, 90% of all adult smokers began smoking started when they were kids. Aims: The aim of this study was to estimate factors influencing the prevalence of tobacco use among 13–15-year-old high schoolchildren and to assess their knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding tobacco use. Material and Methods: This pilot study was conducted among 210 schoolchildren selected from three schools based on convenient sampling method. The modified version of Global Youth Tobacco Questionnaire (World Health Organization) was used to measure the knowledge, attitude, and tobacco use of children. The analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 17. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis of the study variables. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were applied to test the association of knowledge of and attitude toward factors influencing tobacco use. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: Of the 210 children participated in the study, 54.8% were boys and 45.2% were girls. Ever tobacco use was reported by 31.4% of children, of which, over 10% reported initiation around 8–10 years of age and 21% of them at 12–15 years of age. Among them, 32 (15.2%) children used the smoking form of tobacco (cigarette, beedi, and other unspecified forms), 27 (12.9%) used the chewing form of tobacco, and 7 (3.3%) participants used both forms. The association was found to be statistically significant with regard to the knowledge (P = 0.03) and attitude scores (P < 0.001). Conclusion: It was found that tobacco use by parents, siblings, and teachers influences the children to initiate tobacco. Knowledge about the harmful effects of tobacco use among children was poor.

Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the short-term clinical outcomes of pulp capping using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Angelus (Angelus Londrina, PR, Brazil) or Biodentine (Septodont, Saint Maur des Fosses, France) as capping materials in a prospective randomized controlled study. Subjects and Methods: A total of 50 teeth were confirmed to eligible for pulp capping randomly assigned into either the MTA Angelus or the Biodentine Group (25 teeth per group). Direct\indirect pulp capping was performed using these two materials, and clinical and radiographical evaluations were performed at 0, 3, and 6 months after the treatments. Teeth with no response to pulp vitality test and those exhibiting clinical or radiographic signs and/or symptoms of irreversible pulpitis or pulp necrosis were considered to be failures. Results: Forty-five patients (47 teeth) were examined at the 6-month follow-up (patient recall rate = 92%); 23 of these teeth were in the MTA Angelus group, and 24 were in the Biodentine group. The overall success rate was 93%, and the success rates in the MTA Angelus and Biodentine groups were 95.5% (21/23 teeth) and 96% (23/24 teeth), respectively. Statistical analyses of these success rates did not reveal any significant difference between the groups. Conclusions: In this randomized controlled study, no significant difference in the short-term clinical outcomes of direct\indirect pulp capping using MTA Angelus or Biodentine as the capping material was found.

Introduction: Dental anxiety is a known barrier to oral health-care utilization. The data on dental anxiety and oral health services utilization of young adults in India are scarce. Aim: The present study was conducted to assess the social determinants of dental anxiety and utilization patterns of oral health services among young adults aged 18–21 years in Mangalore city, India. Materials and Methods: A total of 575 young adults aged 18–21 years were selected from degree colleges in Mangalore city. Dental anxiety was assessed using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale and utilization of oral health services was assessed using a questionnaire. Data were also collected on age, gender, and socioeconomic factors. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. Level of statistical significance was fixed at P < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of dentally anxious individuals was 81.2%. The mean dental anxiety score of respondents was 14.69 ± 4.29. Females reported a statistically higher dental anxiety than males (P = 0.004). Participants with past negative dental experience also showed greater dental anxiety scores (P = 0.04). Dental anxiety was found to be negatively correlated with age (P = 0.003) and father's occupation (P = 0.037). A total of 48 (8.3%) individuals visited a dentist twice a year, whereas 79 (13.7%) individuals had never visited a dentist. The total number of irregular visitors was 448 (77.9%), out of which 268 respondents (46.6%) visited a dentist only for emergency treatments. Dental anxiety scores and utilization of dental health services did not show a statistically significant association. Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of dental anxiety in this population of young adults. Females and individuals with past negative dental experience showed significantly higher dental anxiety. Age and father's occupation were also correlated with dental anxiety. Focus on the social determinants and measures to reduce dental anxiety and improve oral health utilization are needed.

Aims: This study aims to demonstrate the bone regeneration in the periapical region using platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (NcHA) with collagen in combination with PRF and their effects on healing in periapical tissues. Subjects and Methods: Fourteen patients (15 surgical sites) were selected and distributed into three groups: Group I – Replacement with PRF, Group II – Replacement with PRF and NcHA with collagen bone graft (SYBO GRAF – C, Eucare pharmaceuticals ltd., Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India), and Group III – Control group. In all the three groups, patient recall visits were scheduled after 1-, 3-, and 6-month time interval for clinical and radiological examination. Radiovisiography image was analyzed using RADIANT Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine VIEWER. Results: A significantly higher rate of healing was observed after 6 months in Group II (100%) followed by Group I (92%) and Group III (86%). Conclusion: It was concluded that combination of PRF and nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite with collagen produced a significantly faster bone regeneration. The conventional technique and PRF were less predictable with its healing response.

Background: This study explores the association of disabilities and oral health. The aim of the study was to assess the salivary and plaque pH and oral health status of children with and without disabilities. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 schoolchildren (50 with disabilities and 50 without disabilities) were examined from 9 to 15 years age group. Saliva and plaque pH analysis were done to both the groups. Clinical data were collected on periodontal status, dental caries using WHO criteria. pH values of different groups, difference between the means were calculated using independent t-test, and frequency distribution was analyzed using Chi-square test. Statistical significance, P value was set at 0.05. Results: Mean plaque and salivary pH scores were lesser (5.73 and 5.67) in children with intellectual disabilities (IDs) (P< 0.001). Subjects with disabilities had also statistically significant higher CPI scores and decayed, missing, and filled scores than their healthy counterparts (P< 0.001). Conclusion: There is a statistically significant difference in plaque and salivary pH among children with and without ID with lower plaque and salivary pH among children with ID. In addition to this, the oral health was also more compromised in children with ID, which confirms a need for preventive treatment for these children.

Background: Nitric oxide (NO), a highly reactive radical, participates in the nonspecific natural defense mechanism of the oral cavity. The present study was attempted to evaluate the salivary NO levels in 4–5 year-old children with early childhood caries (ECC). The objective of the present study was to assess the salivary NO concentration in children with different caries activity. Materials and Methods: The study included 120 healthy 4–5 year-old children and they were equally divided into three groups based on decayed, missing, filled surfaces (dmfs) score; forty caries-free children (control group), forty children with dmfs 1–5 (ECC group), and forty with dmfs ≥6 (severe ECC group). Saliva collected was measured for NO concentration by Griess reaction method. The obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The mean level of NO in the saliva of the control group was 51.2 ± 8.3457 and that of ECC and severe ECC were 47.1 ± 5.2614 and 33.625 ± 4.6942, respectively. The mean salivary NO concentration was significantly higher in healthy controls when compared to children with ECC and severe ECC. Moreover, a negative correlation (r = −0.6658) was observed between the salivary NO level and the mean dmfs, suggesting that as the salivary NO level decreases, the caries incidence increases. Conclusion: The obtained results support the antimicrobial activity of salivary NO and also suggest that an increase in NO production might contribute to lower the caries occurrence in children.

Introduction: Endodontically treated teeth are more prone to fracture under masticatory forces. Resin-based dental materials have been proposed as a means to reinforce an endodontically treated tooth through the use of adhesive sealers in the root canal system. Aims: The objective of this study is to evaluate the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth obturated using lateral compaction technique with AH plus/Gutta-percha, Resilon/RealSeal self-etch (SE), and Endofill/Gutta-percha. Subjects and Methods: In this study, sixty, single-rooted mandibular premolars were used. The teeth chosen were de-coronated with a diamond disc and the root length was 14 mm for each specimen. All teeth were enlarged up to ISO size 30 master apical file using Ni–Ti rotary Protaper system and crown-down technique. Instrumented teeth were then randomly assigned into four experimental groups (n = 15) as follows: Group 1 - obturated with AH plus/Gutta-percha, Group 2 - obturated with Resilon/RealSeal SE, Group 3 - obturated with Endofill/Gutta-percha, and Group 4 - no obturation was done (control). The specimens were embedded into auto-polymerizing resin, later mounted in the universal testing machine and were subjected to load at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min until the root fractured. Statistical Analysis Used: ANOVA and Duncan post hoc analysis. Results: Results of this in vitro study showed that Resilon/RealSeal SE showed better fracture resistance of all the materials tested. Statistically significant difference between the groups (

Introduction: Dental caries is one of the most prevalent diseases affecting children invariably across the world; a toothache is one of the common outcomes found to be associated with dental caries as pain perception is a subjective phenomenon reporting of pain may vary among different individuals. The aim of this study was to assess the difference in oral health status and pain perception related to oral health status among the children with intellectual disability (ID) and their normal counterparts. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 school children of 9-14 years with or without ID in Bangalore City, ethical clearance and informed consent were obtained. The study involved 50 children with ID and 50 children with non-ID (NID), of age group 9-14 years. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess participant′s demographic profile, self-assessed medical and dental conditions. Clinical assessment was done for recording dental caries and gingival status. Dental pain was measured using the "Dental Discomfort Questionnaire +" given by Versloot et al. Results: It was found that children with ID had a higher score for D(T), and M(T) compared to NID control. This difference was statistically significant. Children with ID showed higher discomfort due to pain. Except for chewing on one side all other questions showed a significant difference between the groups. Conclusion: It was found that children with ID had a higher caries experience compared to NID control and showed significantly higher pain experience than children with NID.

Introduction: Sugared beverages such as cola, packaged juice, are known for cariogenicity their intake leads to the immediate drop in plaque and salivary pH, which can be an etiologic factor for dental caries. Objective: The objective was to assess the endogenous acidity and total sugar content of four commercially available beverages commonly consumed by children in India and its effect on salivary and plaque pH. Materials and Methods: A crossover controlled trial was conducted. 60 randomly selected school children from school at south Bangalore, who were meeting the inclusion criteria, were asked to refrain from oral hygiene practices for 24 h till the sample collection. Children were divided into four groups and for each group test drink was given. Plaque and salivary sample were collected at the time of 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min and were sent for pH estimation. 7 days of washout time was given for each cross-over and 3 such cross-over was done during the study and the drinks were interchanged. Results: Sweet lassi was found to be having maximum total sugar content of and Coca-Cola had the lowest pH 5.3. Milk showed least sugar content and highest pH (6.7). Study showed a significant drop in pH after consumption of all the test drinks (P = 0. 05). Carbonated beverage, that is, Coca-Cola Showed the maximum drop of pH, followed by Pulpy orange in both the plaque as well as saliva. Coca-Cola showed the drop of plaque pH below the critical level, 5.44 (0.134). Conclusion: Sweet lassi showed the maximum inherent total sugar content, lowest inherent pH and maximum fall in plaque and salivary pH, was found with Coca-Cola.

Introduction: Aged people living in residential homes have a higher prevalence of depression and stress which cause oral health-related problems, contributing to excessive morbidity, than do those who live in communities. Aim: To find the relationship between senses of coherence (SOC) and quality of life (QoL) using Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) among elderly residents of old age homes in Bengaluru city, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among elderly residents of Bengaluru city, India. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire which record demographic details, oral hygiene practices, and oral health habits. SOC and oral health-related QoL was measured using 13-item short version of the SOC scale and 12-item GOHAI scale. Chi-square test and Pearson's correlation coefficient test were used for statistical analysis. All variables showing significant association (P < 0.05) were entered into a regression model to identify predictors of low GOHAI and SOC. Results: A total of 376 elderly residents participated in the study and completed the questionnaire. Among them 150 (39.9%) were men and 226 (60.1%) were women. SOC was statistically significant with gender (P = 0.008), marital status (P = 0.003), dentition status (P = 0.000), smoking (P = 0.043), and alcohol consumption (P = 0.043). Age (P = 0.036), gender (P = 0.045), dentition status (P < 0.019), and smoking (P = 0.042) were found to be associated with GOHAI, there also exist a strong Pearson's correlation (r = 0.712) between SOC and GOHAI scores. Conclusions: A strong positive correlation was found between SOC and GOHAI scores indicating elder's with low SOC had low GOHAI scores and vice versa. The elders in residential homes were found to have more self-reported oral health-related functional problems, so dental health education must be focused on the special needs of the disabled, dependant and socio – economically deprived geriatric population to improve their QoL.

Introduction: Dental students are the future leaders in oral health care and are expected to be teachers of oral hygiene as well as role models of self-care regimens for their patients. Objective: The objective was to assess self-reported oral health attitude and behavior among undergraduate dental students and to analyze variations between gender and level of education. Materials and Methods: A self-administered questionnaire based on the Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioural Inventory (HU-DBI) was distributed among 270 undergraduate students which consisted of 20 dichotomous responses (yes-no). Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: Females had better oral health attitude and behavior toward visiting the dentist and oral hygiene practices, mean HU-DBI score of 8.8 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the preclinical students (1 st , 2 nd years) had better oral health attitude and behavior especially towards gingival health, oral hygiene practices and visiting the dentist (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Among dental students, the overall attitude of oral health was good, even though there were deficits in a few areas. The oral health attitudes and behavior were better among female′s dental students and were not improved with increasing levels of education. Better comprehensive dental education with exposure to dental health and prevention is suggested to improve dental students′ oral health attitudes and behavior.

Introduction: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess and compare self-perceived and normative dental needs among teaching faculty of Visveswarapura Group of Institutions, Bangalore, India. Materials and Methods: The study population included 217 teaching faculty from four Visveswarapura Group of Institutions namely Arts and Commerce, Law, Science College and Engineering College. The study population was subjected to a self-administered closed-ended questionnaire inquiring about their socioeconomic status, Oral health status and treatment needs. Clinical examinations, employing WHO dentition status and community periodontal index were performed to determine normative status and needs. Perceived and normative assessments were compared for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values using Kappa statistics. Results: The degree of agreement (κ values) and sensitivity was seen in filled teeth (0.839, 80%), missing teeth (0.696, 85.2%), and mobile teeth (0.57, 55.6%). However, the disagreement was seen with all other questions with average κ = 0.20. Regarding overall proportions, a large discrepancy was found between self-perceived and normative needs for both dental and periodontal health status. Conclusion: Self-assessment questionnaires were of low value in evaluating oral health status and treatment needs compared with clinical examination.

Background: Dental treatment induces pain anxiety and fear. This study was conducted to assess the changes in hemodynamic, ventilator, and electrocardiograph changes during extraction procedure among 12-15-year-old children and compare these changes with anxiety, fear, and pain. Materials and Methods: A purposive sample of 60 patients selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria underwent study procedure in the dental OPD of a medical college and hospital. The anxiety, fear, and pain were recorded by dental anxiety scale, dental fear scale, and visual analogue scale, respectively, before the start of the procedure. The systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and electrocardiogram changes were monitored during the extraction procedure. The recording was taken four times (preinjection phase, injection, extraction, and postextraction) and was analyzed. Results: At the preinjection phase the mean vales were systolic blood pressure (128 ± 11.2), diastolic blood pressure (85.7 ± 6.3), heart rate (79.7 ± 9.3), and oxygen saturation (97.9 ± 5.8). These values increased in injection phases and decreased in extraction phase and the least values were found after 10 min of procedure and this relation was significant for all parameters except oxygen saturation (P = 0.48, NS). ECG abnormalities were seen among 22 patients and were significant before and after injection of Local anesthetic (P = 0.0001, S). Conclusions: Anxiety, fear, and pain have an effect on hemodynamic, ventilator, and cardiovascular parameters during the extraction procedure and hence behavioral management has to be emphasized among children in dental clinics.

Introduction- Detection of HIV antibodies is done by the standard blood tests. Rapid tests provide results in few minutes. The OraQuick rapid HIV12 antibody test using oral fluid has not been tried in resource-limited settings in India. The aim was to evaluate the efficacy of the OraQuick test kit using oral fluid for HIV antibody detection in patients attending the dental hospitals. Materials and methods: This multicentric pilot study was administered on 134 consenting subjects- Seventy subjects were randomly screened at Visakhapatnam and 64 at Davangere, by OraQuick test using oral fluid and other standard HIV screening tests. The subjects and the test administrators were enquired regarding the convenience of the oral fluid test and blood tests. The results were compared and conclusions were drawn. Results: Seventy subjects were positive with both oral fluid and blood tests. Sixty-four subjects were negative with both the tests demonstrating 100% sensitivity and specificity. The oral fluid test was well accepted by all patients and test administrators. Conclusion: Our study revealed that the OraQuick test using oral fluid was found to be highly accurate, noninvasive screening test which ran be easily used in dental hospitals

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a rare autoimmune bullous dermatosis with a high mortality rate if untreated. It is characterized by the binding of IgG autoantibodies to desmogleins 3 (DSG 3), a transmembrane glycoprotein adhesion molecule present on desmosomes. This glycoprotein strengthens the intercellular connection, and loss of this connection due to the antigen-antibody reaction weakens and finally breaks the connection between epithelial cells resulting in blisters and desquamation Patients with PV mainly involving the mucosa have antibodies directed against DSG 3, but patients with PV involving both the skin and mucosa will have antibodies against both DSG 3 and DSG 1. Most patients are initially misdiagnosed and improperly treated for many months or even years. Dental professionals must be sufficiently familiar with the clinical manifestations of PV to ensure early diagnosis and treatment, since this in turn determines the prognosis and course of the disease.

This article presents oral mucosal lesions findings from a state oral health survey of Karnataka, India. A total of 46,579 subjects aged 1-4 to 65+ years were selected by using multistage-cluster-stratified random sampling method and subjects were examined by 32 dentists trained in standardized clinical diagnostic criteria for oral mucosal lesions. In the present study, 7.53% of subjects had one or more oral mucosal lesions, in which, male subjects (9.41 %) had a significantly higher prevalence of lesions compared to female subjects (4.38%); urban subjects (11.61%) had a significantly higher prevalence than rural subjects (5.01 %) and the Christian subjects had a significantly higher prevalence of lesions than the Hindus, Muslims and others (F=211.594,

Lung is by far the most common site for distant metastases from head and neck cancer, accounting for 2.98%` in clinical settings to 37.2%S0 at autopsy. Since, pulmonary metastases produces very few signs and symptoms,(Sun D.X 1992) 6G such metastases influence the treatment and prognosis of the disease process. In life, the detection of pulmonary metastases depends largely on radiographic examination. Routine chest radiographs are the most common way of detecting metastatic disease (Crow 1981) 53. This study attempts to find the clinical prevalence of lung metastases from head and neck cancer in general and oral cavity in particular, using chest radiographs and review the selected related literature.

Introduction: Even after the invention of the modern injection techniques, palatal injection still remains a painful experience for patients, and this pain is attributed to the presence of rich nerve complement and displacement of palatal mucosa during anesthesia. Objective: The aim of the present study was to demonstrate if lidocaine HCl could provide palatal anesthesia if given buccally during maxillary tooth removal without the need for a palatal injection. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 75 patients, and 25 were controls. All the patients in the study group had unilateral extractions. In 75 patients, 2 ml of 2% lidocaine HCl with 1:80,000 epinephrine was injected into the buccal vestibule of tooth indicated for extraction without palatal injection. After 8 min, the extraction of maxillary tooth was carried out. Twenty-five subjects in the control group underwent same protocol with palatal injection. All the patients completed a faces pain scale (FPS) and a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) after extraction. Statistical Analysis Used: Unpaired t test and Chi-square test. Results: According to VAS and FPS scores, when comparison was carried out between permanent maxillary tooth removal with and without palatal injection, the difference in the pain levels were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: The extraction of permanent maxillary tooth is possible by depositing 2 mL of lidocaine to the buccal vestibule of the tooth without the need for palatal anesthesia.

Van der Woude syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a cleft lip and cleft palate with congenital lip pits. The variable manifestations include lip pits, absent teeth and isolated cleft lip and cleft palate of varying degrees of severity and other associated anomalies though rare have also been reported. It occurs in equal distribution between both genders. We report two cases of Van der Woude syndrome.