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Purpose The aim of this study is to evaluate the amount of microleakage resulting from the application of self-etch, selective etch, etch-and-rinse of adhesive systems in class II cavities. Materials and Methods Four adhesive systems with etch-and-rinse, selective etch and self etch methods were used on the extracted teeth. All groups were restored with G-aenial A'CHORD (Nanohybrid) (GC, Tokyo, Japan) A2 composite. After 1000 thermal cycles were applied to the teeth after restoration, the samples were kept in 0.5% basic fuchsin for 24 hours. Microleakage values formed after dye penetration with basic fuchsin were determined quantitatively by scoring method on sections taken from each sample in the mesiodistal direction. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test were used for statistical analysis of the data (p<0.05). Results While there was no statistically significant difference between the etch-and-rinse and selective etch applications of adhesive systems (G2-Bond Universal, Clearfil Tri-S Bond Universal Prime&Bond Universal and Tokuyama Bond Force II) (p>0.05), there was a statistically significant difference in self-etch application (p<0.05). As a result of Prime&Bond Universal's self-etch application, it showed statistically more microleakage than the other three adhesive systems (p<0.05). Conclusion It has been observed that additional etching of enamel and/or dentin with phosphoric acid reduces the amount of microleakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examines the effect of sterilization on bond strength and mechanical properties of fiber posts. The study findings suggest that glass-fiber posts can be sterilized either by autoclave or ethylene oxide gas when necessary, without any negative effect on bond strength, flexural strength, or elastic modulus.

Background and Objective: Microleakage is one of the most important causes of failure in restoration and secondary caries. This study was conducted in order to compare dentinal microleakage of class II composite restorations using Universal Dental Adhesive, with and without liner. Methods: In this laboratory study, two Class II cavities were prepared in the mesial and distal surfaces of 48 healthy premolar teeth. Then, the samples were divided into 6 groups of 8 according to the application method of Single Bond Universal adhesive and liner: selective etching of enamel (SEE), self-etch (SE) technique, SEE technique and resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGI) liner, SE technique and RMGI Liner, SEE technique and Flow Liner, and SE technique and Flow Liner. Restoration was done with Filtek Z250 composite. Microleakage was evaluated and compared using 2% fuchsine based on intensity 0 to 3. Findings: In the SEE group, 56.2% of restorations did not have microleakage. 31.2% had grade 3 microleakage and 12.5% had grade 1 microleakage. However, in the SEE+RMGI group, 81.25% and the SEE+Flow group, 81.2% of the restorations had no microleakage. In the SE group, 18.7% of restorations showed zero microleakage, 50% showed grade 3 microleakage, and 31.2% showed grade 2 microleakage. However, in the SE+RMGI group, 81.25% and in the SE+Flow group, 93.7% of the restorations did not have microleakage. The distribution of dentinal microleakage intensity between SEE and SE methods (p=0.067) and between SEE+RMGI and SEE+Flow groups (p=0.194) was not significant. However, in the SE+Flow and SE+RMGI groups, this difference was significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that in the method of using a liner with Universal adhesive, dentinal microleakage in class II composite restoration decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: In order to obtain a good prognosis in resin restorations, a strong adhesion not allowing leakage between tooth tissues and restoration should be provided. Effectiveness of universal adhesives on leakage in primary teeth compomer restorations has not been studied. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate sealing ability of a universal adhesive used with different etching modes after 1- and 3-year of artificial aging in compomer restorations of primary teeth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-three extracted mandibular primary second molars were used in the study. Class II box cavities (3 mm × 3 mm × 1.5 mm) were prepared in each tooth. Then, teeth were divided into three groups (n = 21), including total-etch, self-etch, and selective-etch modes. All teeth were restored with compomer (Dyract Extra, Dentsply; Konstanz, Germany) after universal adhesive (Prime & Bond Elect Universal, Denstsply; Milford, USA) application. Teeth were divided into three sub-groups (n = 7) with the following three different aging protocols: 24 h water storage, 1-year aging, and 3-year aging with chewing simulator (Esetron Chewing Simulator; Ankara, Turkey). 50% silver nitrate solution was applied as a tracer, and its' penetration was analyzed in mm3 using micro-computed tomography system (SkyScan 1275; Kontich, Belgium). Data was analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis H and Friedman tests. RESULTS: One-year aging significantly increased the leakage in self-etch group of samples (0.197 ± 0.49 mm3) compared to the total-etch (0.001 ± 0.000 mm3) and selective-etch (0.001 ± 0.000 mm3) groups (p < 0.05). There was no difference between the groups at baseline and after the 3-year artificial aging (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Self-etch mode of adhesive revealed higher micro-leakage levels at all examination intervals; however, the difference was only significant after the 1-year aging. It can be concluded that universal adhesives can be used with all etching modes in compomer restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate microleakage from an antibacterial adhesive and bonding agent added to the fissure sealant on intact enamel. Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty sound third mandibular molars were randomly divided into 6 groups of 20 teeth each. Occlusal pits and fissures were sealed with unfilled sealant material (Clinpro, 3M) after pretreatment with 1. phosphoric acid etching (control); 2. acid etching + Adper Single Bond 2 (SB, 3M); 3. chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX, Ultradent) + acid etching; 4. CHX + acid etching + SB; 5. acid etching + Clearfil Protect Bond (CPB, Kuraray) 6. CPB alone. After 6-month water storage and thermocycling, the specimens were placed in 0.5% fuschin, sectioned and evaluated under a digital microscope. The data were compared between groups with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: Differences between groups were statistically significant at P < 0.05. Acid etching alone and with SB showed the lowest microleakage, followed by acid etching + CPB. Chlorhexidine with and without bonding agent showed the greatest microleakage. Conclusion: Conventional acid etching alone or with a one-bottle adhesive were the two most effective methods of reducing microleakage from fissures. Acid etching together with a self-etching adhesive showed better results than self-etching alone. Appling CHX increased microleakage in sealed teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare marginal microleakage in porcelain veneer restorations following dental finishing using two types of instruments to test the hypothesis that microleakage will be less when teeth are prepared with sonic oscillating burs than when prepared with high-speed rotating burs. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six extracted human maxillary central incisors were selected and divided randomly into two groups. Group 1 samples underwent dental finishing using high-speed rotating diamond burs, while group 2 used sonic oscillating diamond burs. Buccal chamfer preparation was carried out for both groups. Forty- eight of the samples (24 per group) were restored using IPS Empress ceramic veneers. 2% methylene blue was used to evaluate microleakage at the tooth/composite veneer interface. Teeth were sectioned lengthwise into three parts and microleakage was measured at two points -- cervical and incisal -- on each section. Before bonding, four teeth per group underwent SEM examination. Results: Evaluation of microleakage at the cervical dentin margin showed a value of 10.5% in group 1 and 6.6% in group 2, which was statistically significantly different (p < 0.05). Incisal microleakage was 1.3% for group 1 and 1.2% for group 2, which was not significantly different. SEM revealed different patterns of surface texture in both areas according to the instrument used. Group 1 exhibited parallel horizontal abrasion grooves with a milled effect and thick smear layers; group 2 showed abrasive erosion, discontinuous perpendicular depressions, and thin smear layers. Conclusion: Tooth preparations finished with sonic burs produced significantly less microleakage in the cervical dentin area of bonded veneer restorations. No differences were found in the incisal enamel area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the bonding of simplified adhesive systems to sound and caries-affected dentin of primary teeth with microtensile (μTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) tests. Materials and Methods: Occlusal cavities were prepared in 36 sound second primary molars. Half of the specimens were submitted to pH cycling to simulate caries-affected dentin. Teeth were randomly restored with one of three materials: the etch-and-rinse adhesive system Adper Single Bond 2 (SB), the two-step self-etching adhesive system Adper SE Plus (SE), and the one-step self-etching adhesive system Adper Easy One (EASY). After storage for 24 h, specimens with cross-sectional areas of 0.8 mm2 were prepared for microtensile testing (1 mm/min). One stick from each tooth was immersed in silver nitrate solution (24 h) and allowed to develop for 8 h in order to score the nanoleakage with SEM. The fracture pattern was evaluated using a stereomicro-scope (400X). The uTBS means were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test. For NL, the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used (a < 0.05). Results: SB (35.5 ± 3.5) showed the highest μTBS value to sound dentin, followed by EASY (26.3 ± 1.9) and SE (18.2 ± 6.5) (p < 0.05). No difference among materials was observed for caries-affected dentin (SB: 17.8 ± 4.2; SE: 13.9 ± 3.2; EASY: 14.4 ± 4.2, p > 0.05). For all groups, adhesive/mixed fracture prevailed. Caries-affected dentin promoted silver nitrate uptake into the adhesive interface; however, with SE, the nanoleakage was more pronounced than in the other adhesive systems, even in sound dentin. Conclusion: Caries-affected dentin negatively influences the bond strength and nanoleakage of the two-step etch-and-rinse and one-step self-etching adhesive systems tested in primary teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the one-step self-etching adhesive iBond Gluma inside (1-SE) and the two-step etch-andrinse adhesive Gluma Comfort Bond (2-ER), both used in combination with the fine particle hybrid composite Venus, in a laboratory and in a prospective clinical study. Materials and Methods: In the in vitro study, tooth-composite interaction, microleakage, and adhesive failure of 8 Class V restorations per system were evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy. In the in vivo study, 90 paired Class III/IV restorations were scored over 48 months (modified USPHS criteria). Cumulative failure rates (CFR) were calculated. Results: In vitro, microleakage and adhesive failure at enamel margins were significantly increased with 1-SE in comparison with 2-ER. With 1-SE, micromechanical interlocking at enamel was reduced and pores within the adhesive layer arose. In vivo, after 48 months with 1-SE, decreased marginal integrity and an increased number of dark marginal color lines were observed. Conclusion: Because the results of the 4-year clinical study showed lower esthetics and marginal integrity for the 1-SE adhesive, its use should be viewed critically, which is in line with the reduced enamel-adhesive-composite interaction found in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the bond strength and interfacial nanoleakage expression of fiber posts luted to intraradicular dentin with self-adhesive cements. Six-month and 1-year aging effects were examined. Materials and Methods: Post space was created in endodontically treated human incisors. Each tooth was assigned to a self-adhesive cement/post combination: (1) Bifix SE Cement (Voco) with proprietary posts (Rebilda Post, Voco), (2) RelyX Unicem (3M ESPE) with proprietary posts (Rely X Fiber Post, 3M ESPE), (3) MaxCem (Kerr) with Rebilda Posts. Each specimen was cut into 1-mm-thick sections and either immediately stressed to failure with the push-out bond strength test or aged in artificial saliva for 6 months or 1 year before testing. Additional specimens were processed for quantitative interfacial nanoleakage analysis using ammoniacal silver nitrate. Results: Immediate bond strength ranked in the following order: Bifix SE (7.8 ± 2.9 MPa) = RelyX Unicem (8.4 ± 2.7 MPa) > MaxCem (4.6 ± 2.4 MPa) (p < 0.05). Aging significantly reduced the bond strength of all cements after 1 year: Bifix SE (3.8 ± 1.4 MPa) = RelyX Unicem (5.8 ± 1.7 MPa) > MaxCem (1.3 ± 0.9 MPa; p<0.05). No immediate difference in interfacial nanoleakage expression was found. Nanoleakage increased after aging, and MaxCem showed the highest values. Conclusion: The push-out strength and interfacial nanoleakage expression of fiber posts luted with self-adhesive cements were dependent on luting material and type of post, and were significantly affected by storage time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of a 2% chlorhexidine solution (CHX) on the bond strength and nanoleakage of two self-etching adhesive systems on demineralized dentin over a 12-month period. Materials and Methods: The middle dentin from sound third molars was exposed and demineralized in vitro. Twelve groups were formed using different adhesive systems (Clearfil Protect Bond [PB], Clearfil SE Bond [SE]) dentin treatment (with or without CHX application), and water-storage times (24 h, 6 and 12 months). Composite resin cylinders were bonded to the prepared dentin, and these specimens underwent microshear bond strength (μSBS) testing and nanoleakage evaluation. μSBS data were submitted to a three-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. The failure mode and nanoleakage were analyzed descriptively by score. Results: There was a statistically significant interaction only between the adhesive system and CHX, and adhesive system and water-storage times. SE showed the lowest μSBS just at 24 h water-storage time regardless of CHX. A significant decrease in μSBS values after 6 months of water storage occurred in all of the groups and was maintained until 12 months. Adhesive failure increased with storage time. All groups showed nanoleakage at the resin/dentin interfaces and an increased silver deposition was noticed after 6 and 12 months of water storage. The highest percentages of nanoleakage were found in CHX groups. Conclusion: CHX did not interfere with µSBS values for either self-etching adhesive system, but water storage did. Bond strength decreased for both adhesive systems after 6 and 12 months, regardless of CHX application. Nanoleakage increased with water-storage time and with CHX application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate a new method of simulated pulpal pressure in vitro in comparison with the conventional one. Materials and Methods: Four adhesives were analyzed: a three-step etch-and-rinse (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose [SBMP]), a two-step etch-and-rinse (Single Bond 2 [SB]), a two-step self-etching (Clearfil SE Bond [SE]), and a one-step self-etching (Clearfil S3 [S3]) system. Restorations were built up in flat, deep dentin from extracted molars. After two methods of simulated pulpal pressure or no pulpal pressure (control groups), the samples were cut into sticks and submitted to microtensile bond strength (µTBS) testing and nanoleakage evaluation. Results were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Results: In general, statistical analysis of µTBS showed SBMP>SB=SE>S3. For both methods of simulated pulpal pressure, the µTBS of SB and S3 was lower than in control groups. For SBMP and SE, the µTBS remained stable with simulated pulpal pressure. Conventional and experimental methods of simulating pulpal pressure resulted in similar µTBS (p = 1.00) and nanoleakage patterns. Silver impregnation was higher with SB and S3, especially after simulated pulpal pressure with both methods. Conclusion: The experimental simulated pulpal-pressure method tested here was similar to the conventional method and can be an alternative to it. The simplified adhesives show reduction in bond strength after simulated pulpal pressure. The multistep adhesives have stable bond strengths under simulated pulpal pressure. Therefore, the separate application of hydrophobic resin can achieve resistance to bonding deterioration after hydrostatic pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study evaluated the effects of peripheral enamel margins on the long-term bond strength (µTBS) and nanoleakage in resin/dentin interfaces produced by self-adhesive and conventional resin cements. Materials and Methods: Five self-adhesive [RelyX-Unicem (UN), RelyX-U100 (UC), GCem (GC), Maxcem (MC), Set (SET)] and 2 conventional resin cements [RelyX-ARC(RX), Panavia F(PF)] were used. An additional group included the use of a two-step self-etching adhesive (SE Bond) with Panavia F (PS). One hundred ninety-two molars were assigned to 8 groups according to luting material. Five-mm-thick composite disks were cemented and assigned to 3 subgroups according to water-exposure condition (n = 6): 24-h peripheral exposure (24h-PE-enamel margins), or 1 year of peripheral (1yr-PE) or direct exposure (1yr-DE-dentin margin). Restored teeth were sectioned into beams and tested in tension at 1 mm/min. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Two additional specimens in each group were prepared for nanoleakage evaluation. Nanoleakage patterns were observed under SEM/TEM. Results: Except for RX, no significant reduction in µTBS was observed between 24h-PE and 1yr-PE. 1yr-DE reduced µTBS for RX, PF, GC, MC, and SET. No significant reduction in µTBS was observed for PS, UC, and UN after 1 year. After 1yr-DE, RX and PS presented the highest µTBS, and SET and MC the lowest. Nanoleakage was reduced when there was a peripheral enamel margin. SET and MC presented more silver deposition than other groups. Conclusion: The presence of a peripheral enamel margin reduced the degradation rate in resin/dentin interfaces for most materials. The µTBS values produced by the multi-step luting agents RX and PS were significantly higher than those observed for self-adhesive cement [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of increasing thermocycling regimens on bond strength and nanoleakage of an etch-and-rinse adhesive. Materials and Methods: Adper Single Bond (3M ESPE) was used for bonding resin composite to human enamel and dentin. Specimens were stored in water (37°C, 24 h) and subjected to thermocycling (5°C and 55°C) in five groups: 1. control (no thermal cycling), 2. 100, 3. 500, 4. 2000, or 5. 10,000 cycles. The microshear bond test was performed at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min (n = 16). Nanoleakage specimens were immersed in silver nitrate and FE-SEM micrographs were digitally analyzed to calculate silver penetration in three samples. Results: The mean bond strength to enamel was not significantly affected by thermocycling. However, artificial aging decreased dentin bond strength in groups 4 and 5 compared to control. Weibull analysis indicated that the characteristic strength decreased gradually with aging in both substrates. All groups exhibited some nanoleakage, and a significant increase in silver penetration compared to the control was observed in enamel and dentin groups 2 to 5. Conclusion: A nanoleakage increase was detected in an earlier stage of aging than when a significant drop in bond strength was observed, with the dentin bond being more susceptible to deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this clinical study was to investigate the influence of salivary exposure on microtensile bond strength of one self-etching adhesive resin. Materials and Methods: Thirty carious premolars were divided into two groups: a rubber-dam was either inserted before or after cavity preparation and the cavities were restored using direct composite resin. After extraction, the teeth were sectioned into microbars and the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) test was conducted (α = 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and silver nitrate staining to detect nanoleakage were conducted to evaluate the sealing quality of the bonded interface. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that placement of rubber-dam before cavity preparation resulted in significantly higher MTBS values (24 ± 2 MPa) and predominantly cohesive failures (85%). SEM of specimens exposed to saliva revealed the presence of structural defects at the tooth/resin interface and pull-out of shorter resin tags. Silver nitrate nanoleakage confirmed these findings as well. Conclusion: It is recommended to insert a rubber-dam before commencing with cavity preparation in order to ensure strong and durable bond strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To test the influence of thermomechanical loading and mode of cleaning the pulp chamber on coronal microleakage of adhesive sealings over root canal fillings. Materials and Methods: Root canals of molars were instrumented to size 60 taper .02 and filled with AH plus (Dentsply DeTrey) and a single gutta-percha cone size 55 taper .02. After removal of residual sealer with an alcoholmoistened foam pellet, different pretreatments were performed: groups 1 and 5: no further pretreatment; groups 2 and 6: use of a water cooled high-speed diamond bur; groups 3 and 7: etch-and-rinse with 37% H3PO4 for 10 s; groups 4 and 8: diamond bur and etching. Then Syntac (Ivoclar Vivadent) and two consecutive layers of Tetric flow (Ivoclar Vivadent) were applied. After placing glass-ionomer cement as a provisional restoration, teeth of groups 5 to 8 were additionally subjected to thermomechanical loading (chewing simulation of 200,000 cycles/50 N) and thermocycling (2880 cycles between 5°C and 55°C). A dye penetration test (methylene blue dye 5%, centrifugation for 3 min at 30 G) was used to evaluate linear dye penetration and dye penetration area. Statistical tests were performed using SPSS Win 12.0 (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, two-way ANOVA, t-test). Results: Thermomechanical loading (TML) had a negative impact on coronal seal (two-way ANOVA, p < 0.001). Among TML groups, group 7 (etch-and-rinse) performed best, exhibiting the least influence of TML. Conclusion: For adhesive sealing of the pulp chamber floor, the etch-and-rinse technique combined with a flowable resin composite showed promising results. Nevertheless, a stabilizing restoration should be placed as soon as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of radiotherapy on the microleakage of three adhesive systems: a one-step self-etching, a two-step self-etching, and an etch-and-rinse system. Materials and Methods: Box-shaped Class V cavity preparations were prepared on the buccal surfaces of 84 extracted human molars. The molars were randomly assigned into 6 groups (n = 14) according to the irradiation and adhesive system as follows: G1, Clearfil S³ Bond (irradiated); G2, Clearfil SE Bond (irradiated); G3, Prime & Bond NT (irradiated); G4, Clearfil S3 Bond (nonirradiated); G5, Clearfil SE Bond (nonirradiated); and G6, Prime & Bond NT (nonirradiated). The cavities were restored with composite resin (Filtek Z 250). After restoration of the samples, a total dose of 60 Gy was delivered in 2 Gy/d fractions for 5 days per week for 6 weeks for the related groups. All specimens were thermocycled for 200 cycles between 5°C and 55°C using a dwell time of 60 s in each bath and then placed in 0.5% basic fuchsin solution for 24 h at room temperature. Specimens were then rinsed and sectioned; the dye penetration at the enamel and dentin margins was examined using a stereomicroscope, and a score of 0 to 3 was assigned. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests. Results: No statistically significant difference existed between the irradiated and nonirradiated groups (p > 0.05). Significant differences in microleakage were observed between enamel and dentin (p < 0.01). The microleakage at the dentin margins was greater than at the enamel margins. Prime & Bond NT revealed statistically significantly (p < 0.05) higher leakage scores in dentin than did ClearfilS³ Bond and Clearfil SE Bond. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, irradiation application did not affect the microleakage of dental adhesive systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Restorative procedures of the dentin-pulp complex stimulate damages that, depending on the technique and materials used, may induce pulpal reactions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate immunochemistry, morphologic, and morphometric pulpal alterations of human teeth pulps capped with self-etching or total-etching adhesive systems. Method and Materials: Thirty human third molars were restored with a resinbased composite and adhesive system, either Clearfil (Kuraray; n = 10) or Scotchbond (3M ESPE; n = 10). After 7, 30, or 60 days, the teeth were extracted and longitudinally sectioned. The pulps were removed for histopathologic and immunochemistry evaluation for interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Results: The density of fibrous connective tissue was significantly higher after 30 days in both groups (P < .001). Congestion, hemorrhage, calcification, and swelling of the odontoblasts were similar in both groups. The total capillary area was significantly higher after 7 and 30 days in both groups. Positive immunoreactions for iNOS were found in 1 case (20%) of the 30-day Scotchbond group. Immunoreactions for IFN-gamma were positive in a few cells in 1 case (20%) of the 7-day Clearfil group. There were no positive immunoreactions for TNF-alpha in any case. Conclusion: No inflammatory reactions, necrotic areas, or severe immunoreactions for proinflammatory cytokines were found, suggesting biocompatibility of self-etching or total-etching adhesive systems when placed directly on dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the histopathological changes in mechanically exposed dog pulps capped with three self-etching adhesive systems. Material and Methods: Seventytwo Class V cavities were prepared under rubber dam isolation in dogs. The pulps were exposed and capped with Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray), Imperva FluoroBond (Shofu), Prompt L-Pop (3M ESPE), and Dycal (Dentsply; control capping agent), respectively. Histopathological examination of the teeth was performed at 7, 14, and 30 days postoperatively. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to assess the inflammatory cell response, tissue disorganization, and hard tissue formation. Brown & Brenn staining was used to detect the presence of bacteria. The data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Nemenyi tests. Results: Most pulps showed moderate to severe inflammatory response. Hard tissue formation appeared at 14 to 30 days. Positive bacterial staining was observed in most specimens in experimental groups. The histological changes in the pulps of the experimental groups were more pronounced than in the control group. Differences in inflammatory response, tissue disorganization, and hard tissue formation were observed among teeth treated with the three self-etching systems. Conclusion: Microleakage has a critical influence on pulpal repair. It is not beneficial to cap the pulp with self-etching adhesive systems. Diverse pulpal responses were observed to the self-etching adhesive systems, and the histological changes were more pronounced than in the control pulps treated with Dycal. The effects of the self-etching adhesive systems are such that these materials require further study to address issues of bacterial microleakage during placement of restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this in vitro study, cross-polarization optical coherence tomography (CP-OCT) was used to evaluate microleakage in dental composite restorations bonded to enamel with two types of one-step self-etching (SE) adhesives. Background data: One-step SE adhesives were proposed to simplify bonding of composite restorations. However, bonding of these simplified adhesive to dental enamel is still questionable. OCT is a promising diagnostic tool that allows micron-scale imaging of biological tissues and structures. Methods: Class-V cavities (4-mm diameter × 1-mm depth) were prepared on the labial surfaces of extracted human anterior teeth with margins and floor located in enamel. The cavities were then divided into two groups (n = 5) and restored with either Tetric N-Bond Universal (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein) or Palfique Bond (Tokuyama Dental Corporation, Japan), followed by Estelite Flow Quick flowable composite (Tokuyama Dental Corporation). After storage in 100% humidity for 24 h, specimens were immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate solution for another 24 h. Later, they were rinsed and immersed in photo-developing solution under fluorescent light for 8 h. CP-OCT at 1310 nm center wavelength was used to scan seven two-dimensional cross-sectional images from each specimen. Each cross-sectional image was analyzed using ImageJ software to quantify interfacial microleakage at the cavity floor. Results: Student's t-test showed significant difference between the tested adhesives (p < 0.05). Palfique Bond adhesive presented inferior interfacial adaptation as it obtained higher values of floor microleakage compared to Tetric N-Bond Universal adhesive group. Conclusions: CP-OCT enabled nondestructive quantitative assessment of microleakage in enamel dental restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on tremendous attention and effort continue to be directed to the study of dental adhesion the bond to tooth structure adequate for clinical success but obviously a journal dedicated to dental adhesion believes we still have much yet to be achieved. Topics include the possible treatment options adhesive dentistry brings, and the greatest need for society comes from the global burden of dental caries.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate enamel and dentinal microleakage in Class II cavities restored with silorane- and methacrylate-based resin composites using specific and nonspecific adhesives. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six caries-free human premolars were used. Two Class II cavities were prepared on each tooth. The gingival floor was set at 1 mm above (on the mesial surface) and at 1 mm below (on the distal surface) the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). The samples were randomly divided into four groups, and the cavities were restored with a methacrylate-based composite (Filtek? P60) and a silorane-based composite (Filtek? P90) with specific and nonspecific adhesives. Microleakage was tested using a standardized dye penetration method. All samples were examined under a stereomicroscope, and microleakage scores were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney-U tests. One sample from each group was examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine the bonding area. Results: No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of the enamel microleakage (P=0.086). There was a significant difference between the groups with regard to dentinal microleakage (P=0.003). No significant reduction in microleakage was observed in groups restored with Filtek? P90 composite using its specific adhesive compared to those restored with Filtek? P60 composite using its specific adhesive (P=0.626). Conclusions: The results indicated that the application of methacrylate- and silorane-based composites with specific or nonspecific adhesives had no impact on enamel microleakage, but it affected dentinal microleakage, and specific adhesives showed less microleakage. It seems that a phosphate-methacrylate-based intermediate resin is required to bond dimethacrylate adhesive to silorane-based composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the marginal sealing ability of self-adhesive flowable composite resin when used as a liner in Class II composite restoration with and without aging. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 standardized Class II tooth preparations with gingival margins 1 mm coronal and apical to cementenamel junction (CEJ) were prepared on 60 extracted permanent mandibular molars and were randomly divided into eight equal Groups: Group 1: cavities coronal to CEJ and restored with Dyad flow liner + Herculite ultra, Group 2: same as Group 1 but cavities margins apical to CEJ, Group 5: cavities coronal to CEJ and restored with only Herculite ultra, and Group 6: same as Group 5 but cavities apical to CEJ. Groups 3,4,7,8 were similar to Groups 1,2,5,6, respectively, but were aged for 6 months. After thermocycling, microleakage testing was done using 0.5% basic fuchsin dye. Result: At cervical level, Group 5 exhibited statistically lower (P = 0.006) microleakage than Group 6, and Group 1 showed lesser microleakage than Group 5 (P = 0.162). Group 2 exhibited significantly less microleakage than Group 6 (P = 0.002). Increased microleakage was observed in aging Groups; however, the difference with nonaging Groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.005). Conclusion: Margins of the cavity in cementum can be better sealed by placing self-adhesive liner and is not affected by aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Evaluate the influence of composite viscosity, adhesive systems curing mode and artificial aging on marginal sealing of composite resin restorations. Methods: 240 cavities were prepared in bovine incisors. Teeth were divided in two groups: GR – GrandioSO (Voco), conventional viscosity and GF – GrandioSO Heavy Flow (Voco), low viscosity. Each group was divided into 6 subgroups: FM – Futura Bond M (Voco), FDCL and FDCC – Futura Bond DC (Voco), light and chemical cured, CS – Clearfil S3Bond (Kuraray), CDCL and CDCC – Cleafil DC (Kuraray), light and chemical cured. Half of all specimens were subjected to mechanical (300.000) and thermal cycling (1.000). Marginal gap was measured in an optical microscope. For microleakage, specimens were stained in 50% ammoniacal silver nitrate. Results: For marginal gap mean (μm), significant differences were shown for all factors (p = 0.000). Results for resin were GR: 28.1 and GF: 40.6; for adhesive CDCC: 28.67, CDCL: 32.25, CS: 34.12, FDCL: 36.10, FM: 36.50 and FDCC: 38.46; and for artificial aging WITHOUT: 29.05 and WITH: 39.65. For microleakage mean (mm), there were also differences for all factors (p = 0.000). Results for resin were GR: 2.68 and GF: 3.46; for adhesive FM: 2.85, CDCC: 3.00, FDCL: 3.08, CDCL: 3.15, CS: 3.16 and FDCC: 3.19; and for artificial aging WITHOUT: 2.66 and WITH: 3.48.Conclusion: Composite with conventional viscosity resulted in narrower marginal gaps and less microleakage. CDCC showed less marginal gap formation. The presence of thermo-mechanical cycling increased the values of gap and microleakage. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background Fissure sealants prevent occlusal caries in permanent molars. Enamel preparation methods are used before fissure sealing. Aims To investigate effects of bioglass air-abrasion pre-treatment with and without an adhesive, on fissure enamel of permanent teeth, with respect to etchability, microleakage and microtensile bond strength. Design Half of the occlusal surfaces of 50 extracted premolars underwent bioglass air-abrasion. Dye was applied to the entire occlusal surface. Photographs were taken to score etched surface by dye uptake. Adhesive was applied to 25 of the bioglass-treated areas and all teeth were fissure sealed, sectioned, and evaluated using confocal microscopy. Buccal and lingual surfaces of a further eight premolars were acid-etched and randomly received: air-abrasion, adhesive, both, or none before sealant application for microtensile bond strength measurement in half of the samples immediately and half following 6 months of water immersion. Results Linear mixed models and multinomial logistic regression were used ( P = 0.05). Bioglass air-abrasion significantly improved enamel etchability and reduced microleakage. The addition of an adhesive made no difference to either microleakage or microtensile bond strength. The combination of bioglass abrasion and adhesive led to more cohesive, rather than adhesive, failure. Conclusions Bioglass air-abrasion improved enamel etchability and reduced microleakage irrespective of the adhesive use but neither pre-treatment affected the microtensile bond strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose:To examine microleakage around Class-V restorations bonded with 3 current all-in-one adhesive systems in the presence or absence of surface-sealant in different evaluation groups. Materials and Methods:Clearfil S3 Bond, G-Aenial Bond, and Optibond All-in-One (AiO), were used in the Class-V cavities in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions (control group) or were additionally combined with Fortify Plus surface-sealant (surface-sealant group). The two main treatment groups of the dentin adhesives were subdivided into four different evaluation groups (24 h, 6 months, 12 months, and 12 months with two applications); the teeth were immersed in 0.5% methylene blue dye solution for 24 h. Samples were then sectioned longitudinally in a bucco-lingual direction and evaluated for microleakage under a stereomicroscope. Dye penetration was scored at the enamel (occlusal) and dentin (gingival) margins. Results:Microleakage scores were greater at the dentin margins compared with the enamel margins for Clearfil S3 Bond in all evaluation groups, whereas no difference was observed between enamel and dentin microleakage for Optibond AiO. Using Fortify Plus in the enamel margins decreased the microleakage scores of Clearfil S3 Bond. When the control and surface-sealant groups were compared in the G-Aenial Bond enamel margins, the application of surface-sealant significantly reduced microleakage after 6 and 12 months. For Optibond AiO, no statistically significant differences in enamel and dentin margins were observed between the control and surface-sealant application groups. Conclusion:The application of surface-sealant could be considered appropriate for reducing microleakage in composite resin restorations, but this effect might depend on the dentin adhesive. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Aim: this study aimed to assess the effect of treatment of phosphoric acid etched dentin surface with 5% bromelain enzyme and Nd:YAG laser prior to the use of etch and rinse adhesive systems on microleakage margins of class V composite restorations. Materials and Methods: sixty sound premolar teeth were selected. Standard class V cavities were prepared in the buccal and lingual surfaces of each teeth. Preparation in that way 1 mm of the cavity was above and 1 mm of it was below the cementoenamel junction. The teeth were then randomly divided into three groups including 20 teeth (40cavities in each gorup). Two ethanol base etch and rinse system (Adper Single Bond and OptiBond Solo) was applied in each group . In the control group, cavities were etched with 37% phosphoric acid. Adper Single Bond was applied to 20 and OptiBond Solo was applied to the remaining 20 cavities and they were restored with Z250 composite (n=40). The same procedures were performed in bromelain and Nd:YAG laser groups with the difference that prior to the application of adhesive, aqueous 5% bromelain was applied in bromelain group while Nd:YAG laser was irradiated in laser group. All teeth were thermocycled and their apices were sealed with sticky wax. The tooth surfaces were coated with nail varnish except for 1 mm around the restoration margins, and the teeth were then immersed in fuchsine and sectioned by a diamond disc into mesial and distal halves. Marginal microleakage at both sides was determined and scored under a stereomicroscope at x40 magnification. Then data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney tests (α=0.05). Results: according the result of Mann Whitney test, Cervical margins showed significantly higher microleakage than the occlusal margins (P=0.000) but no significant difference was noted in microleakage of occlusal (P=0.362) or gingival (P=0.147) margins among the three groups by Kruskal Wallis test. Conclusion: in conclusion, application of proteolytic agents(5% bromelain solution and Nd:YAG laser) on acid-etched dentin surface prior to the application of adhesive has no significant effect on marginal microleakage of class V composite restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: New dentin bonding agents and techniques have been developed to reduce microleakage and create higher bond strength. This invitro study compared the microleakage of three resinbased adhesives versus a GIC-based adhesive on class V composite restorations. Materials and Methods: Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of 72 sound premolars, randomly assigned to six groups (n=12) and treated as follows: without any treatment (negative control group); total-etch (OptiBond Solo Plus); two-step self-etch (OptiBond XTR); one-step self-etch (OptiBond All-in-One) and GIC-based adhesive (Fuji bond LC) with pre-cure and co-cure techniques. The treated cavities were filled with a micro-hybrid resin composite (Point 4, Kerr). Following finishing and polishing procedures, the specimens were placed in 100% humidity, stored in distilled water, thermocycled and then immersed in a methylene blue, sectioned, evaluated for microleakage and scored on a 0 to 3 ordinal scale. Results: None of the adhesives tested were capable of completely eliminating marginal microleakage. There were statistically significant differences among the test groups at occlusal margins; but at cervical margins were not. The Fuji Bond LC with co-cure and control groups had significantly greater microleakage scores at the occlusal margins. At the cervical margins, the bonded restorations with OptiBond XTR and OptiBond All-in-One adhesives presented significantly lower microleakage scores. Also, there were no significant differences between the resin adhesive groups both at occlusal and cervical margins. The microleakage scores at the cervical margins were markedly higher than the occlusal margins in the groups bonded with OptiBond Solo Plus and Fuji Bond LC with pre-cure. The differences between Fuji Bond LC adhesive with pre-cure and co-cure techniques were significant. Conclusion: This study encourages application of the Fuji bond LC adhesive with pre-cure technique instead of the resin adhesives for marginal seal in class V composite restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate shear bond strength (SBS) and microleakage of a self-etching adhesive (Adper Prompt L-Pop) in comparison to acid etching prior fissure sealing. Each procedure was tested with 3 aging procedures (1-day water storage, 3-month water storage and 1-day water storage/5,000× thermocycling). SBS was determined according to ISO standard 29022. Additional 30 third molars were utilized for the microleakage analyses. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney-U-Test and multiple linear regression models. The SBS of the self-etching adhesive were significantly lower (14.9, 11.9, and 13.0 MPa) than those of conventional fissure sealing (19.1, 18.2, and 15.6 MPa). Multiple linear regression models predicted that material and alteration significantly influenced SBS. The microleakage revealed no difference between both groups (1.3% vs. 1.2%). It can be concluded that the self-etching adhesive might be a pre-treatment alternative for fissure sealing in terms of the easier and shorter clinical workflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this in-vitro experimental study was to assess the effect of application of a desensitizing varnish on the enamel and dentin marginal seal. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two freshly extracted, intact human premolar teeth were divided into four groups (n=18). Class V cavities (3mm in length, 2mm in width and 2mm in depth) were prepared on the buccal surface of each tooth. The following sealing materials were applied in the four groups: One-step Clearfil S3 Bond (S3) self-etch adhesive, twostep Clearfil SE Bond (SE) self-etch adhesive, S3 Bond+ VivaSens desensitizing varnish (VS+S3) and Clearfil SE Bond + VivaSens (VS+SE). The cavities on the teeth were then incrementally filled with Z350 light-cure composite. The teeth were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37°C, and were then thermocycled for 1000 cycles. Then, all the specimens were prepared for dye penetration test and were immersed in 2% basic fuchsin dye and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The teeth were then sectioned buccolingually along the center of restorations with a diamond disk. Microleakage at the tooth-restoration interface was assessed in the enamel and dentin margins blindly using dye penetration under a stereomicroscope at ×20 magnification. Results: There was significantly greater leakage at the enamel and dentin margins in group VS+SE than in group SE; also, these values were higher in group VS+S3 than in S3. Conclusion: Combined application of desensitizing varnish and self-etch adhesives seems to increase microleakage in composite restorations. Thus, its application is not suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: A new flash-free adhesive promises to eliminate the need to clean up excess adhesive upon orthodontic bracket bonding. This study evaluated this new adhesive with regard to microleakage at the enamel-bracket interface, amount of adhesive remaining on the tooth after bracket debonding, time required for adhesive remnant cleanup, and clinical practitioners' preference in comparison to a conventional adhesive. Materials/methods: A total of 184 bovine incisors were bonded with ceramic brackets using either the flash-free adhesive (APC Flash-Free Adhesive Coated Appliance System, 3M Unitek [3M], Monrovia, California, USA) or a conventional adhesive (APCII Adhesive Coated Appliance System, 3M).Twenty-four of the teeth were scanned using microcomputed tomography to quantify microleakage into the adhesive layer. Twenty orthodontists debonded the brackets, removed the remaining adhesive, and then completed a survey regarding their preference for one of the two adhesives. The adhesive remnant was quantified and the time required for its removal recorded. Differences between the adhesives were tested for statistical significance. Results: For both adhesives, the microleakage was minimal with no significant differences between the two adhesives. The adhesive remnant was significantly larger for the flash-free adhesive, whereas there was no significant difference in adhesive cleanup time. Fourteen out of the 20 orthodontists preferred the flash-free adhesive over the conventional adhesive. Limitations: In vitro testing cannot replicate the actual clinical situation during in vivo debonding. Conclusions: With regard to bond quality and adhesive remnant cleanup, the new flash-free adhesive performs just as well as the conventional adhesive, and, of the two products, is the one preferred by most orthodontists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of saliva contamination on the metallic bracket microleakage bonded with two moisture-tolerant bonding systems. Materials and Methods: Ninety freshly extracted premolar teeth were randomly divided into six groups of 15 with the following treatments: G1 (control): After acid etching, Assure primer and Assure adhesive were applied to non-contaminated enamel surfaces. G2 (contaminated after etching): The etched enamel surface was exposed to saliva, then Assure primer and Assure adhesive were applied. G3 (contaminated after priming): Saliva contamination was done after application of Assure primer. The exact same procedures were applied to groups G4 to G6 except that TIMP primer and Transbond Plus adhesive system were used. To measure the microleakage score, the teeth were stained with 2% methylene blue for 24 hours, sectioned and examined under a stereomicroscope at ?16 magnification. Data analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test. Results: In dry conditions, Assure and TMIP were not significantly different in terms of microleakage scores. All contaminated groups exhibited higher microleakage score at the enamel/adhesive interface compared to the bracket/adhesive interface (P< 0.01). In wet conditions, Assure groups showed higher microleakage at the enamel-adhesive interface compared to the TMIP groups (P<0.05). At the bracket-adhesive interface, the microleakage scores were not significantly different in saliva contaminated groups compared to the controls. Conclusion: Saliva contamination caused greater microleakage at the enamel-adhesive interface compared to the adhesive-bracket interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In vitro studies evaluated cementum surface morphology and microleakage of three different energy density parameters of Erbium: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Er:YAG) laser compared with diamond bur preparation on class V cavities with self-etch adhesive system and composite resin restoration. Material and methods: Standard class V cavities were prepared at cervical area below the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) in 80 extracted premolars, by using a diamond bur on the buccal surface. All teeth were randomly allocated into four groups: Group 1, diamond bur; Group 2, Er:YAG 50 mJ/15 Hz, 3.77 J/cm2; Group 3, Er:YAG 75 mJ/15 Hz, 5.65 J/cm2; and Group 4, Er:YAG 100 mJ/15 Hz, 7.53 J/cm2. Five cavities from each group were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The 15 remaining cavities from each group were restored with self-etch adhesive and nano-hybrid composite. After thermocycling, all sample teeth were immersed in 0.2% methylene blue dye and sectioned buccolingually. Statistics were analyzed using the one way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U tests with Bonferroni correction. Results: The morphology showed micro-irregularities in the cementum surface of the laser group with the absence of a smear layer. The microstructure characteristics were increased surface roughness followed by increasing laser energy transmission. The Er:YAG laser groups were statistically significant, with less microleakage than the diamond bur group ( p<0.05). There was statistically significant difference between the occlusal and gingival microleakage in all the groups ( p<0.05). When the laser groups were compared, the lowest microleakage was achieved with energy density at 3.77 J/cm2 on the occlusal and gingival cementum margin, which showed less microleakage than at energy densities of 5.65 and 7.53 J/cm2 with Er:YAG laser. Conclusions: These observations indicate that the micro-irregularities of the cementum surface could facilitate the formation of a hybridization zone with a self-etch adhesive system. Therefore, the microleakage of Er:YAG laser irradiation was significantly decreased compared with diamond bur cavities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the durability of four adhesive systems by assessing their microtensile bond strength (MTBS) and microleakage during six months of water storage. Materials and Methods: A total of 128 human third molars were used. The adhesives tested were Scotch Bond Multipurpose (SBMP), Single Bond (SB), Clearfil-SE bond (CSEB), and All-Bond SE (ABSE). After sample preparation for MTBS testing, the microspecimens were subjected to microtensile tester after one day and six months of water storage. For microleakage evaluation, facial and lingual class V cavities were prepared and restored with composite. After thermocycling, microleakage was evaluated. Bond strength values were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tamhane's test, and the microleakage data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, Mann Whitney and Wilcoxon tests (P<0.05). Results: Single Bond yielded the highest and ABSE yielded the lowest bond strength at one day and six months. Short-term bond strength of SBMP and CSEB was similar. After six months, a significant decrease in bond strength was observed in ABSE and SBMP groups. At one day, ABSE showed the highest microleakage at the occlusal margin; however, at the gingival margin, there was no significant difference among groups. Longterm microleakage of all groups at the occlusal margins was similar, whilst gingival margins of SBMP and SB showed significantly higher microleakage. Conclusion: The highest MTBS and favorable sealability were obtained by Clearfil SE bond. Water storage had no effect on microleakage of self-etch adhesives at the gingival margin or MTBS of CSEB and SB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare in Class V composite restorations marginal leakage measurements obtained with micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations. Methods: Class V cavities were prepared on 10 human molars and restored using Optibond FL (Kerr, Orange, CA, USA) and Premise Flowable (Kerr). Sealing ability was evaluated by assessing silver-nitrate penetration depth along enamel and dentin margins. Leakage was quantified using a scoring system. Micro-CT analysis provided 502 cross-sectional images for each tooth. Microleakage evaluation was performed first on three cross-sections corresponding to the sections examined by SEM, then on all 502 of the obtained micro-CT images. SEM observations were performed first at 20X magnification, then, if showing a zero score, at 80X magnification. Enamel and dentin microleakage scores assigned to corresponding sections through micro-CT and SEM (20X) were compared (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, α=0.05). Results: No statistically significant difference in leakage scores emerged between micro-CT and 20X-magnification SEM. Eight tooth sections that were given a zero score under SEM at 20X magnification showed to be infiltrated at the higher magnification (80X). For five teeth a higher score was assigned following scanning of 502 cross-sections than based on the observation of three sections. Conclusions: Micro-CT presents as a valid, nondestructive in vitro method to quantitatively evaluate marginal leakage of adhesive restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Regardless of the technique and the material used, the goal of obturation remained the same that is to seal every portal of exit in the root canal system. It's not only the apical openings that need to be sealed but also lateral openings, coronal access opening and perforations if they exist failure of the adhesive root canal sealer has led to the idea of usage of dentin bonding agents (DBAs) in endodontics, to make a three dimensional seal. In our study, we used traditional gutta-percha, time tested epoxy resin and DBA to make the root canal leak proof. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 maxillary incisors teeth were decoronated at cemento-enamel junction. Instrumenting to size 40 they were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10) according to the dentin adhesive system used for obturation in combination with AH Plus sealer and gutta-percha points. The hybrid layer formation was observed using scanning electron microscope and the extent of dye penetration was measured using a stereomicroscope. Results: Group I: Control group, no hybrid layer formation. Group II: Uniform thin hybrid layer, with short multiple resin tags and lateral branchings. Group III: Uniform hybrid layer with short and thick resin tag formations. Group IV: Hybrid layer with numerous long discontinuous resin tags. Conclusions: Group I, (without adhesive) showed the highest apical microleakage highlighting the need for dental adhesive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the extent of microleakage in class V cavities prepared with bur, Er:YAG laser, and ultrasonic, hybridized with two different bonding agents ('Single bonding' solvent-free bonding agent and 'Swiss TEC SL bond' alcohol-based solvent). Thirty freshly extracted human premolars were divided into three groups ( n = 10), on each tooth, two cavities were prepared on the buccal and the lingual surfaces, and each group was subdivided into two subgroups ( n = 5). Group 1: 20 cavities were prepared by using Er:YAG laser (500 mJ, 10 Hz, 63.69 J/cm) ( subgroup1a: Single bonding was used with 10 cavities; subgroup 1b: Swiss TEC SL bond was used with 10 cavities). Group 2: 20 cavities were prepared by using ultrasonic ( subgroup 2a: Single bonding was used with 10 cavities; subgroup 2b: Swiss TEC SL bond was used with 10 cavities). Group 3: 20 cavities were prepared by using burs ( subgroup 3a: Single bonding was used with 10 cavities; subgroup 3b: Swiss TEC SL bond was used with 10 cavities). Cavities were restored with a micro-hybrid composite resin. After thermocycling, the specimens were immersed in 2 % methylene blue solution for 4 h and then sectioned in the bucco-lingual direction. Dye penetration was scored based upon the extent of the dye using a stereomicroscope. The two-way ANOVA test and paired t-test revealed no statistically significant differences among the methods of preparation (conventional, laser, and ultrasonic). However, statistical differences were found between the adhesives tested: the 'Single bonding', which represented the solvent-free bonding agent, had lower microleakage values than 'Swiss TEC SL bond', which represented the alcohol-based bonding agent. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the Erbium:Yttrium-Aluminum Garnet (Er:YAG) laser and ultrasonic are as effective as the conventional method for preparing cavities and the extent of microleakage depends on the type of the bonding agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study was conducted with the aim of comparing the shear bond strength (SBS) and microleakage of Tetric N-Bond, G-bond, and Xeno V (seventh generation dentin adhesives) in primary anterior teeth. Materials and Methods: For the shear bond strength, 45 teeth were randomly divided in to three groups namely group A, B, C (n = 15). Samples were mounted horizontally on acrylic block exposing the facial surface and bonded with different adhesives according to manufacturer instructions. A split Teflon mold was used to build the composite resin cylinder and light cured. Shear bond strength was tested using a universal testing machine. The values were statistically analysed. For microleakage, another 45 teeth were similarly grouped. Two class V cavities were prepared on the labial surface and treated with different dentine bonding agents and restored with resin composite (Ivoclar vivadent) A2 shade. The restorations were subsequently thermally stressed for 200 cycles and were subjected to dye penetration test, followed by sectioning through the center of the restoration labiolingually. Each section was examined using stereomicroscope at × 40 magnification to asses dye penetration at the margins of the restoration. Results: The SBS varied between 22.12-23.77 N/mm² (P-value = 0.231). The microleakage scores varied between 0.6-1.2 (P-value = 0.03; Post-hoc test A vs B (0.007)).There was a statistically higher degree of microleakage observed in group A when compared to group B. Conclusion: Among the three commercially available bonding agents, there were no statistically significant differences in SBS. G bond had higher microleakage when compared to the others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2-fold objectives of this study were 1) to understand whether model hydrophobic- and hydrophilic-rich phase mimics of dentin adhesive polymerize similarly and 2) to determine which factor, the dimethacrylate component, bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (BisGMA) or photoinitiator concentration, has greater influence on the polymerization of the hydrophilic-rich phase mimic. Current dentin adhesives are sensitive to moisture, as evidenced by nanoleakage in the hybrid layer and phase separation into hydrophobic- and hydrophilic-rich phases. Phase separation leads to limited availability of the cross-linkable dimethacrylate monomer and hydrophobic photoinitiators within the hydrophilic-rich phase. Model hydrophobic-rich phase was prepared as a single-phase solution by adding maximum wt% deuterium oxide (D2O) to HEMA/BisGMA neat resins containing 45 wt% 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Mimics of the hydrophilic-rich phase were prepared similarly but using HEMA/BisGMA neat resins containing 95, 99, 99.5, and 100 wt% HEMA. The hydrophilic-rich mimics were prepared with standard or reduced photoinitiator content. The photoinitiator systems were camphorquinone (CQ)/ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (EDMAB) with or without [3-(3, 4-dimethyl-9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-2-yloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl]trimethylammonium chloride (QTX). The polymerization kinetics was monitored using a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer with a time-resolved collection mode. The hydrophobic-rich phase exhibited a significantly higher polymerization rate compared with the hydrophilic-rich phase. Postpolymerization resulting in the secondary rate maxima was observed for the hydrophilic-rich mimic. The hydrophilic-rich mimics with standard photoinitiator concentration but varying cross-linker (BisGMA) content showed postpolymerization and a substantial degree of conversion. In contrast, the corresponding formulations with reduced photoinitiator concentrations exhibited lower polymerization and inhibition/delay of postpolymerization within 2 h. Under conditions relevant to the wet, oral environment, photoinitiator content plays an important role in the polymerization of the hydrophilic-rich phase mimic. Since the hydrophilic-rich phase is primarily water and monomethacrylate monomer (e.g., HEMA as determined previously), substantial polymerization is important to limit the potential toxic response from HEMA leaching into the surrounding tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objectives: Debonding is a common occurrence in orthodontic treatment and a considerable number of orthodontists prefer to rebond the detached brackets because of economic issues. The aim of this study was to compare the microleakage beneath rebonded stainless steel brackets using two methods of adhesive removal namely sandblast and laser. Materials and Methods: Sixty human premolar teeth were randomly divided into three groups. Following bonding the brackets, group 1 served as the control group. Brackets in groups 2 and 3 were debonded, and adhesive removal from the bracket bases was done by means of sandblasting and Er-YAG laser, respectively. After rebonding, teeth in each group were stained with 2% methylene blue for 24 hours, sectioned and examined under a stereomicroscope. Marginal microleakage at the adhesive- enamel and bracket-adhesive interfaces in the occlusal and gingival margins was determined. Statistical analysis was done using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Comparison of the microleakage scores among the three groups revealed no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). At the enamel-adhesive interface, the gingival margins in all groups showed higher microleakage while in the adhesive-bracket interface, the occlusal margin exhibited greater microleakage. Conclusion: Er-YAG laser irradiation and sandblasting for adhesive removal from the debonded brackets yielded clinically acceptable microleakage scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the sealing ability of bonded amalgam restorations using different adhesive materials with different adhesive application methods including amalgam bonding application.Materials and methods: The prepared Class-V cavities were randomly assigned to four application groups of four tested dual-curing dentin adhesives (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus, XP Bond, Xeno IV and Clearfil Liner Bond 2V), dual-curing resin-based cement (Panavia F2.0) and a control group (unlined amalgam). Group 1 adhesives were applied according to the instructions for direct light-curing, Group 2 chemical-curing mode was applied according to the manufacturer’s amalgam bonding instructions. Group 3 adhesives were first applied in light-curing mode, and then amalgam bonding adhesive was applied. Group 4 adhesives were first applied in chemical-curing mode, followed immediately by light-curing mode. After that, amalgam adhesive parts were applied; then, the amalgam was condensed and carved. After storage for 24 h in distilled water at 37 °C, restorations were finished and polished. The teeth were then thermocycled (500 cycles between 5 and 55 °C), and the specimens were examined for microleakage using methylene blue as a marker.Results: Compared to the control group, the adhesive application modes significantly reduced microleakage for both dentin and enamel margins (p < 0.05). In dentin margins of the adhesives tested, Group 4 showed the lowest leakage score. On the enamel margins for Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus and XP Bond, Group 1 showed the highest microleakage (p < 0.05).Conclusion: According to marginal sealing ability and ease of application, Group 2 was recommended for the etch and rinse systems, and Group 4 was also recommended for the self-etch systems under amalgam restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To evaluate quantitatively the marginal microleakage of restorations carried out with self-etching adhesives with or without prior phosphoric enamel acid etching of silorane or methacrylate resin-based composite restorations subjected to thermal cycling. Materials and methods. Forty cavities were prepared at the proximal surface of bovine incisors and randomly divided according to the etching of the enamel and restorative system used. The groups were restored with methacrylate [Adper SE Plus adhesive (3M ESPE) + Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE)] or silorane [Filtek LS adhesive (3M ESPE) + Filtek LS composite (3M ESPE)] restorative systems, light-cured using a LED unit (Bluephase 16i, Vivadent). After restorative procedure and thermocycling (1000 cycles), the specimens were immersed in methylene blue for 2 h. The specimens were triturated and the powder was used for analysis in an absorbance spectrophotometer. Data were statistically analyzed by 2-way ANOVA (alpha = 0.05). Results. No statistical difference between the restorative materials tested with or without previous acid etching of enamel in Class II marginal microleakage was observed ( p > 0.05). Conclusions. The use of acid etching prior to self-etching adhesives did not interfere on the microleakage of methacrylate- or silorane-based restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of different dentine adhesives in delaying the coronal bacterial leakage of Enterococcus faecalis in filled root canals. Materials and methods. Ninety-five lower incisors of patients >65 years of age were instrumented using the ProTaper® system and were irrigated with 1 mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) alternated with 1 mL 17% EDTA between each file change. Final irrigation was performed with 5 mL of 17% EDTA and then flushed with 5 mL of distilled water. The teeth were randomly divided into five experimental groups ( n = 15/group) and one of the following dentine adhesives was applied: (1) AdheSE®; (2) Excite® DSC; (3) Clearfil™ Protect Bond; (4) One Coat 7.0; or (5) Control group without adhesive. After filling the root canals, the samples were mounted on a double chamber device to evaluate the bacterial filtration of E. faecalis during a period of 240 days. The results underwent non-parametric Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and comparisons among groups were done using the Log-Rank test. Results. At 240 days, E. faecalis was detected in samples of all groups in the lower chamber. The highest survival value was obtained by One Coat 7.0, giving statistically significant differences from the other groups, whereas Clearfil™ Protect Bond, AdheSE® and Excite® DSC showed similar behaviours, likewise similar to the Control group. Conclusions. One Coat 7.0 adhesive system provides the longest survival value to delay E. faecalis coronal leakage in filled root canals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To quantify the microleakage on restorations carried out with a two-step etch-and-rise adhesive system and nanofilled composite resin after thermal and mechanical loading cycling. Methods Ninety cavities were prepared on proximal surfaces of incisive teeth, and were randomly divided according to the photoactivation time (10, 20, or 30 s) and light-curing mode (Quartz Tungsten Halogen (QTH) lamps, 450 mW/cm2; Light Emitting Diode (LED) second generation, 1100 mW/cm2; or LED third generation, 700 mW/cm2) of an adhesive system ( n = 10). Following restorative procedures and thermal and mechanical loading cycling, the samples were immersed in Methylene Blue for 2 h. The samples were ground, and the powder was prepared for analysis in an absorbance spectrophotometer. All results were statistically analyzed by anova and Tukey's test at the 5% level of significance. Results There were no significant statistical difference in microleakage between the light-curing mode ( P = 0.1212) and light-curing time ( P = 0.2043). Conclusion Different curing modes and increasing the curing time were not factors that influenced the process of microleakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This in vitro study evaluated and compared the microleakage of three sealers; Endosequence bioceramic (BC) sealer, AH Plus and Epiphany. Materials and Methods: Study was done on 75 extracted human single rooted permanent teeth, which were decoronated and the root canals were instrumented. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n = 25) and obturated by continuous wave condensation technique. Group A: using Endosequence BC, Group B: using AH Plus sealer, Group C: using Resilon Epiphany system. Microleakage was evaluated using dye penetration method. Teeth were split longitudinally and then horizontally markings were made at 2, 4 and 6 mm from the apex. Dye penetration evaluation was done under stereomicroscope (30X magnification). Results: The dye penetration in Group B was more than in Group A and C in both vertical and horizontal directions, suggesting that newly introduced BC sealer and Epiphany sealer sealed the root canal better compared to AH Plus Sealer. Conclusion: Newer root canal sealers seal the root canal better but cannot totally eliminate leakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To explore the feasibility of a 3D-microleakage protocol for the evaluation of various configurations of adhesive-tooth interfaces. Methods Three different kinds of specimens were prepared: (1) a Class-I composite restoration placed without any bonding to maximize gap formation at the interface; (2) a glass-fiber post cemented with a self-adhesive composite cement into a prepared root canal; and (3) inlay MOD composite restorations placed with either a 1-step self-adhesive or a 2-step etch-and-rinse composite cement. After silver-nitrate (AgNO3) infiltration, the specimens were scanned using a Skyscan 1172 X-ray microtomograph (μCT; Skyscan Bruker) at 100kV, 100μA and 7.8-9.5μm resolution. Projection images were reconstructed, after which maximum-intensity projections (MIPs) and 3D-volumetric renderings were produced. For the inlays, an additional conventional stereomicroscopic (SM) microleakage evaluation was accomplished after specimen sectioning. Results MIPs and 3D-renderings from specimens (1) and (2) revealed strongly varying microleakage patterns along the marginal gap/interface. For the specimens of setup (3), the high radiopacity of the 2-step composite cement hindered evaluation of the MIPs. MIP-microleakage patterns along the enamel margin of the restoration cemented with the 1-step composite cement corresponded well to the stereomicroscopic images. Significance The reported μCT-protocol revealed good sensitivity to detect AgNO3 infiltration at the adhesive-tooth interface when considerable microleakage was present. When microleakage was less apparent and spread in a more diffuse pattern, evaluation with μCT was less sensitive compared to stereomicroscopic evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the adhesive performance of three universal bonding systems (selfetch and total-etch protocols) with cuspal deflection and cervical microleakage score. Methods: Fifty-six standardised sound maxillary premolar teeth with uniform mesio-occlusal- distal (MOD) cavities were randomly allocated to six groups. Restoration with resinbased composite (RBC) was performed in conjunction with a universal bonding system facilitated by a quartz-tungsten-halogen light-curing-unit. The dependent variable was the universal bonding protocol (self-etch or total-etch). Buccal and palatal cuspal deflections were recorded at 0, 30, 60 and 180 s post-irradiation using a twin channel deflection measuring gauge. Following restoration, the teeth subjected to 500 thermocycles, immersed in a 0.2% basic fuchsin dye for 24 h, sectioned and examined for cervical microleakage. Results: Comparing between bonding protocol (self-etch or total-etch), a decrease in total cuspal deflection and a concomitant increase in cervical microleakage were evident when employing the total-etch compared with the self-etch protocol for two of the three universal dental adhesives. Conclusions: The 'Adhesion-Decalcification concept' suggests a trend towards 'mild selfetch' adhesives. Differences in adhesive performance (cuspal deflection and cervical microleakage) between the teeth restored using the self-etch or total-etch protocols is suggested to be a result of the pH of the self-etch solutions. 'Mild self-etch' (pH ~ 2.0) adhesives outperformed ultra-mild (pH > 2.5) or strong (pH < 1.5) self-etch solutions. Clinical significance: Poorly performing adhesives could be identified using the cuspal deflection and cervical microleakage protocol reported which could save the complications encountered clinically with Class II RBC restorations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths (SBS), failure modes (adhesive, cohesive, or mixed), and marginal microleakage occurrence of conventional resin (CR)-based, glass ionomer (Gl)-based, and self-adhesive resin (SAR)-based fissure sealants with or without prior phosphoric acid (PA) etching. Fifty extracted premolars were randomly and equally assigned into five groups -Gl:PA+CR, G2:PA+GI, G3:GI, G4:PA+SAR, and G5:SAR. Prior PA etching significantly (p<0.05) increased the SBSs of sealants. Adhesive failure mainly occurred in teeth treated with SAR- or Gl-based fissure sealants, and cohesive failure mainly occurred in PA-etched teeth. Microleakage occurrence differed significantly (p<0.05) among the five groups of treated teeth. We concluded that conditioning of a tooth's enamel surface is crucial to creating strong bonds and leak-free sealing between tooth and fissure sealant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim was to compare the microleakage of resin composite bonded with different adhesive systems in class-II cavities at enamel or dentine margins.Material and methods: 60 extracted human molar teeth received slot cavity preparations on mesial and distal surfaces (mesial cervical margin was prepared in enamel and distal in dentine). They were randomly divided into five groups (n = 12) according to the adhesive system: Group-A: Silorane Bond (S), Group-B: Adper Single Bond 2 (SB), Group-C: Clearfil SE Bond (CSE), Group-D: Single Bond Universal (USel) (selective etch-and-rinse), Group-E: Single Bond Universal (USE) (all-in-one). The preparations were restored using the same resin composite (Filtek Ultimate) except Group A which was restored by Silorane composite. The teeth were thermocycled, immersed in dye, sectioned, and dye penetration was evaluated quantitatively using image analysis. The data were analyzed using the two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni test.Results: In all groups, there was no statistically significant difference between enamel margins at occlusal and gingival sites (p > 0.05). The statistical difference between Group-A (S) and Group-B (SB) was significant at all margins. Group-B (SB) presented the greatest microleakage amounts at all margins and the highest scores were obtained in the dentine. Likewise, SB demonstrated statistically significant differences between dentine and enamel margins (occlusal and gingival)(p < 0.05).Conclusion: All adhesive systems showed similar microleakage values between enamel margins in occlusal and gingival regions. However, when the gingival margin is located in the dentine, etch&rinse adhesive systems may not be a choice in terms of microleakage prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of adhesive systems on microleakage in endodontically treated teeth restored with glass fiber posts was studied. Forty carious and crack-free premolars were prepared using a stepback technique and obturated with gutta-percha. The endodontically treated roots were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10). Glass fiber posts cemented following adhesive luting agents; group 1: All Bond 3/Duo Link (ALB/DL), group 2: One-Step Plus/Duo-Link (OSP/DL), group 3: Panavia F 2.0/Panavia ED Primer II (PAN/ED), and group 4: Rely X Unicem (RU). All specimens were thermal cycled and stored in basic fuchsin solution for one week. The roots were sectioned horizontally into three sections: apical, middle, and coronal. The occlusal direction of each section was digitally photographed under a stereomicroscope. Dye penetration area was calculated as the basic fuchsin infiltrated surface divided by total dentin. The data were statistically analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests (α = 0.05). The mean area measurements were ranged between 0 and 3.7357. According to the Mann–Whitney U test, there was no significant difference among the groups and sections (p > 0.05). Intragroup comparisons showed a significant difference between coronal-apical and middle-coronal sections in Panavia group (p = 0.043) by Wilcoxon Signed Test. It was found that there was no significant difference among four groups and the apical, coronal, and middle sections. The only difference was found for the group of PAN/ED between coronal-apical and coronal-middle sections. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]