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Aim: To compare the stress distribution of four modalities of reinforcing the radicular space of a pulpless central incisor exhibiting stage 4 root development., Materials and Methods: The model of a pulpless immature central incisor with a stage 4 of root development supporting periodontium was generated based on the properties. The longitudinal growth of the root was completed. Four such models were developed. Then, the radicular space was rehabilitated as follows: Model 1: Ceramicrete; Model 2: Biomimetic Mineralization; Model 3: Biodentine; Model 4: Bioaggregate. They were subjected to three different loading conditions. One was to mimic the mastication by applying a load of 70 N applied at 45° angle. Second loading condition was a vertical load of 100 N to mimic bruxism. The third loading condition was to mirror the impact of a frontal trauma. A load of 100 N was applied labially., Results: It was observed that during mastication, Model 2 has exhibited the lowest concentration of von Mises stresses, followed by Model 3 and then Model 4 followed by Model 1; this could be because the modulus of elasticity of Model 2 is comparable to that of Dentin. During bruxism and horizontal impact, the maximal stress concentration was found in Model 4, Model 3, Model 2, followed by Model 1., Conclusion: The closer the elasticity of modulus of the primary endodontic replacement monoblock was to that of dentin, the lower were the stresses generated. However, as the increase in stress values was minimal between groups, these obturating materials can be viable reinforcement materials for the rehabilitation of cases of stage 4 developing root. Biomimetic mineralization strategies can be a viable treatment option for managing cases of the open apex., Clinical Relevance: Biomimetic mineralization strategies and bioceramics can be used for obturation of root canals with open apex, instead of utilizing these bioceramics as apical plugs.

This study compared the tensile bond strengths of different adhesive systems to different dentinal substrate conditions. The adhesive systems used were Adper Single Bond 2 total etch, XP Bond total etch, and two all-in-one adhesives, Adper Easy One and Xeno V. Ninety-six intact human premolars extracted on periodontal or orthodontic grounds were collected and stored in 0.9% physiologic saline for less than four weeks. Teeth were carefully cleaned to remove the soft tissue remnants. The occlusal surfaces were ground until the level of the dentinoenamel junction, exposing superficial dentin using a low-speed diamond disc. A standard smear layer was produced by wet sanding the dentin surface with 600-grit silicon carbide sandpaper for 40 seconds. The 96 specimens were embedded in autopolymerizing acrylic resin and divided into four groups of 24 each based on the dentin bonding agents used. Each group consisted of 24 specimens, which were further divided into two subgroups of 12 specimens each, moist dentin and dentin air-dried for 10 seconds. The regions of interest for adhesion were demarcated in each sample using adhesive tape, with a 4-mm–diameter hole isolating the peripheral region, and each adhesive system was employed. Four adhesive systems, two total etch and two self-etching adhesive, were applied to different dentinal substrates as per the manufacturers' instructions. Following the adhesive application, the specimens were restored with composite material using a metallic mold measuring 5 mm in diameter and 5 mm in height to keep the material in cylindrical form and were light cured per manufacturers' instructions. After being stored for 24 hours in distilled water at room temperature, the specimens were thermocycled for 550 cycles at temperatures ranging from 5°C to 60°C with a dwell time of 15 seconds in each bath and a transfer time of five seconds. The tensile bond strengths were determined using a Universal loading machine (Lloyd Universal Testing Machine) at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. On moist dentin, total-etch adhesives showed higher bond strength than did the all-in-one adhesives. Under the dry dentin condition, XP Bond exhibited significantly higher bond strength than did the Adper Single Bond 2 and two all-in-one adhesives, Adper Easy One and Xeno V.

To review the analytical methods for carious and erosive demineralization an initial search of peer-reviewed scientific literature from the digital library database of PubMed/Medline indexed journals published up to early 2022 was carried out based on keywords relevant to the topic criteria including bibliographic citations from the papers to gather the most updated information. This current review aims to provide an updated overview of the advantages, limitations, and potential applications of direct and indirect research methods available for studying various dynamic stages of carious and erosive demineralization in enamel and dentin. This paper categorizes and describes the most suitable, frequently adopted and widely used quantitative and qualitative techniques in in vitro/in vivo research which are well-established, emerging, or comparatively novel techniques that are being explored for their potential validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the increasing prevalence of erosive tooth wear affecting both adults and children; designing optimum protocols of management in a noninvasive manner is gaining precedence. Aim: Comparative evaluation of topically applied calcium phosphate-based agents casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and beta tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) on the surface of eroded dentin. Materials and Methods: Dentin blocks from human third molars in four groups were subjected to the surface treatment: (G1) sound dentin (G2) demineralized dentin (G3) CPP-ACP (G4) ß-TCP. All the samples except control (G1) were immersed in an acidic solution incubated at 37°C for 96 h. The samples in G3 and G4 were topically treated with CPP-ACP and ß-TCP for 4 min twice daily for 14 days; followed by pH-cycling for 21 days. Surface hardness testing and surface morphology were observed using the scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software with Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc test. Results: Dentin treated with both CPP-ACP (37.25) and ß-TCP (32.05) recorded significantly higher VHN than demineralized (G2-23.51) but lower compared to sound control (G1-57.06). Conclusion: The topical application of CPP-ACP and ß-TCP agents shows definite potential in promoting the hardening of demineralized dentin surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The butterfly effect is an optical phenomenon and is related to the presence of sclerotic dentin in the roots. The unique pattern of sclerotic dentin formation produces a characteristic butterfly shape in transverse sections of the roots. The objective of this study was to evaluate the direction of the fracture line in roots that exhibit the butterfly effect. Thirty single-rooted premolars with oval-shaped roots were decoronated and embedded in acrylic blocks and subjected to vertical force under a universal testing machine (HPBSD; Tec-Sol India, Chennai, India). Fractured roots were examined under a stereomicroscope (Model no. 080772; Lawrence and Mayo, Mumbai, India) at ×10 magnification to determine the location and direction of the fracture line. To evaluate the correlation between the direction of sclerotic dentin and the direction of the fracture line, teeth were sectioned and observed under a stereomicroscope at ×20 and ×40 magnification. The correlation was analyzed using the Fisher exact test (P <.05 for the coronal and apical thirds and P >.05 for the middle third). Sclerotic dentin was observed more in the apical area and less in the coronal third of the root. The correlation between the direction of sclerotic dentin and the direction of the fracture line was statistically significant in the coronal and apical thirds of the root. The vertical root fracture that runs buccolingually is correlated to the harder sclerotic dentin present in the mesiodistal direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Bioceramics need to interact chemically with dentin to exhibit adequate bioactivity. Proper bonding of bioceramics with dentin is of considerable importance. This study aimed to evaluate the wettability and marginal adaptation of bioceramics after the use of surface-active agents on dentin: %0.5 cetrimide and %1 alkylbenzene sulfonate. Methods. Of ninety maxillary central incisors, 45 teeth were sectioned longitudinally with 45 root halves randomly assigned to three groups (n=15): group I: no pre-treatment; group II: %0.5 cetrimide; group III: %1 alkylbenzene sulfonate. Then, the samples were subdivided into three subgroups (n=5): subgroup I: MTA; subgroup II: Biodentine, and subgroup III: BioRoot. A controlled-volume droplet of bioceramic material was placed on each root half, which was positioned in a dynamic contact angle analyzer to record the static contact angle for wettability. The remaining 45 samples were decoronated; the root canals were prepared and randomly categorized, as mentioned above. The root canal surfaces were treated, filled with the bioceramic material, transversely sectioned, and then each middle section was analyzed microscopically for marginal adaptation. Statistical tests used included post hoc Tukey tests and one-way ANOVA. The level of statistical significance set at %95 (P<0.05). Results. The contact angle values and interfacial gap width values after surface pre-treatment were significantly lower when compared to no pre-treatment group (P<0.05). The values were significant for %0.5 cetrimide in the case of Biodentine and %1 alkylbenzene sulfonate in the case of BioRoot (P<0.05). Conclusion. The two surfactants yielded promising results for enhancing the wettability and marginal adaptation of materials to the root dentin, which is required for obtaining an adequate seal, penetration, and bond strength of bioceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present in vitro investigation evaluated the shear bond strength of superficial, middle and pulpal dentin restored with composite resin in conjunction with 3 different dentin bonding agents namely Excite, Clearfil Liner Bond 2V, and Prompt -L- Pop. Research on bond strength values against pulpal dentin with self etching primer is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of endodontic treatment on performance of bonding to pulpal dentin in comparison to normal dentin at various levels. 54 freshly extracted non carious intact human maxillary and mandibular teeth were selected for this study. They were divided into 3 groups of 18 teeth each. The occlusal surface of the teeth were ground to prepare flat dentin surface at three different levels i.e. group 1, superficial dentin; group 2, middle dentin; group 3, pulpal dentin. Each group was further divided into subgroups of 6 teeth each depending on the bonding agents used. In all the 3 groups, the different dentin bonding agents were used on the flat dentinal surfaces according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cylinders of composite resin were built on the prepared surface using Teflon mould. The prepared specimen were then embedded on an acrylic jig of suitable dimension & transferred to Instron machine for shear bond strength analysis. Shear bond strengths were measured at a cross head speed of 0.03mm/sec. This investigation concluded that superficial dentin fractured at the highest mean shear load while pulpal dentin fractured at the lowest value with all three dentin bonding systems. Highest mean shear bond value was observed in Clearfil liner Bond 2V followed by Excite and Prompt -L- Pop [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim : to know ability of Enterococcus faecalis invasion into root dentin. Methodology : Forty single rooted human intact teeth were selected, after access opening and canal debridement, all the samples were subjected for gamma sterilization to ensure complete absence of microorganisms, then exposed to Enterococcus faecalis broth, broth is placed with the help of micro pipette into root canal and also at the same time apical 1/3 of tooth were immersed into broth for 8 weeks, biomechanical preparation, obturation and coronal sealing done using GIC followed by examination under confocal laser scanning microscope after splitting the teeth samples into two halfs buccolingually. Results : This study shows invasion of Enterococcus faecalis upto 160 µm deep in to root dentin. Conclusion : penetration and survival of Enterococcus faecalis deep into dentin in extreme conditions may be the possible reason for persisting infection after root canal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the resin-dentin interface, quality of the hybrid layer of total-etching and selfetching adhesive systems under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: Class V cavities were prepared in 40 extracted human molars. In Group I XP bond (Dentsply), in Group II Adper Single Bond II (3M ESPE), in Group III Adper Easy One (3M ESPE), and in Group IV Xeno V (Dentsply) were applied. Teeth were restored with resin composite, subjected to thermocycling, and sectioned in Buccolingual plane. The samples were demineralized using 6N HCl, for 30 sec, and deproteinized with 2.5% NaOCl for 10 min, gold sputtered, and viewed using a scanning electron microscope. Results: Among the total-etch systems used, the XP Bond showed a clear, thick hybrid layer, with long resin tags and few voids. Among the self-etch adhesive systems, the Xeno V did not show a clearly recognizable hybrid layer, but there were no voids and continuous adaptation was seen with the dentin. Conclusion: The adaptation of self-etch adhesives to the resin-dentin interface was good without voids or separation of phases; showing a thin, continuous hybrid layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity of polymerized, two-step, self-etching and one-step, self-etching adhesive systems by using the direct contact test after one, seven, and fourteen days. Materials and Methods: The direct contact test was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Clearfil Protect Bond, Adper SE Plus, Clearfil SE Bond, and Adper Easy One on Streptococcus mutans after aging the samples in phosphate-buffered saline for one, seven, and fourteen days. Statistical analysis included the one-way Anova and Tukey's multiple comparison tests. Results: Among the tested materials, Clearfil Protect Bond exhibited an antibacterial effect for seven days when in contact with S. mutans. None of the adhesive systems exhibited any antibacterial effect after 14 days. Conclusion: The incorporation of antibacterial agents into dentine-bonding agents may become an essential factor in inhibiting residual bacteria in the cavity following a cavity disinfection procedure, and it could be recommended in situations where total disinfection of cavity is not accomplished due to lack of accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the shear bond strength of Total etch Prime and Bond NT and self etch newer dentin bonding agents Clearfil S3, Xeno III Bond, Clearfil Protect Bond and G Bond used to bond composite resin to dentin, and to compare the difference in the shear bond strengths of the self etch newer dentin bonding agents. Hundred freshly extracted noncarious human maxillary premolar teeth were selected. The occlusal surfaces of each tooth were ground to prepare flat dentin surfaces at a depth of 1.5 mm and were randomly grouped, with twenty specimens in each: Group I - Prime and Bond NT, Group II - Clearfil Protect Bond, Group III - Xeno III Bond, Group IV - Clearfil S3 Bond, Group V - G Bond. Each group was treated with its respective bonding agents, as per the manufacturers' instructions Clearfill -- Kuraray , Japan, G bond -- GC Tokyo, Japan, Xeno- De Trey Densply, Germany. Blocks or Cylinders of composite resin were built up using Teflon mold and cured. Shear bond strengths were tested using Instron Universal testing machine and recorded in Mpa. The results were statistically analyzed using One-way anova and Tukeys HSD test. The total etch adhesive showed higher shear bond strength than self etching adhesives (P<0.001). Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it can be concluded that all the adhesive agents evaluated showed optimal shear bond strength 17-20 Mpa, except G bond. However, shear bond strength of composite resin to dentin is better with one bottle total etch adhesive than with the newer self etching bonding agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: a) To evaluate the bond strength of eugenol- and non-eugenol--based endodontic sealers to gutta-percha and dentin and b) To make a comparative evaluation of the bond strength of sealers to gutta-percha and dentin. Material and Methods: Seventy-two specimens were used in this study, which was divided into two groups -- group I consisting of 36 freshly extracted human molars with 2 mm coronal cut surface; and group II consisting of gutta-percha disks of 10 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness embedded in 36 plaster of Paris specimens. Group I was further divided into three subgroups: subgroup 1, subgroup 2, and subgroup 3, consisting of 12 teeth each; and group II was further divided into three subgroups: subgroup 1, subgroup 2, and subgroup 3, consisting of 12 plaster specimens each. Each subgroup consisted of two materials each, which were placed in 5 mm long sections of polyethylene tubing and were then placed on coronal 2 mm cut surface of human molars; likewise subgroup 1, subgroup 2, and subgroup 3 of group II consisted of two materials each, which were also placed in 5 mm long sections of polyethylene tubing and then placed on gutta-percha disks 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness, which were embedded in the plaster specimens. After the materials were set, the specimens were subjected to test for shearing bond strength using a universal testing machine (Instron). Statistical Analysis: Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Group I, i.e., zinc oxide eugenol sealers, showed more bond to gutta-percha than to dentin, in which subgroup 2b, endomethasone, showed the maximum bond. Group II, i.e., non.zinc oxide eugenol sealers, showed more bond to dentin than to gutta-percha, where the maximum bond was shown by subgroup 3b, EndoRez. Conclusion: Under the circumstances of this in vitro study, all the six endodontic sealers had significant differences in terms of shear bond strength to gutta-percha and dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]