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Fluoridation of public water supply is considered one of the most effective systemic methods for preventing caries, with population coverage and good cost-benefit. In order for the maximum benefit of adding fluoride to the water supply occurs, it is necessary that the supply is constant and the concentration is within the range considered safe and ideal, which is done through external control. The objective of this study was to describe and analyze the action of Environmental Health Surveillance National Program related to the Water Quality for Human Consumption (VIGIAGUA), in relation to the control of the concentration of fluoride present in the public water supply in the municipality of Piraquara, Brazil, in 2018. The data were extracted from the Drinking Water Quality Surveillance Information System (SISAGUA), classified according to three criteria I (Brasil, 1975), II (Ramires et al., 2006) and III (Cecol/USP, 2011) and analyzed using SPSS (version 20.0, IBM, EUA). Fourty-four analyzes were found, with an annual average of 0.622 mg F/L and standard deviation of 0.250. For criteria I and II the samples were classified as subfluoride and for criterion III it presented maximum benefit and minimum risk. The municipality did not comply with the National Guideline of the Sampling Plan for the Monitoring of Water Quality for Human Consumption and did not present continuous fluoride levels, indicating the need for adaptation. The strengthening of external control is necessary so that the anti-fluoridation discourse is not strengthened, putting at risk the advances achieved with this measure. La fluoración del suministro público de agua se considera uno de los métodos sistémicos más eficaces para prevenir la caries, con una cobertura poblacional y una buena relación coste-beneficio. Para que se produzca el máximo beneficio de la adición de flúor en el suministro de agua, es necesario que el suministro sea constante y la concentración esté dentro del rango considerado seguro e ideal, lo que se hace a través del control externo. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y analizar la acción del Programa Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria Ambiental relacionada con la Calidad del Agua para Consumo Humano (VIGIAGUA), en relación con el control de la concentración de flúor presente en el suministro público de agua en el municipio de Piraquara, Brasil, en 2018. Los datos fueron extraídos del Sistema de Información de Vigilancia de la Calidad del Agua Potable (SISAGUA), clasificados de acuerdo con tres criterios I (Brasil, 1975), II (Ramires et al., 2006) y III (Cecol/USP, 2011) y analizados utilizando el SPSS (versión 20.0, IBM, EUA). Se encontraron 44 análisis, con una media anual de 0,622 mg F/L y una desviación estándar de 0,250. Para los criterios I y II las muestras se clasificaron como subfluoradas y para el criterio III presentó un beneficio máximo y un riesgo mínimo. El municipio no cumplió con la Directriz Nacional del Plan de Muestreo para el Monitoreo de la Calidad del Agua para Consumo Humano y no presentó niveles continuos de fluoruro, indicando la necesidad de adaptación. El fortalecimiento del control externo es necesario para que no se fortalezca el discurso antifluorización, poniendo en riesgo los avances logrados con esta medida. A fluoretação da água de abastecimento público é considerada um dos métodos sistêmicos mais efetivos na prevenção da cárie, com abrangência populacional e bom custo-benefício. Para que o máximo benefício da adição de fluoreto na rede de abastecimento ocorra, é necessário que sua oferta seja constante e a concentração esteja dentro da faixa considerada segura e ideal, feita por meio do heterocontrole. O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever e analisar a ação do Programa Nacional de Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (VIGIAGUA), em relação ao controle da concentração de fluoreto presente na água de abastecimento no município de Piraquara-PR, Brasil, no ano de 2018. Os dados foram extraídos do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (SISAGUA) e então classificados de acordo com três critérios I (BRASIL, 1975), II (RAMIRES et al., 2006) e III (Cecol/USP, 2011). A análise dos dados foi feita no SPSS (versão 20.0, IBM, EUA). Foram encontradas 44 análises, com média anual de 0,622 mg F/L e desvio padrão de 0,250. Para os critérios I e II as amostras se classificaram como subfluoretadas e para o critério III apresentaram máximo benefício e mínimo risco. O município não cumpriu a Diretriz Nacional do Plano de Amostragem da Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano para o ano avaliado nem apresentou teores contínuos de fluoreto, indicando a necessidade de adequação. O fortalecimento do heterocontrole é necessário para que o discurso anti-fluoretação não seja fortalecido, colocando em risco os avanços alcançados com a medida.

Dental caries is a common multifactorial disease, resulting from the interaction of biofilm, cariogenic diet and host response over time. Lactotransferrin (LTF) is a main salivary glycoprotein, which modulates the host immune-inflammatory and antibacterial response. Although a genetic component for caries outcome has been identified, little is known over the genetic aspects underlying its susceptibility. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between LTF polymorphisms and caries susceptibility. Six hundred seventy seven 12-year-old students were selected: 346 with (DMFT ≥ 1) and 331 without caries experience (DMFT = 0). Also, individuals concentrating higher levels of disease (polarization group, DMFT ≥ 2, n = 253) were tested against those with DMFT ≤ 1 (n = 424). Along with clinical parameters, three representative LTF tag SNPs (rs6441989, rs2073495, rs11716497) were genotyped and the results were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. Allele A for tag SNP rs6441989 was found to be significantly less frequent in the polarization group, conferring a protective effect against caries experience [AA + AG × GG (OR: 0.710, 95% CI: 0.514-0.980, p = 0.045)], and remained significantly associated with caries protection in the presence of gingivitis (p = 0.020) and plaque (p = 0.035). These results might contribute to the understanding of the genetic control of caries susceptibility in humans.

Caries is a multifactorial disease and little is still known about the host genetic factors influencing susceptibility. Our previous genome-wide linkage scan has identified the interval 5q12.1–5q13.3 as linked to low caries susceptibility in Filipino families. Here we fine-mapped this region in order to identify genetic contributors to caries susceptibility. Four hundred and seventy-seven subjects from 72 pedigrees with similar cultural and behavioral habits and limited access to dental care living in the Philippines were studied. DMFT scores and genotype data of 75 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were evaluated in the Filipino families with the Family-Based Association Test. For replication purposes, a total 1,467 independent subjects from five different populations were analyzed in a case-control format. In the Filipino cohort, statistically significant and borderline associations were found between low caries experience and four genes spanning 13 million base pairs (PART1, ZSWIM6, CCNB1, and BTF3). We were able to replicate these results in some of the populations studied. We detected PART1 and BTF3 expression in whole saliva, and the expression of BTF3 was associated with caries experience. Our results suggest BTF3 may have a functional role in protecting against caries. Fil: Shimizu, T.. Nihon University of Dentistry; Japón Fil: Deeley, K.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Briseño Ruiz, J.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Faraco Junior, I. M.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Poletta, Fernando Adrián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. CEMIC-CONICET. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno". CEMIC-CONICET.; Argentina Fil: Brancher, J. A.. Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná; Brasil Fil: Pecharki, G. D.. Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná; Brasil Fil: Küchler, E. C.. Universidade Federal Fluminense; Brasil Fil: Tannure, P. N.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Lips, A.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Vieira, T. C. S.. Universidade Federal Fluminense; Brasil Fil: Patir, A.. Istanbul Medipol Universit; Turquía Fil: Yildirim, M.. Istanbul University; Turquía Fil: Mereb, J. C.. Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas “Norberto Quirno”; Argentina Fil: Resick, J. M.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Brandon, C. A.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Cooper, M. E.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Seymen, F.. Istanbul University; Turquía Fil: Costa, M. C.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Granjeiro, J. M.. Universidade Federal Fluminense; Brasil Fil: Trevilatto, P. C.. Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná; Brasil Fil: Orioli, I. M.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil. Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas “Norberto Quirno”; Argentina Fil: Castilla, Eduardo Enrique. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; Brasil. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. CEMIC-CONICET. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno". CEMIC-CONICET.; Argentina Fil: Marazita, M. L.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Vieira, A. R.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos

Caries is the most common chronic, multifactorial disease in the world today; and little is still known about the genetic factors influencing susceptibility. Our previous genome-wide linkage scan has identified five loci related to caries susceptibility: 5q13.3, 13q31.1, 14q11.2, 14q 24.3, and Xq27. In the present study, we fine mapped the 14q11.2 locus to identify genetic contributors to caries susceptibility. Four hundred seventy-seven subjects from 72 pedigrees with similar cultural and behavioral habits and limited access to dental care living in the Philippines were studied. An additional 387 DNA samples from unrelated individuals were used to determine allele frequencies. For replication purposes, a total of 1,446 independent subjects from four different populations were analyzed based on their caries experience (low versus high). Forty-eight markers in 14q11.2 were genotyped using TaqMan chemistry. Transmission disequilibrium test was used to detect over transmission of alleles in the Filipino families, and Chi-square, Fisher’s exact and logistic regression were used to test for association between low caries experience and variant alleles in the replication data sets. We finally assessed the mRNA expression of TRAV4 in the saliva of 143 study subjects. In the Filipino families, statistically significant associations were found between low caries experience and markers in TRAV4. We were able to replicate these results in the populations studied that were characteristically from underserved areas. Direct sequencing of 22 subjects carrying the associated alleles detects one missense mutation (Y30R) that is predicted to be probably damaging. Finally, we observed higher expression in children and teenagers with low caries experience, correlating with specific alleles in TRAV4. Our results suggest that TRAV4 may have a role in protecting against caries. Fil: Briseño Ruiz, Jessica. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Shimizu, Takehiko. Nihon University of Dentistry at Matsudo; Japón Fil: Deeley, Kathleen. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Dizak, Piper M.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Ruff, Timothy D. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Faraco Jr., Italo M.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Poletta, Fernando Adrián. Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas “Norberto Quirno”; Argentina. Estudio Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformaciones Congénitas. Buenos Aires; Argentina. Instituto de investigación en Porto Alegre; Brasil. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Brancher, Joao A.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Pecharki, Giovana D.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Kuchler, Erika C. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Tannure, Patricia N.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Lips, Andrea. Universidade Federal Fluminense; Brasil Fil: Vieira, Thays C. S.. Universidade Federal Fluminense; Brasil Fil: Patir, Asli. Istanbul Medipol University; Turquía Fil: Koruyucu, Mine. Istanbul University; Turquía Fil: Mereb, J. C.. Estudio Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformaciones Congénita; Argentina Fil: Resick, Judith M.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Brandon, Carla A.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Letra, Ariadme. University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Estados Unidos Fil: Silva, Renato M.. University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Estados Unidos Fil: Cooper, Margaret E.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Seymen, Figen. Istanbul University; Turquía Fil: Costa, Marcelo C.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Granjeiro, Jose M. Universidade Federal Fluminense; Brasil Fil: Trevilatto, Paula C.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Orioli, Eeda M.. Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia; Brasil Fil: Castilla, Eduardo Enrique. Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas “Norberto Quirno”; Argentina. Estudio Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformaciones Congénitas. Buenos Aires; Argentina. Instituto de investigación en Porto Alegre; Brasil Fil: Marazita, Mary L.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Vieira, Alexandre R.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos

OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the association between lactotransferrin (LTF) gene polymorphism (exon 2, A/G, Lys/Arg) and dental caries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A convenience sample of 110 individuals, 12 years old, was divided into: group 1, 48 individuals without caries experience (DMFT=0), and group 2, 62 subjects with caries experience (DMFT>1). DNA was obtained from a mouthwash with 3% glucose solution, followed by a scrapping of the oral mucosa. After DNA purification, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) was performed to access the study polymorphism. The LTF A/G (Lys/Arg) polymorphism had been previously reported as located in exon 1. RESULTS: Allele 1 of the study polymorphism was associated with low DMFT index and showed a protective effect against caries experience (OR=0.16, IC=0.03-0.76, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Lactotransferrin A/G (exon 2, Lys/Arg) polymorphism was associated with susceptibility to dental caries in 12-year-old students.

This study describes dental caries data and fluorosis in seven municipalities in the Sorocaba region, S o Paulo State, Brazil, comparing those with fluoridated as opposed to non-fluoridated water. Criteria were those proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO, 1997), adapted by the School of Public Health, University of S o Paulo. The sample was selected at random, without replacement, and was calculated by age, accepting a design error of 2 and a sampling loss of 20% (n = 96 per age). There were six trained examiners, with accepted agreement percentage above 89% for all variables. In the Sorocaba region, the dmft index in 5 year-old children was 3.1, and 37.6% were caries-free (DMFT = 0). At age 12, 32.3% were caries-free (DMFT = 0), and the DMFT index in the region was 2.6, thus characterizing the area as having a low prevalence of caries. In areas with fluoridated water, the proportion of caries-free children at 12 years was higher than in those without fluoridated water (p = 0.019), and the DMFT was lower (p = 0.001). Prevalence of fluorosis at age 12 was 12.7% in the Sorocaba area and did not pose a public health problem according to the community fluorosis index (CFI).

WOS: 000309554700021 PubMed ID: 23028741 There is evidence for a genetic component in caries susceptibility, and studies in humans have suggested that variation in enamel formation genes may contribute to caries. For the present study, we used DNA samples collected from 1,831 individuals from various population data sets. Single nucleotide polymorphism markers were genotyped in selected genes (ameloblastin, amelogenin, enamelin, tuftelin, and tuftelin interacting protein 11) that influence enamel formation. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between groups with distinct caries experience. Associations with caries experience can be detected but they are not necessarily replicated in all population groups and the most expressive results was for a marker in AMELX (p = 0.0007). To help interpret these results, we evaluated if enamel microhardness changes under simulated cariogenic challenges are associated with genetic variations in these same genes. After creating an artificial caries lesion, associations could be seen between genetic variation in TUFT1 (p = 0.006) and TUIP11 (p = 0.0006) with enamel microhardness. Our results suggest that the influence of genetic variation of enamel formation genes may influence the dynamic interactions between the enamel surface and the oral cavity. National Institutes of Health [R01-DE018914, R01-DE016148] This research is supported by National Institutes of Health grants R01-DE018914 and R01-DE016148. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.