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Peri-implantitis is a pathological condition in dental medicine that manifests as an inflammatory process affecting the tissues surrounding dental implants. Peri-implantitis occurs when the soft and hard tissues surrounding these implants become inflamed, leading to progressive destruction of the supporting bone. The etiology of peri-implantitis is multifactorial, involving microbial, host-related, and environmental factors. Microbial involvement in peri-implantitis can be explained either by direct in-situ virulence activation leading to pathogenicity, or by induction of low-grade chronic immune activation, leading to long-term persistence of a pro-inflammatory status. Understanding peri-implantitis is pivotal in maintaining the long-term success of dental implants and improving patient outcomes in implant- supported restorations. Recognizing the etiological factors, including particular bacterial species, genetic predispositions, and environmental influences, is very important for devising effective preventive strategies and targeted interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The recently published Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) for the treatment of stages I–IV periodontitis provided evidence‐based recommendations for treating periodontitis patients, defined according to the 2018 classification. Peri‐implant diseases were also re‐defined in the 2018 classification. It is well established that both peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis are highly prevalent. In addition, peri‐implantitis is particularly challenging to manage and is accompanied by significant morbidity. Aim: To develop an S3 level CPG for the prevention and treatment of peri‐implant diseases, focusing on the implementation of interdisciplinary approaches required to prevent the development of peri‐implant diseases or their recurrence, and to treat/rehabilitate patients with dental implants following the development of peri‐implant diseases. Materials and Methods: This S3 level CPG was developed by the European Federation of Periodontology, following methodological guidance from the Association of Scientific Medical Societies in Germany and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation process. A rigorous and transparent process included synthesis of relevant research in 13 specifically commissioned systematic reviews, evaluation of the quality and strength of evidence, formulation of specific recommendations, and a structured consensus process involving leading experts and a broad base of stakeholders. Results: The S3 level CPG for the prevention and treatment of peri‐implant diseases culminated in the recommendation for implementation of various different interventions before, during and after implant placement/loading. Prevention of peri‐implant diseases should commence when dental implants are planned, surgically placed and prosthetically loaded. Once the implants are loaded and in function, a supportive peri‐implant care programme should be structured, including periodical assessment of peri‐implant tissue health. If peri‐implant mucositis or peri‐implantitis are detected, appropriate treatments for their management must be rendered. Conclusion: The present S3 level CPG informs clinical practice, health systems, policymakers and, indirectly, the public on the available and most effective modalities to maintain healthy peri‐implant tissues, and to manage peri‐implant diseases, according to the available evidence at the time of publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Implants have evolved in terms of shape, size, and surface in order to optimize the success rate. Exploring the antioxidant levels around different surface treated dental implants is essential for improving their performance. The purpose of this study was to detect and measure the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), an antioxidant enzyme among SLA, SLActive and TiUnite implant surfaces. Materials and methods: Subjects with healthy dental implant were categorized into Group 1: SLA (n=25), Group 2: SLActive (n=25), Group 3: TiUnite (n=25). Peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) was collected and SOD was quantified using an ELISA kit. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's HSD post hoc. Results and discussion: The SOD level was low in group 3 (204.73±1.96 pg/mL), followed by group 1 (216.32±2.40 pg/mL) and group 2 (240.67±7.09 pg/mL). Difference in SOD levels was observed on comparing the groups (p = 0.00). Also, pairwise comparison showed a statistically significant difference among groups (p = 0.00). Conclusions: Superoxide dismutase level in peri-implant crevicular fluid was low around the TiUnite dental implant, compared to SLA and SLActive implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Inflammation that occurs as part of body's response to implant-tissue contact can result in oxidative stress. Therefore, exploring the oxidative stress around different surface treated dental implants is essential to improve the performance of implants. The purpose of this study was to detect and measure the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), an oxidative stress marker in SLA, SLActive and TiUnite implant surfaces. Materials and methods: Subjects with healthy dental implant were categorized into Group 1: SLA (n=25), Group 2: SLActive (n=25), Group 3: TiUnite (n=25). Peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) was collected and MDA was quantified using ELISA kit. Statistical analysis was performed using oneway ANOVA, followed by Tukey's HSD post hoc. Results and discussion: The MDA level was high in group 3 (6.49±0.29 nmol/mL), followed by group 1 (5.37±0.47 nmol/mL) and group 2 (4.37±0.22 nmol/mL). There was a significant difference in MDA levels between the three groups (p = 0.00). Also, pairwise comparison showed a statistically significant difference among groups (p = 0.00). Conclusions: Malondialdehyde level in peri-implant crevicular fluid was high around the TiUnite dental implant, compared to SLA and SLActive implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study was aimed at comparing implants installed with guided and conventional surgery. Material and methods: Twenty-nine total edentulous patients were selected, and maxillary contralateral quadrants were randomly assigned to static computer-aided implant surgery (S-CAIS): flapless computer-guided surgery, and conventional surgery (CS): flap surgery with conventional planning. Tomography scans were performed at baseline and 10 days after the surgery for deviation measurement, and radiography was done at baseline and after 6 and 12 months, for peri-implant bone level (PIBL) analysis. Peri-implant fluid and subgingival biofilm were collected to evaluate bone markers and periodontal pathogens. Results: S-CAIS showed less linear deviation at the apical point and the midpoint and less angular deviation (p < 0.05), with greater depth discrepancy in the positioning of the platform (p < 0.05). Higher values of vertical PIBL were observed for the S-CAIS group at baseline (p < 0.05), while lower values of horizontal PIBL were observed for CS (p < 0.05). Bone markers and Tf presented higher levels in CS (p < 0.05). Flapless S-CAIS allowed smaller linear and angular deviations than the conventional technique. Conclusion: However, PIBL was higher in S-CAIS; the conventional technique led to a greater angiogenic and bone remodeling activity by elevating the angiogenic levels and bone markers. Clinical relevance: Evaluating the different implant insertion techniques can guide clinical and surgical regarding the accuracy, the release pattern of bone markers, and the peri-implant bone level. Trial registration: ReBEC-RBR-8556fzp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To increase the success of dental implants, numerous surface alterations are performed to them. After implant-tissue contact, inflammation develops as part of the host response. To enhance the function of dental implants, it is crucial to measure the amounts of inflammatory mediators around different surface-treated implants. The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) among SLA, SLActive and TiUnite implant surfaces. Materials and methods: Subjects with healthy dental implant were categorized into Group 1: SLA (n=25), Group 2: SLActive (n=25), Group 3: TiUnite (n=25). Utilizing an ELISA kit, IL-6 was measured in the peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF). One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis, followed by Tukey's HSD post hoc. Results and discussion: Group 3 had the highest IL-6 level (4.39±0.69 pg/mL), followed by groups 1 (3.22±0.94 pg/mL) and 2 (1.37±0.28 pg/mL). The levels of IL-6 varied significantly among the three groups (p = 0.00). Additionally, a statistically significant difference between the groups was revealed by pairwise comparison (p = 0.00). Conclusions: Compared to SLA and SLActive implants, the IL-6 level in the peri-implant crevicular fluid around TiUnite dental implants was higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There is paucity in the studies that assess dental implants replacing failed dental implants due to peri-implantitis. This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of these implants in terms of implant survival and marginal bone loss. Methods: Patients in this retrospective study were selected if having one or more implants removed due to peri-implantitis and the placement and loading of dental implants in the same region from April 2010 to December 2019. Information was collected about the patient's demographic data, implant dimensions, surgical and prosthetic variables. Changes in peri-implant bone level, cumulative implant survival rate and technical complications were assessed. Results: Three hundred and eighty one dental implants in 146 patients that were placed in the same position or one-tooth position mesially/distally to the site of explantation were included. The patients' mean age was 63 ± 10 years. Ninety seven patients were females and 49 were males. After a mean follow-up of 34 ± 17 months, two implants failed. The cumulative survival rate was 99%. The marginal bone loss was −0.1 ± 0.6. Immediate or delay replacement of the failed implant did not affect implant survival or marginal bone stability. All the prostheses were screw-retained and presented the following complications: ceramic chipping (3 events), resin tooth fracture (1 event) and prosthetic screw loosening (1 event). Conclusions: Dental implants replacing failed implants due to peri-implantitis would be an option in the management of peri-implantitis. They showed high survival rate and marginal bone stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the influence of surgery start time (SST) and other patient‐ and therapy‐related variables on the risk for early implant failure (EIF) in an academic setting. Material and Methods: Data were extracted from the electronic health records of 61 patients who had at least one EIF and 140 age‐ and gender‐matched, randomly selected, non‐EIF controls. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to identify relevant associations between EIF and different variables, such as SST. Results: Incidence of EIF was not significantly associated with SST (HR: 1.9 for afternoon implant placement, 95% CI: 0.9–3.9; p =.105). Other factors that were associated with a significantly increased risk for EIF in a multivariable model were pre‐placement ridge augmentation (HR: 7.5, 95% CI: 2.2–25.1; p =.001), intra‐operative complications (HR: 5.9, 95% CI: 2.2–16.3; p <.001), simultaneous soft tissue grafting (HR: 5.03, 95% CI: 1.3–19.5; p =.020), simultaneous bone grafting (HR: 3.7, 95% CI: 1.6–8.8; p =.002), and placement with sedation (HR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.5–7.5; p =.002). Conclusions: While SST was not associated with the occurrence of EIF in our cohort, other variables, such as ridge augmentation prior to implant placement, simultaneous bone or soft tissue grafting, intra‐operative complications, implant placement with sedation, and number of implants in the oral cavity, were associated with an increased risk for this adverse event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A cross-sectional study was designed to shed light on the clinical sequelae and patient satisfaction after dental implant removal (IR).Methods: Patients undergoing ≥1 IRs were eligible. The reasons for implant failure, clinical and radiological parameters before and after IR, and the surgical and prosthetic treatments offered after IR was assessed. Patient satisfaction was recorded and the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)-14 was used to document patient self-reported dysfunction and discomfort attributed to IR. Lastly, patient expectations after IR were also evaluated.Results: Thirty-one patients with 45 implants were analyzed. Peri-implantitis was the main reason for IR (64.5%). The average implant survival time before IR was 120.3 ± 88.2 months. Signs of infection (51.7%) and bleeding on probing (37.5%) were common signs detected at the time of IR. Guided bone regeneration was the intervention most commonly applied simultaneously to IR (74.1%). The reported degree of satisfaction was high, and the overall OHIP-14 score was low. However, a certain patient reluctance to undergo future implant placement in the same clinic or with the same professional was recorded, and a statistically significant increase in adherence to the implant maintenance routine was observed after IR.Conclusions: Peri-implantitis is the leading cause for IR. Guided bone regeneration is commonly applied to attenuate the clinical sequelae of IR. Nonetheless, IR does not seem to affect patients' satisfaction nor their quality of life, though a certain patient reluctance to undergo future implant placement in the same clinic or with the same professional was reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) coating on initial adhesion and biofilm formation of peri-implant bacteria. Titanium (Ti), Ti-polydopamine (Ti-PDOP), Ti-PDOP-DNase I and Ti-PDOP-inactivated DNase I samples were studied. The FE-SEM, EDS and XPS were used to confirm that DNase I was coated onto Ti. The initial adhesion and biofilm formation of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F.n) were observed by CLSM. The osteogenic induction of Ti-PDOP-DNase I on MC3T3-E1 cells was investigated by ALP activity and RT-PCR. The adhesion clearance rate of viable bacteria on the surfaces of Ti-PDOP-DNase I was 91.95% for A.a, and 96.37% for F.n, and the 24 h biofilm formation of the bacteria was significantly inhibited. In addition, on DNase I coating, the mRNA level of osteogenic marker genes (alp, opn, bsp, sp7) and the activity of ALP were both up-regulated. Therefore, DNase I coating could be an alternative approach for preventing implant-related infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the changes in alveolar contour after guided bone regeneration (GBR) with two different combinations of biomaterials in dehiscence defects around implants. Material and methods: Chronic alveolar ridge defects were created bilaterally in the mandible of eight Beagle dogs. Once implants were placed, three treatment groups were randomly allocated to each peri-implant dehiscence defect: (i) test group received a bone substitute composed of hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) covered by a cross-linked collagen membrane, (ii) positive control group with placement of deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) plus a porcine natural collagen membrane, and (iii) a negative control with no treatment. Two healing periods (8 and 16 weeks) were evaluated. Dental casts were optically scanned, the obtained files were uploaded into an image analysis software and superimposed to evaluate the linear changes. Results: In both healing periods, the gains in linear contours were higher in the test group and at the intermediate level (3 mm below the gingival margin). While at 8 weeks, no significant differences were found between the groups; at 16 weeks, the test and positive control groups demonstrated significant gains in contour compared with negative control. Conclusions: GBR using different biomaterials significantly increased the buccal contours of the alveolar crest when used at dehiscence defects around dental implants. Clinical relevance: Particulate highly porous synthetic bone substitute and a cross-linked collagen membrane demonstrated similar outcomes in terms of contour augmentation when compared to bovine xenograft (DBBM) and a collagen membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Conventional guided bone regeneration (GBR) limits the amount of bone graft due to limited soft tissue expansion. We hypothesize that the use of tissue expander will successfully augment soft tissue prior to bone graft, allowing for sufficient amount of grafting which will lead to a more stable and effective vertical bone graft. The authors aimed to evaluate effectiveness of the novel self‐inflating tissue expander for vertical augmentation in terms of soft tissue expansion, clinical outcomes, and related complications. Material and methods: A prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial was performed on patients requiring vertical augmentation. For experimental group patients, the tissue expander was subperiosteally implanted and followed by a tunneling bone graft without full flap reflection. Control patients underwent conventional vertical GBR. Primary objectives were to evaluate the dimensional changes of soft tissue and radiographic vertical bone gain and retention. As a secondary outcome, clinical complications and thickness changes of expanded overlying tissue were assessed and analyzed. Results: Twenty‐three patients in each group were included. During a 4‐week expansion, two of the experimental group showed over‐expansion and one showed mucosal perforation associated with previous severe scars. The other patients showed uneventful expansion and mean tissue augmentation was 6.88 ± 1.64 mm vertically. Ultrasonographic measurements of overlying gingiva revealed no thinning after tissue expansion (p >.05). Significantly higher vertical bone gain was shown in the experimental group (5.12 ± 1.25 mm) compared with that in the control patients (4.22 ± 1.15 mm; p <.05). After a 6‐month retention period, the mean vertical bone measurement of the controls had decreased to 1.90 mm (55.0% reduction), which was a significantly greater decrease than that in the experimental group (mean 3.55 mm, 30.7% reduction; p <.05). Conclusion: Our results demonstrated the effectiveness of tissue expanders followed by tunneling bone graft for vertical augmentation; however, studies comparing the two techniques without tissue expanders are needed to elucidate the net effect of tissue expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the relative accuracy of the ridge-mapping method against that of standard computed tomography (CT). Materials and Methods: Consecutive partially edentulous subjects requiring dental implants were recruited for this prospective study. Vacuumformed radiographic templates with reference points were used for the ridge-mapping procedure and CT scanning. Ridge-mapping measurements were translated onto study models, which were subjected to CT scanning with the templates in place. CT images of the study models obtained from the ridge-mapping method were compared with CT images of the subjects. The data were analyzed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Differences were considered significant if P < .05. Results: Fourteen subjects were recruited and a total of 21 implant sites were evaluated. The ridge dimensions measured by the bone-mapping method and CT scanning were significantly different (P < .05). The mean difference ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 mm, and large variations were found in the sulcus region. Conclusion: Measurements of the alveolar bone dimension using the ridgemapping method are different from CT scanning, with a mean difference of about 0.4 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the adjunctive effect of modifying the implant‐supported prosthesis to facilitate access to oral hygiene when treating peri‐implant mucositis. Material and methods: A 6‐month randomized clinical trial was designed. Patients with peri‐implant mucositis were treated by implant surface debridement with plastic curettes and a plastic tipped ultrasonic device. Then, they were randomly assigned to either modifying their prosthesis to allow for better oral hygiene (test group) or not (control group). Subsequently in both groups, individualized oral hygiene instructions were provided. Clinical and radiographical outcomes were evaluated at baseline and 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment. Results: 48 patients were included, and 45 completed the clinical trial (24 test and 21 control patients). After 6 months, changes in the modified bleeding index between the control and test groups were 0.50 (standard deviation −SD = 0.70) and 1.14 (SD = 0.96), respectively (p = 0.01). The changes in implant probing pocket depth at 6 months were −0.02 (SD = 0.61) and 0.31 (SD = 1.20) mm, respectively (p = 0.04). Conclusions: Modifying the contour of the prostheses to improve access for oral hygiene significantly improved the clinical outcomes after standard mechanical treatment of peri‐implant mucositis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Efficacy of mechanical debridement (MD) with adjunctive probiotic therapy (PT) in the treatment of peri‐implant mucositis (PiM) in cigarette‐smoking and never‐smoking subjects remains uninvestigated. Purpose: The aim was to assess the efficacy of MD with adjunctive PT in the treatment of PiM in cigarette‐smoking and never‐smoking individuals. Materials and Methods: Patients with (group I) and without PiM (group II) were included. Demographic data was collected using a questionnaire. Treatment‐wise, patients in groups I and II were subdivided into: (a) Patients that underwent MD with adjunct PT (using Lactobacillus reuteri); and (b) MD alone. In all groups, probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were measured at baseline and compared after 3‐ and 6‐months. Baseline peri‐implant crestal bone levels were also measured. Sample‐size estimation was performed, and statistical comparisons were done using one‐way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post‐hoc adjustment tests. P values under.05 were deemed significant. Results: Eighty individuals (group I: 40 cigarette‐smokers and group II: 40 never‐smokers) with PiM participated in this study. At all‐time intervals, no significant difference in PD, PI, and BOP were observed in all patients in group I. At 3‐months' follow‐up, the differences in BOP (P < .05), and PI (P < .05) were significantly higher in group II that underwent MD + PT than MD alone. At 6‐months' follow‐up, there was no difference in the changes in BOP and PI among subjects that underwent MD with and without adjunct PT. Conclusion: On a short‐term basis, MD with adjunct PT is more effectual in the treatment of PiM than MD alone in never‐smokers. Cigarette‐smoking compromises peri‐implant soft tissue healing following MD with or without adjunct PT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peri-implant diseases (peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis) are bacterially driven infections. Peri-implantitis leads to aggressive bone resorption and eventual loss of the implant. Traditionally, peri-implantitis was regarded as microbially similar to periodontitis, and translocation of periodontal pathogens into the peri-implant crevice was considered as a critical factor in disease causation. However, evidence is emerging to suggest that the peri-implant and periodontal ecosystems differ in many important ways. The purpose of this review is to examine the evidence supporting microbial congruence and discordance in these two communities. Current evidence suggests that osseointegrated implants truly create unique microenvironments that force microbial adaptation and selection. Further studies that revisit the "microbial reservoir" hypothesis and identify species that play an etiologic role in peri-implant disease and examine their transmission from teeth are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the morphology of submandibular fossae at edentulous posterior regions of dried mandibles and to determine a safe range for proper lingual angulation during the placement of a dental implant in the posterior mandibular region, with a computerized tomographic scan study. Spiral computed tomographic images of 77 dry adult human mandibles were evaluated to determine the deepest area in the submandibular fossa. Then, the proper lingual angulations for the placement of a dental implant at these regions were measured. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to show the relation between the depths of submandibular fossa and lingual implant angulations. 'Paired t test' was used for differences between the lingual implant angulations and the depths of submandibular fossa on each side of the mandibles. Depths of the submandibular fossa and lingual implant angulations were varied between 1.1 and 4.6 mm: 62°-84° on right side of the mandibles, and 1.1-4.5 mm, 65°-83° on left side of the mandibles. There were statistically medium negative correlations between the degree of lingual implant angulations and the depth of submandibular fossa on each side of the mandible ( r = −0.44, p < 0.001, and r = −0.38, p = 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between the right and left sides of the mandibles in terms of the depth of submandibular fossa ( p = 0.01). Within the limits of this study, the depth of submandibular fossa was measured as ≥2 mm in around 71.5 % of examined regions, and lingual implant angulations were between 62° and 84°. These results may be considered by clinicians who are planning the dental implant placement in posterior mandible to avoid potential risk of lingual cortical plate perforation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background: The aim of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the effect of combined treatment on early progressive bone loss around dental implants. Methods: The study sample consisted of 18 implants presenting at 4-6 weeks postplacement with early progressive bone loss. Clinical examination indicated the presence of a fistula in the soft tissue covering the implants in most cases. Defects around the implants were curetted, exposed implant surfaces were mechanically debrided and treated with tetracycline solution, and the defects were filled with bone graft and doxycycline powder. Bioabsorbable membranes were used. Final crowns were placed after 6 months. The patients were followed for an average of 30 months. Results: The surgical sites healed without complication. At the time of loading, the defects were completely restored. At 12 months postloading, there was crestal bone loss to the level of the first thread (average, 1.3 mm). Pocket depths ranged from 3 to 5 mm (average, 3.6 mm) with no bleeding. No further changes were noticed throughout the remaining follow-up visits. All implants were successful according to the criteria proposed by Albrektsson and colleagues. Conclusions: Early detection and treatment of early progressive bone loss around dental implants are the key to saving early failing implants. The author recommends reevaluation visits 4-6 weeks postimplant placement to detect any signs of early failure so that immediate treatment can be undertaken if needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Although it is established that peri-implantitis is a bacterially induced disease, little is known about the bacterial profile of peri-implant communities in health and disease. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the microbial signatures of the peri-implant microbiome in health and disease. Materials and methods Subgingival and submucosal plaque samples were collected from forty subjects with periodontitis, peri-implantitis, periodontal and peri-implant health and analysed using 16 S pyrosequencing. Results Peri-implant biofilms demonstrated significantly lower diversity than subgingival biofilms in both health and disease, however, several species, including previously unsuspected and unknown organisms, were unique to this niche. The predominant species in peri-implant communities belonged to the genera Butyrivibrio, Campylobacter, Eubacterium, Prevotella, Selenomonas, Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Leptotrichia, Propionibacterium, Peptococcus, Lactococcus and Treponema. Peri-implant disease was associated with lower levels of Prevotella and Leptotrichia and higher levels of Actinomyces, Peptococcus, Campylobacter, non-mutans Streptococcus, Butyrivibrio and Streptococcus mutans than healthy implants. These communities also demonstrated lower levels of Prevotella, non-mutans Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Selenomonas, Leptotrichia, Actinomyces and higher levels of Peptococcus, Mycoplasma, Eubacterium, Campylobacter, Butyrivibrio, S. mutans and Treponema when compared to periodontitis-associated biofilms. Conclusion The peri-implant microbiome differs significantly from the periodontal community in both health and disease. Peri-implantitis is a microbially heterogeneous infection with predominantly gram-negative species, and is less complex than periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study which described the microbiota associated with peri-implant disease. Results of the study showed that peri-implant disease may be considered as a mixed anaerobic infection. The study also found a possible link between peri-implant infections and a different microbiota. Another finding is the involvement of microorganisms in the disease process even if they are not the origin of the condition.

To study the prevalence and the degree of lingual concavity in the edentulous first molar region from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of the mandibles. Qualified cross-sectional images in mandibular first molar edentulous region taken from CBCT were selected. The mandible morphology 2 mm above the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) was classified into the convex (C), parallel (P) and undercut (U) type, based on the presence of lingual concavity and the shape of alveolar ridge. The prevalence of each group was determined. Subsequently, the lingual concavity characters, including the depth, the angulation and the vertical location were determined by the measurements of selected anatomic landmarks. One hundred and three subjects (mean age 51 with a range of 23.7-70.4 years) were studied. The U type was the most prevalent, accounting for 66% of the study population. The mean undercut depth and angulation at the level 2 mm above IAC were on average 2.4 mm and 57.7°. The mean vertical distances from the most prominent point (P) of the lingual concavity to the cemento-enamel junction of second premolar and the inferior border of the mandible were 11.7 and 14.9 mm, respectively. The anatomic location and the degree of the lingual concavity presented in this article add more information in implant treatment planning in the mandibular first molar edentulous region. Chan H-L, Brooks SL, Fu J-H, Yeh C-Y, Rudek I, Wang H-L. Cross-sectional analysis of the mandibular lingual concavity using cone beam computed tomography. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. , 2011; 201-206. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2010.02018.x [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peri-implantitis (PI) is an inflammatory disease of peri-implant tissues, it represents the most frequent complication of dental implants. Evidence revealed that microorganisms play the chief role in causing PI. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the cleaning of contaminated dental implant surfaces by means of the Q-switch Nd:YAG (Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) laser and an increase in temperature at lased implant surfaces during the cleaning process. Seventy-eight implants (titanium grade 4) were used (Euroteknika, Sallanches, France). Thirty-six sterile implants and forty-two contaminated implants were collected from failed clinical implants for different reasons, independent from the study. Thirty-six contaminated implants were partially irradiated by Q-switch Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Six other contaminated implants were used for temperature rise evaluation. All laser irradiations were calibrated by means of a powermetter in order to evaluate the effective delivered energy. The irradiation conditions delivered per pulse on the target were effectively: energy density per pulse of 0.597 J/cm2, pick powers density of 56 mW/cm2, 270 mW per pulse with a spot diameter of 2.4 mm, and with repetition rate of 10 Hz for pulse duration of 6 ns. Irradiation was performed during a total time of 2 s in a non-contact mode at a distance of 0.5 mm from implant surfaces. The parameters were chosen according to the results of a theoretical modeling calculation of the Nd:YAG laser fluency on implant surface. Evaluation of contaminants removal showed that the cleaning of the irradiated implant surfaces was statistically similar to those of sterile implants (p-value ≤ 0.05). SEM analysis confirmed that our parameters did not alter the lased surfaces. The increase in temperature generated at lased implant surfaces during cleaning was below 1 °C. According to our findings, Q-switch Nd:YAG laser with short pulse duration in nanoseconds is able to significantly clean contaminated implant surfaces. Irradiation parameters used in our study can be considered safe for periodontal tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]