21 results on '"Tegel, Willy"'
Search Results
2. Global tree-ring response and inferred climate variation following the mid-thirteenth century Samalas eruption
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Büntgen, Ulf, Smith, Sylvie Hodgson, Wagner, Sebastian, Krusic, Paul, Esper, Jan, Piermattei, Alma, Crivellaro, Alan, Reinig, Frederick, Tegel, Willy, Kirdyanov, Alexander, Trnka, Mirek, and Oppenheimer, Clive
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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3. Effects of sample size in dendroclimatology
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Büntgen, Ulf, Tegel, Willy, Heussner, Karl-Uwe, Hofmann, Jutta, Kontic, Raymond, Kyncl, Tomáš, and Cook, Edward R.
- Published
- 2012
4. Regional Patterns of Late Medieval and Early Modern European Building Activity Revealed by Felling Dates
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Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier, Seim, Andrea, Tegel, Willy, Krusic, Paul J., Baittinger, Claudia, Belingard, Christelle, Bernabei, Mauro, Bonde, Niels, Borghaerts, Paul, Couturier, Yann, Crone, Anne, van Daalen, Sjoerd, Daly, Aoife, Doeve, Petra, Domínguez-Delmás, Marta, Edouard, Jean-Louis, Frank, Thomas, Ginzler, Christian, Grabner, Michael, Gschwind, Friederike M., Haneca, Kristof, Hansson, Anton, Herzig, Franz, Heussner, Karl-Uwe, Hofmann, Jutta, Houbrechts, David, Kaczka, Ryszard J., Kolář, Tomáš, Kontic, Raymond, Kyncl, Tomáš, Labbas, Vincent, Lagerås, Per, Le Digol, Yannick, Le Roy, Melaine, Leuschner, Hanns Hubert, Linderson, Hans, Ludlow, Francis, Marais, Axel, Mills, Coralie M., Neyses-Eiden, Mechthild, Nicolussi, Kurt, Perrault, Christophe, Pfeifer, Klaus, Rybníček, Michal, Rzepecki, Andreas, Schmidhalter, Martin, Seifert, Mathias, Shindo, Lisa, Spyt, Barbara, Susperregi, Josué, Svarva, Helene Løvstrand, Thun, Terje, Walder, Felix, Ważny, Tomasz, Werthe, Elise, Westphal, Thorsten, Wilson, Rob, Büntgen, Ulf, AHM (FGw), Krusic, Paul [0000-0001-5358-9697], Buentgen, Ulf [0000-0002-3821-0818], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, University of St Andrews. School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, and University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
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felling dates ,Archeology ,Felling dates ,History ,Dendrochronology ,Historical demography ,History and Archaeology ,SDG 16 - Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions ,dendrochronology ,Ecology and Evolution ,Geology ,CC Archaeology ,E-DAS ,cultural heritage ,CC ,historical demography ,archeology ,Cultural heritage ,Geologi ,history ,Dendroarchaeology ,Historia och arkeologi ,dendroarchaeology - Abstract
FCL and AS were supported by the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet, grant no. 2018-01272). FCL conducted the work with this article as a Pro Futura Scientia XIII Fellow funded by the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study through Riksbankens Jubileumsfond. WT was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, TE 613/3-1). AD received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 677152). AH was supported by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (grant no. IN20-0026). MD-D was funded by the Dutch Research Council (Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, grant no. 016.Veni.195.502). TK, MR, and UB were supported the SustES project – “Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions” (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797). LS was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy – EXC 2150 ROOTS – 390870439. FL was supported by a European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant (4-OCEANS; grant agreement no. 951649) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. Although variations in building activity are a useful indicator of societal well-being and demographic development, historical datasets for larger regions and longer periods are still rare. Here, we present 54,045 annually precise dendrochronological felling dates from historical construction timber from across most of Europe between 1250 and 1699 CE to infer variations in building activity. We use geostatistical techniques to compare spatiotemporal dynamics in past European building activity against independent demographic, economic, social and climatic data. We show that the felling dates capture major geographical patterns of demographic trends, especially in regions with dense data coverage. A particularly strong negative association is found between grain prices and the number of felling dates. In addition, a significant positive association is found between the number of felling dates and mining activity. These strong associations, with well-known macro-economic indicators from pre-industrial Europe, corroborate the use of felling dates as an independent source for exploring large-scale fluctuations of societal well-being and demographic development. Three prominent examples are the building boom in the Hanseatic League region of northeastern Germany during the 13th century, the onset of the Late Medieval Crisis in much of Europe c. 1300, and the cessation of building activity in large parts of central Europe during armed conflicts such as the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648 CE). Despite new insights gained from our European-wide felling date inventory, further studies are needed to investigate changes in construction activity of high versus low status buildings, and of urban versus rural buildings, and to compare those results with a variety of historical documentary sources and natural proxy archives. Publisher PDF
- Published
- 2022
5. Du Bronze final au Hallstatt : nouveaux éléments sur les occupations en Champagne crayeuse
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Desbrosse, Vincent, Riquier, Vincent, Bonnabel, Lola, Le Goff, Isabelle, Saurel, Marion, Vanmoerkerke, Jan, Bevilacqua, Roberta, Bocquillon, Hervé, Culot, Sylvie, Degobertière, Stéphanie, Dugois, Frédéric, Durost, Raphaël, Friboulet, Muriel, Garénaux, Vincent, and Tegel, Willy
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dendrochronologie ,Bronze Age ,HD ,funéraire ,Iron Age ,dendrochronology ,burial ,occupations domestiques ,âge du Fer ,âge du Bronze ,14C ,Archaeology ,vallée du Rhône ,rural settlements ,Dry Champagne ,SOC003000 ,Champagne crayeuse - Abstract
Au cours des vingt dernières années, le développement de l’archéologie préventive en Champagne crayeuse a permis la fouille d’occupations de la fin de l’âge du Bronze et du début de l’âge du Fer, période auparavant uniquement connue par les tombes. Des avancées ont été faites dans le domaine funéraire. Par ailleurs, les évolutions les plus nettes concernent le nombre de données et la compréhension des sites domestiques. La diversité de ces dernières commence à être perçue. Les sites délimités par un enclos palissadé, découverts depuis 2000, en sont sans doute l’aspect le plus novateur. During the last two decades, the growth of preventive archaeology in the “dry Champagne” involves the digging of many sites from the transition between Bronze Age and Iron Age, period primarily known only by burials. Progress has been done in the field of burials, but the clearest developments have concerned the understanding of rural settlements. The variety of their pattern begins to be realized. Sites delineated by a fenced enclosure, discovered since 2000, are doubtlessly the most original form of it.
- Published
- 2020
6. De grès et de chêne : l'enceinte néolithique de La Villeneuve-au-Châtelot (Aube), « Les Communes - La Pièce des Quarante ». Exploitation et mise en oeuvre des ressources
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Donnart, Klet, Tegel, Willy, Muigg, Bernhard, Ferrier, Antoine, Ravry, Delphine, Pescher, Benoît, Fronteau, Gilles, Fronteau, Gilles, and Montoya C., Fagnart J.-P., Locht J.-L.
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Dendrochronology ,[SHS.ARCHEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory ,Enclosure ,Dendrochronologie ,[SDU.STU.PE] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography ,Néolithique récent ,Reuse ,Enceinte ,Palissade ,Aube ,Palisade ,Grinding tools ,Réemploi ,Late Neolithic ,Architecture ,Instruments de mouture - Abstract
The Neolithic enclosure of “Les Communes – La Pièce des Quarante” is located at La Villeneuve-au-Châtelot, Aube dép. (France). It stands out with an exceptional preservation of wooden posts and a concentration of hundreds of stones, including reused ground stone tools. This site has been discovered through a quarry extension project on the Seine floodplain. The excavations are not achieved yet, three sectors have been dug from 2013 to 2015, covering a total surface of 6.5 ha. The enclosure is made of one narrow palisade ditch, divided in sections leaving few entrances of various types. Identified on its south-western part, the site may stand on several dozen hectares. The inner part has not been much excavated and seems empty, no settlement linked to the enclosure has been found for now. Except for ground stone tools and wooden post bases, few archaeological finds has been discovered.These posts, made of oak (Quercus spp.), provide a dendrochronological dating at 3,232 BC. Most of them (164) are tangentially split, 28 are radially split, 14 are semi-circularly split and only 4 complete logs are present. The tangential split is harder to implement than the radial split and requires high quality trees, but this technique provides the best planks for construction. Inner face of split trunks is always located on the outer side of the palisade, providing a flat facade to the enclosure. Some post bases reveal various types of notches which probably have a function in the transport or construction techniques. Several planks are split in a single tree. Cross-checking reveals that the studied sample comes from at least 60 trees. They have slowly grown in two different forests and both were primary forests.The ditch 1015 is the only one that contains blocking stones. Their study on “phase 2A” excavation shows that their presence depends on the substrate composition: they are absent in the clay and present in the sand or gravel. More blocking stones are also present in the two “omega” entrances, showing that the architecture was reinforced there. Most of the blocking stones are made of various facies of local sandstone, in different proportions for rough blocks and ground stone tools fragments. On the 1,243 studied stones, 534 are ground stone tools fragments. A refitting campaign is ongoing to get the rough fragments coming from ground stone tools. The reuse of ground stone tools as building material is a major practice on this site. Although, all these tools have been deliberately broken by burning. Including those from “phase 1A”, 612 ground stone tools fragments have been found in ditch 1,015. Most of them are querns (491 fragments), 42 are grinders, 30 are polishers; the rest are undetermined grinding tools and a few other tools (hammerstones, crushing slabs…). The firsts refittings show that the number of complete querns is about a hundred, so these tools are really over-represented and purposely chosen. Some querns slightly worn could have been used longer. They were probably not abandoned when they were broken to be reused in the palisade. The collection can be considered chronologically homogeneous. The presence of “basin querns”, usually dated of the third millennium BC, has to be noticed. The destruction of usable tools may have had economical consequences on the community who owned them. This and the systematic breaking suggests the symbolic purpose of the reuse.Although the meaning of this practice is unknown, it gives a particular status to the enclosure. Its large size contrasts with the simplicity of its architecture, but the preserved wooden posts reveals its monumentality. A large population had to be involved in this construction, but the apparent emptiness of the enclosure and its narrow entrances does not indicate a settlement. A local analysis could bring some clues : less than 1 km toward west, contemporary sites of “Le Gué Dehan” and “Le Haut de Launoy” at Pont-sur-Seine constitutes a group of houses in a causewayed enclosure. Palisade enclosure of “Les Communes – La Pièce des Quarante” could be related to these sites. A regional problematic also appears. This territory is a geographic and cultural crossroads densely occupied since the Middle Neolithic, with large Late Neolithic settlements around Pont-sur-Seine. Therefore, the ongoing researches on the enclosure of “Les Communes – La Pièce des Quarante” should improve our knowledge about regional Neolithic., Une enceinte palissadée du Néolithique récent a été fouillée à l’occasion d’un projet d’extension de carrière sur la commune de La Villeneuve-au-Châtelot (Aube), elle se distingue par la conservation exceptionnelle des matériaux organiques et une concentration localisée de plusieurs centaines de blocs de grès. Bien que fouillée très partiellement, cette enceinte semble couvrir une superficie de plusieurs dizaines d’hectares. La structure est simplement constituée d’un étroit fossé palissadé, divisé en plusieurs segments. La découverte d’une série d’environ 300 bases de poteaux sur plus de 400 m linéaire de fossé documente l’exploitation des ressources forestières ainsi que le travail du bois. Des chênes ont été sélectionnés pour leur qualité dans une forêt primaire, puis fendus en madriers. Ceux-ci ont été disposés jointivement dans la palissade, de manière à former une surface continue. La mise en forme des pièces de bois est parfois relativement élaborée, avec des encoches de types variés à la base des poteaux. La dendrochronologie confirme la contemporanéité des différents segments de la palissade et date son érection de 3232 av. J.-C. L’étude des blocs de calage en grès lie leur présence à la nature du substrat et révèle un ancrage plus fort au niveau de deux entrées. Parmi ces blocs sont réemployés de nombreux macro-outils, surtout des meules. Ils ont été systématiquement fracturés au feu et beaucoup semblent ne pas avoir été à l’état d’abandon avant cette destruction. Cet acte est plus qu’une simple récupération opportuniste et a pu avoir des conséquences socio-économiques. Cela révèle le statut particulier de cette enceinte, bien que sa fonction demeure inconnue. De plus, sa proximité avec des sites importants à Pont-sur-Seine soulève la problématique territoriale, avec une concentration de population au Néolithique récent et de probables complémentarités entre sites contemporains.
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- 2019
7. Tree rings reveal signs of Europe's sustainable forest management long before the first historical evidence.
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Muigg, Bernhard, Skiadaresis, Georgios, Tegel, Willy, Herzig, Franz, Krusic, Paul J., Schmidt, Uwe E., and Büntgen, Ulf
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TREE-rings ,FOREST management ,COPPICE forests ,SUSTAINABLE forestry ,OAK ,DENDROCHRONOLOGY - Abstract
To satisfy the increasing demand for wood in central Europe during medieval times, a new system of forest management was developed, one far superior to simple coppicing. The adoption of a sophisticated, Coppice-with-Standards (CWS) management practice created a two-storey forest structure that could provide fuelwood as well as construction timber. Here we present a dendrochronological study of actively managed CWS forests in northern Bavaria to detect the radial growth response to cyclical understorey harvesting in overstorey oaks (Quercus sp.), so-called standards. All modern standards exhibit rapid growth releases every circa 30 years, most likely caused by regular understorey management. We further analyse tree-ring width patterns in 2120 oak timbers from historical buildings and archaeological excavations in southern Germany and north-eastern France, dating between 300 and 2015 CE, and succeeded in identifying CWS growth patterns throughout the medieval period. Several potential CWS standards even date to the first millennium CE, suggesting CWS management has been in practice long before its first mention in historical documents. Our dendrochronological approach should be expanded routinely to indentify the signature of past forest management practices in archaeological and historical oak wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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8. Illuminating Intcal During the Younger Dryas.
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Reinig, Frederick, Sookdeo, Adam, Esper, Jan, Friedrich, Michael, Guidobaldi, Giulia, Helle, Gerhard, Kromer, Bernd, Nievergelt, Daniel, Pauly, Maren, Tegel, Willy, Treydte, Kerstin, Wacker, Lukas, Büntgen, Ulf, and Reimer, Paula J.
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RADIOCARBON dating ,TREE-rings ,DENDROCHRONOLOGY ,CLIMATE change ,HOLOCENE Epoch - Abstract
As the worldwide standard for radiocarbon (
14 C) dating over the past ca. 50,000 years, the International Calibration Curve (IntCal) is continuously improving towards higher resolution and replication. Tree-ring-based14 C measurements provide absolute dating throughout most of the Holocene, although high-precision data are limited for the Younger Dryas interval and farther back in time. Here, we describe the dendrochronological characteristics of 1448 new14 C dates, between ~11,950 and 13,160 cal BP, from 13 pines that were growing in Switzerland. Significantly enhancing the ongoing IntCal update (IntCal20), this Late Glacial (LG) compilation contains more annually precise14 C dates than any other contribution during any other period of time. Thus, our results now provide unique geochronological dating into the Younger Dryas, a pivotal period of climate and environmental change at the transition from LG into Early Holocene conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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9. Les tours des Cigognes ou Ribeauvillé (Haut-Rhin) face à la menace bourguignonne (vers 1475)
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Werlé, Maxime, Seiller, Maurice, and Tegel, Willy
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dendrochronologie ,Elsass ,loophole ,tower ,dendrochronology ,city enclosure ,tour ,Stadtmauer ,Alsace ,enceinte urbaine ,archère-canonnière ,Bogen-Kanonenscharte ,meurtrière ,Schießscharte ,keyhole embrasure ,Middle Ages ,Turm ,Mittelalter - Abstract
L’étude archéologique des deux tours des Cigognes à Ribeauvillé a été conçue comme une opportunité d’accroître nos connaissances sur l’une des dernières campagnes de renforcement du système défensif médiéval de cette ville et de résoudre la question de sa datation. L’analyse des murs, des planchers et de la charpente d’une des deux tours a ainsi permis de mieux appréhender ses caractéristiques architecturales (plan et structure, matériaux et techniques de construction) et son mode de fonctionnement initial (accès, distribution verticale, usage des espaces et des postes de tir). Par ailleurs, les indices de datation fournis par l’expertise dendrochronologique des bois d’œuvre suggèrent que le contexte historique régional de la construction des tours est celui de la guerre de Bourgogne (automne 1474-janvier 1477). Les données archéologiques et chronologiques ouvrent in fine la voie à une réflexion sur l’usage défensif et sur la valeur militaire des tours, par une restitution du plan de tir de l’ouvrage et par un essai d’identification des armes à feu correspondant aux types de meurtrières mises en œuvre. The purpose of the archaeological study of the two Tours des Cigognes in Ribeauvillé was to further our knowledge about one of the last projects to strengthen the medieval defences of the town and to decide on its dating. Analysis of the walls, floors and roof structure of one of the towers provided an opportunity for a better understanding of its architecture (plan and structure, building materials and techniques) and how it was initially used (access, vertical distribution, use of spaces and firing placements). Dendrochronology of the structure suggests that the towers were constructed around the time of Burgundian Wars (autumn 1474–January 1477). Archaeological and chronological data offer an understanding of the field of fire and help to identify the weapons that corresponded to the types of embrasures and loopholes built. Die archäologische Studie von zwei Türmen, den Tours des Cigognes in Ribeauvillé, bot Gelegenheit, unsere Kenntnis einer der letzten Phasen der Verstärkung des mittelalterlichen Verteidigungssystems dieser Stadt zu bereichern und die Frage nach deren Datierung zu beantworten. Die Analyse der Mauern, der Holzfußböden und des Tragwerkes eines der beiden Türme hat es ermöglicht, seine Architektur (Grundriss und Struktur, Materialien und Bautechniken) sowie seine ursprüngliche Funktionsweise (Zugang, vertikale Raumaufteilung, Nutzung der Räume und der Schützenstände) besser zu erfassen. Im Übrigen legen die dendrochronologischen Daten der Bauholzanalysen nahe, dass der Bau der Türme mit den Burgundischen Kriegen (Herbst 1474 - Januar 1477) in Zusammenhang steht. Durch die Rekonstruktion des Schießplans des Bauwerks und den Versuch die dem Typ der Schießscharten entsprechenden Feuerwaffen zu identifizieren, öffnen die archäologischen und chronologischen Daten schlussendlich den Weg zur einer Reflexion über die defensive Rolle der Türme und ihre militärische Bedeutung.
- Published
- 2014
10. Erste dendrochronologische Datierungen historischer H��lzer in Albanien
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Westphal, Thorsten, Tegel, Willy, Heu��ner, Karl-Uwe, Lera, Petrika, and Rittershofer, Karl-Friedrich
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Feuchtbodenarch��ologie ,Ikonen ,Albanien ,Dendrochronologie ,icons ,Albania ,dendrochronology ,churches ,wetland archaeology ,Kirchen - Abstract
Arch��ologischer Anzeiger, 2. Halbband 2010, Die dendrochronologischen Untersuchungen wurden haupts��chlich an H��lzern aus der Region Kor��a im S��dosten Albaniens vorgenommen. Die Proben stammen von rezenten B��umen, aus Kirchen, Profangeb��uden, von Ikonen sowie von Pf��hlen pr��historischer Seeufersiedlungen vom Gro��en Prespasee und von der makedonischen Seite des Ohridsees. Die Mehrheit der insgesamt 564 Proben stammt von Nadelb��umen, insbesondere Schwarzkiefern (Pinus nigra), Bergkiefern (Pinus heldreichii), Tannen (Abies sp.) und in pr��historischer Zeit auch Wacholder (Juniperus sp.). Laubh��lzer wie Buchen (Fagus sp.) und Eichen (Quercus sp.) konnten bislang nur in weitaus geringerem Umfang beprobt werden. Die Proben erm��glichten den Aufbau von Jahrringmittelwertserien aus dem Neolithikum (6. Jt.), der Mittelbronzezeit (3. Jt.) sowie aus Mittelalter und Neuzeit. Absolute Datierungen gelangen vorerst nur f��r Holzfunde der letzten 1000 Jahre. Bisher konnten 219 Jahrringserien von 36 Ikonen und sieben Geb��uden datiert werden. Au��erdem werden Aspekte von Klimageschichte, Bau- und Kunstgeschichte sowie historische Waldnutzungsformen angesprochen. Die Weiterf��hrung dieser Untersuchungen tr��gt wesentlich zum Aufbau absolutchronologischer Zeitger��ste im Raum s��dlich und s��d��stlich der Alpen bei.
- Published
- 2014
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11. Rapid 14C excursion at 3372-3371 BCE not observed at two different locations.
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Timothy Jull, A. J., Panyushkina, Irina P., Molnár, Mihály, Varga, Tamás, Wacker, Lukas, Brehm, Nicolas, Laszló, Elemér, Baisan, Chris, Salzer, Matthew W., and Tegel, Willy
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TREE-rings ,COSMOGENIC nuclides ,DENDROCHRONOLOGY - Abstract
B Arising from b Wang et al. I Nature Communications i https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01698-8 (2017) Excursions in the carbon-14 ( SP 14 sp C) record measured in tree rings are attributed to various high energy but short-lived cosmic effects[1]-[7]. Here we attempt to reproduce this event in tree rings of an absolutely dated bristlecone pine specimen ( I Pinus longaeva i ) from the White Mountains, USA and a subfossil oak ( I Quercus i sp.) from the Moselle River Valley, France. Miyake et al.[2]-[4] were the first to study the annual signal of SP 14 sp C in tree rings to reveal annual excursions, which were much larger than those observable in the decadally resolved international radiocarbon calibration curve (IntCal20)[11]. Wang et al.[8] state that they used traditional cross-dating and correlated the wingnut rings with a master chronology of tree-ring widths from California downloaded from the International Tree-Ring Data Bank. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2021
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12. The Gallo-Roman villa of Grigy in Metz (1st c. AD-5th c. AD): functional characterizations of structures and identification of artisanal activities
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Brkojewitsch, Gael, Marquié, Sandrine, Daoulas, Geneviève, Remor de Oliveira, Guilherme, Jouanin, Gaëtan, Garnier, Nicolas, Brunet, Michaël, Sedlbauer, Simon, Tegel, Willy, Cantin, Nadia, THIRION-MERLE, Valérie, Coquet, Nicolas, Metz Métropole, Centre de Recherche Archéologique de la Vallée de l'Oise (CRAVO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Laboratoire Nicolas Garnier, Université de Fribourg, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, IRAMAT-Centre de recherche en physique appliquée à l’archéologie (IRAMAT-CRP2A), Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Archéologie et Archéométrie (ArAr), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2), and Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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dendrochronologie ,[SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory ,ceramic ,[SHS.RELIG] Humanities and Social Sciences/Religions ,deposit ,ensemble funéraire ,basin ,faune ,bassin ,plant macro-remains ,fusaïole ,spindle whorl ,fauna ,céramique ,[SHS.ARCHI]Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management ,craft ,[SHS.ARCHEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory ,dendrochronology ,cuve ,pratique funéraire ,artisanat ,macrorestes ,[SHS.RELIG]Humanities and Social Sciences/Religions ,Divodurum ,Mediomatrici ,[SHS.HIST] Humanities and Social Sciences/History ,dépôt ,végétaux ,villa ,tank ,Médiomatriques ,[SHS.ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management ,[SHS.HIST]Humanities and Social Sciences/History ,funerary structure - Abstract
In 2011, an archaeology investigation enabled the identification of a whole Gallo-Roman villa, its outbuildings and its linked facilities during the extension of a commercial activity zone, to the south-east of Metz, in the Grigy area. This paper briefly describes the geographical and archaeological situation, and introduces the general organization of the site. Then, the archaeological description of the buildings is divided into three parts, following chronological considerations: the overview of the Protohistoric buildings, of a funerary early Gallo-Roman structure and finally, the remains of the villa, in two subsections regarding the pars urbana and the pars rustica. The very well preserved amenities found in the pars rustica courtyard – three wooden tanks and a basin with a wooden floor – suggest some craft activities. We finally focus on the identification of this/these activity/ties with the help of different studies (lead objects, plant macro-remains) and analysis (organic chemistry, mineralogical analysis) to look into several hypothesis: leather, wood or fiber exploitation (tannery, basketry, fabric work). Our interpretation leads to the soaking and retting of plant-fibres. The last part of the paper focuses on the successive chronological phases, taking into account the results of the pottery’s study, on the basis of absolute datings (radiometry, dendrochronology). The occupation is thus divided into four stages, suggesting that the villa was founded in the last quarter of the 1st c. BC, then dismantled and deserted between the end of the 4th c. and the start of the 5th c. AD., Une opération archéologique (2011) a permis la reconnaissance intégrale d’une villa gallo-romaine, de ses annexes et des infrastructures connexes. La découverte a été réalisée à l’occasion de l’extension d’une zone d’activité commerciale, au sud-est de Metz, dans le quartier de Grigy. L’article décrit brièvement la situation géographique et l’environnement archéologique avant de faire une présentation générale de l’organisation du site. Ensuite, la description archéologique des structures se divise en trois parties qui suivent une logique chronologique. Elles portent sur la présentation des structures protohistoriques, d’un ensemble funéraire gallo-romain précoce et enfin des vestiges de la villa, envisagés dans deux sous-parties axées respectivement sur la pars urbana et la pars rustica. Les équipements découverts dans la cour de la pars rustica, notamment trois cuves en bois et un bassin à plancher de bois particulièrement bien conservés, suggèrent une activité artisanale. L’accent est porté sur l’identification de cette (ces) activité(s) à la lumière de différentes études (mobilier en plomb, macrorestes végétaux) et analyses (chimie organique, minéralogie). Plusieurs hypothèses sont successivement examinées : l’exploitation du cuir (tannerie), du bois (vannerie, sparterie) et des fibres textiles (foulerie). L’interprétation s’oriente vers le trempage ou le rouissage de fibres végétales. La dernière partie revient sur le phasage chronologique, en y intégrant les principaux résultats de l’étude du mobilier en céramique et en s’appuyant sur des datations absolues (radiométrie, dendrochronologie). L’occupation est ainsi scandée en quatre états qui permettent de proposer une date de fondation de la villa durant le dernier quart du Ier s. av. J.-C. et une période d’abandon et de démantèlement située entre la fin du IVe s. et le début du Ve s. apr. J.-C.
- Published
- 2014
13. Linking European building activity with plague history.
- Author
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Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier, Tegel, Willy, Krusic, Paul J., Seim, Andrea, Gschwind, Friederike M., Haneca, Kristof, Herzig, Franz, Heussner, Karl-Uwe, Hofmann, Jutta, Houbrechts, David, Kontic, Raymond, Kyncl, Tomáš, Leuschner, Hanns Hubert, Nicolussi, Kurt, Perrault, Christophe, Pfeifer, Klaus, Schmidhalter, Martin, Seifert, Mathias, Walder, Felix, and Westphal, Thorsten
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CONSTRUCTION industry , *SOCIAL change , *DEMOGRAPHIC surveys , *ECONOMIC development , *HOLY Roman Empire , *SOCIAL history - Abstract
Abstract Variations in building activity reflect demographic, economic and social change during history. Tens of thousands of wooden constructions in Europe have been dendrochronologically dated in recent decades. We use the annually precise evidence from a unique dataset of 49 640 tree felling dates of historical constructions to reconstruct temporal changes in building activity between 1250 and 1699 CE across a large part of western and central Europe largely corresponding to the former Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Comparison with annual records of 9772 plague outbreaks shows that construction activity was significantly negatively correlated to the number of plague outbreaks, with the greatest decrease in construction following the larger outbreaks by three to four years after the start of the epidemics. Preceding the Black Death (1346–1353 CE) by five decades and the Great Famine (1315–1322 CE) by two decades, a significant decline in construction activity at c. 1300 CE is indicative of a societal crisis, associated with population stagnation or decline. Another dramatic decline in building activity coincides with the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648 CE) and confirms the devastating nature of this conflict. While construction activity was significantly lower during periods of high grain prices, no statistically robust relationship between the number of felling dates and past temperature or hydroclimate variations is found. This study demonstrates the value of dendrochronological felling dates as an indicator for times of crisis and prosperity during periods when documentary evidence is limited. Highlights • Reconstructing European building activity 1250–1699 CE from 49 640 tree felling dates. • Lower building activity coincided with more plague outbreaks and higher grain prices. • Reduced building activity during the Late Medieval Crisis (c. 1300–1415 CE). • Unprecedented decline in European building activity during the Thirty Years' War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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14. Les sites protohistoriques d’Erstein « Grasweg-PAE » (Alsace, Bas-Rhin) : l’occupation Rhin-Suisse-France-Orientale
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Croutsch, Christophe, Tegel, Willy, Nicolas, Théophane, Pascutto, Émilie, Leprovost, Céline, Billot, Magalie, Gratuze, Bernard, Logel, Thierry, and Putelat, Olivier
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dendrochronologie ,Glasperlen ,Elsass ,Metallgegenstände ,Spätbronzezeit ,dendrochronology ,glass beads ,habitat ,pottery ,RSFO ,Alsace ,Keramik ,Siedlung ,perles en verre ,Final Bronze Age ,objets métalliques ,metal objects ,céramique - Abstract
Implanté sur une terrasse lœssique à une trentaine de kilomètres au sud de Strasbourg, le site protohistorique d’Erstein « Grasweg-PAE » connaît des installations humaines depuis la deuxième moitié du IIIe millénaire jusqu’à la première moitié du IXe siècle av. J.-C. au cours de l’étape moyenne du Bronze final. L’occupation RSFO, qui fait l’objet du présent article, se caractérise par la présence d’une dizaine de structures excavées associées à un puits monoxyle dont certains bois sont datés par dendrochronologie des années 1026 et 1010 av. J.-C. En s’appuyant sur ces datations absolues, l’ensemble céramique d’Erstein « Grasweg-PAE » vient compléter les connaissances acquises récemment sur le Bronze final IIIa en Alsace. Outre la céramique, les fosses d’habitat ont livré un mobilier diversifié (objets métalliques, perles en verre…) et un assemblage faunique original, dans lequel la faune chassée occupe une place particulière. Situated on a loessic terrace approximately thirty kilometres to the south of Strasbourg, the protohistoric site of "Grasweg-PAE" Erstein had human settlements from the second half of the 3rd millennium BC until the first half of the 9th century BC, during the middle phase of the Final Bronze Age. The RSFO occupation, which is the focus of this article, is characterised by the presence of ten or so excavated structures linked to a monoxylic shaft of which certain woods have been dated dendrochronologically to the years 1026–1010 BC. If we accept these absolute dates, the set of "Grasweg-PAE" Erstein pottery completes our recently acquired knowledge of the Final Bronze Age IIIa in Alsace. In addition to the pottery, the graves in the habitat have yielded a variety of goods (metal objects, glass beads, etc.) and a novel assortment of fauna, in which hunted animals occupied a special place. Der frühgeschichtliche Fundplatz Erstein „Grasweg-PAE“ liegt auf einer Lößterrasse etwa dreißig Kilometer südlich von Straßburg. Von der zweiten Hälfte des 3. Jt. bis in die erste Hälfte des 9. Jh. v. Chr., war der Platz in der mittleren Phase der Spätbronzezeit besiedelt. Gegenstand des vorliegenden Artikels ist die rheinisch-schweizerisch-ostfranzösische (RSFO) Siedlungsphase. Sie zeichnet sich durch das Vorhandensein von zehn Grubenstrukturen aus, die mit einem aus einem Stamm gearbeiteten Brunnen in Verbindung stehen. Einige mit Wasser durchtränkte Hölzer aus dem Brunnen wurden in die Jahre 1026 und 1010 v. Chr. datiert. Gestützt auf absolute Datierungen ergänzt die Keramik von Erstein „Grasweg-PAE“ die kürzlich erlangten Kenntnisse zur Spätbronzezeit IIIa im Elsass. Neben der Keramik haben die Hausgruben sehr vielfältiges Material geliefert (Metallgegenstände, Glasperlen, …) sowie ein außergewöhnliches Ensemble von Tierknochen, in dem Wild eine besondere Stellung einnimmt.
- Published
- 2012
15. Eneolithic pile dwellings south of the Alps precisely dated with tree-ring chronologies from the north.
- Author
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Čufar, Katarina, Tegel, Willy, Merela, Maks, Kromer, Bernd, and Velušček, Anton
- Abstract
We present dendrochronological dating of Eneolithic pile dwellings on Ljubljansko barje, Slovenia, from the 4th millennium BC, partly included on the UNESCO world heritage list in 2011. Samples of oak ( Quercus sp.) timbers from the posts on which the dwellings were built have been collected over the past 20 years. They have been dendrochronologically cross-dated and (pre) dated by 14 C wiggle-matching. We describe the construction of a 442-year chronology BAR-3330 based on 106 cross-dated tree-ring series of wood from six pile-dwelling sites. Comparison of BAR-3330 with reference chronologies of more than 500 km distant areas north of the Alps showed that it can be teleconnected and dated with a combined German Swiss chronology. The time span of BAR-3330 was defined in this way as 3771–3330 BC. We were thus able to date exactly building activities on the pile dwellings Strojanova voda (SV), Hočevarica (HO), Maharski prekop (MP), Črešnja pri Bistri (CR), Spodnje mostišče (SM) and Stare gmajne (SG), in which early copper metallurgy played an important role. This is the first dendrochronological dating of prehistoric pile dwellings south of the Alps using reference chronologies from the north based on teleconnection. It provides an opportunity to continue filling the spatial and temporal gaps in the absolute chronology of the 4th millennium BC in the area south and south east of the Alps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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16. Timber Logging in Central Siberia is the Main Source for Recent Arctic Driftwood.
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Hellmann, Lena, Tegel, Willy, Kirdyanov, Alexander V., Eggertsson, Ólafur, Esper, Jan, Agafonov, Leonid, Nikolaev, Anatoly N., Knorre, Anastasia A., Myglan, Vladimir S., Churakova (Sidorova), Olga, Schweingruber, Fritz H., Nievergelt, Daniel, Verstege, Anne, and Büntgen, Ulf
- Subjects
LOGGING ,DRIFTWOOD ,TIMBER rafting ,PINE ,DENDROCHRONOLOGY - Abstract
Recent findings indicated spruce from North America and larch from eastern Siberia to be the dominating tree species of Arctic driftwood throughout the Holocene. However, changes in source region forest and river characteristics, as well as ocean current dynamics and sea ice extent likely influence its spatiotemporal composition. Here, we present 2556 driftwood samples from Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, and the Faroe Islands. A total of 498 out of 969 Pinus sylvestris ring width series were cross-dated at the catchment level against a network of Eurasian boreal reference chronologies. The central Siberian Yenisei and Angara Rivers account for 91% of all dated pines, with their outermost rings dating between 1804 and 1999. Intensified logging and timber rafting along the Yenisei and Angara in the mid-20th century, together with high discharge rates, explain the vast quantity of material from this region and its temporal peak ca. 1960. Based on the combined application of wood-anatomical and dendrochronological techniques on a well-replicated data set, our results question the assumption that Arctic driftwood mainly consists of millennial-old larch and spruce. Nevertheless, data from other species and regions, together with longer boreal reference chronologies, are needed for generating reliable proxy archives at the interface of marine and terrestrial environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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17. Neolithic wood use at the Scheldt river banks in Bouchain (France).
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Leroy, Gilles, Jaouen, Gwénaëlle, Tegel, Willy, Salvador, Pierre-Gil, Boulen, Muriel, Salavert, Aurélie, and Le Digol, Yannick
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WOOD , *RIPARIAN areas , *NEOLITHIC Period , *WOOD waste , *MESOLITHIC Period , *WETLANDS , *FOREST productivity - Abstract
Archaeological sites in wetlands or under waterlogged conditions provide excellent preservation conditions for organic material, particularly wood, and therefore constitute one of the most important prehistoric sources for dendroarchaeological studies available. The site of Bouchain in the North of France, is located on the bank of a palaeochannel close to the Scheldt River, a North Sea tributaty. Regular floods of varying intensity led to formation of peat and waterlogged site conditions, providing vast amounts of wooden artefacts sampled for dendroarchaeological analyses within an interdisciplinary research effort, further involving palynological, malacological and anthracological studies. Here we present a study on a total of 1858 individual wood objects, including architectural elements (posts, stakes and planks), tools and hunting weapons (axe handles, arrow shafts and bows, throwing sticks, slingshot balls), tableware, production waste from woodworking (chips) and finally two log boats. In addition, natural wood residues from peat and alluvial layers have been collected and analysed to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the Neolithic forest vegetation on-site. After an early occupation of the site during the Mesolithic period, the archaeological sequence is placed between the Middle Neolithic and the end of the Late Neolithic (∼4200–2700 BCE). However, the main occupation is in the Late Neolithic, broadly between 3400 BCE and 2950 BCE. The interdisciplinary approach allows to specify the nature of the forest stands on the periphery of the site as riparian forest of alder type, associated with a mixed forest and heliophilous vegetation. The dendroarchaeological investigations enabled precise tree-ring dating and provides important insights into the selection and processing of wood in Neolithic times in the context of weaponry production, shipbuilding and food consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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18. Dendrochronological evidence of cockchafer (Melolontha sp.) outbreaks in subfossil tree-trunks from Tovačov (CZ Moravia).
- Author
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Kolář, Tomáš, Rybníček, Michal, and Tegel, Willy
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DENDROCHRONOLOGY ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL dating ,TREE-rings ,COCKCHAFERS ,DEFOLIATION ,PLANT phenology - Abstract
Abstract: In dendrochronological dating, we encounter the trouble that some samples cannot be dated due to the occurrence of anomalies in the tree-ring series. When dating subfossil wood for the extension of existing master chronologies, this may be an especially unwanted circumstance as subfossil wood is scarce and each sample is valuable. In Moravia (Czech Republic) outbreaks of the cockchafer (Melolontha sp.) used to appear with a disastrous effect on agricultural crops, and, for a dendrochronologist, on samples of wood to be dated. Oak ring width reduction caused by cockchafer induced defoliation can superimpose climate induced growth variations and may complicate dating of historical or subfossil samples. For this study, 33 samples of sub-fossil trunks were assessed; 19 of which were attacked by cockchafer. For comparison, we analysed a total of nine living oak trees from the forest district Strážnice-Vracov, recently attacked by the cockchafer. Occurrence of the cockchafer was reported there in 1999, 2003 and 2007. We found clear growth patterns with cyclic narrow rings every 4 years. This allowed us to create an artificial curve expressing the recurring cycles of cockchafer outbreaks which assisted us in the detection of the same pattern in subfossil tree growth. The tree-ring series of the attacked living oak stand as well as the 19 individual tree-ring series from subfossil oak trunks could not be dated using standard chronologies and showed a high resemblance to the cockchafer life cycle. Additionally, we found out that the living oak stand was attacked in 1983, 1987, 1991 and 1995 as well. The results support the hypothesis that the periodical reduction observed in tree-rings at regular increments is caused by cockchafer infestation. This evidence is further supported by characteristic anatomical features in early wood. A mean tree-ring series was created from the individual tree-ring series of subfossil oaks even though radiocarbon dating showed completely different ages of samples. This means that the affected tree-ring series cannot be used for dendrochronological dating and dendroclimatological analyses. These series cannot be used without preceding mathematical and statistical modification. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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19. Erste dendrochronologische Datierungen historischer Hölzer in Albanien.
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Westphal, Thorsten, Tegel, Willy, Heußner, Karl-Uwe, Lera, Petrika, and Rittershofer, Karl-Friedrich
- Abstract
Copyright of Archaeologischer Anzeiger is the property of Deutsches Archaologisches Institut and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2010
20. Tree rings reveal dry conditions during Charlemagne's Fossa Carolina construction in 793 CE.
- Author
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Muigg, Bernhard, Seim, Andrea, Tegel, Willy, Werther, Lukas, Herzig, Franz, Schmidt, Johannes, Zielhofer, Christoph, Land, Alexander, and Büntgen, Ulf
- Subjects
- *
TREE-rings , *MIDDLE age , *GROWING season , *CONSTRUCTION , *SEVENTEENTH century , *OAK , *DENDROCHRONOLOGY - Abstract
The first navigable canal across the main European watershed in southern Germany was the most ambitious and visionary hydro-engineering project of the Early Middle Ages, known as Charlemagne's Fossa Carolina. Hydrological conditions would have been crucial for both the construction process and subsequent navigability. Written sources specify that heavy rain was a crucial factor for the abandonment of the project in late 793 CE, a few months after digging began. Our understanding of past climate variability in this region is, however, limited by the lack of high-resolution proxy archives. Here, we use annually resolved and absolutely dated ring-width measurements of 2469 drought sensitive oaks (Quercus sp.) from Bavaria, Germany, to reconstruct regional changes in hydroclimate back to 500 CE. Periods of anomalously dry summers occurred from ∼600 to 800, ∼900–1000, ∼1200–1400 and ∼1700–1900 CE, whereas increased humidity characterized the 9th century, High Middle Ages (11th–12th century) and the 17th century CE. Relatively dry conditions during the construction period favoured the building progress of the Fossa Carolina. However, the heavy rain which stopped the project in 793 CE is not reflected in radial oak growth. This is likely related to i) the historically recorded event happened outside the growing season and ii) compared to dry extremes, wet extremes are generally less pronounced in tree-ring width. Nevertheless, our results provide the first local hydroclimate reconstruction covering the entire Early Middle Ages and thus, placing the Fossa Carolina in a long-term high-resolution environmental perspective. • First palaeoclimate study on Charlemagne's attempt to bridge the European watershed. • Dry and favourable conditions persisted during the Fossa Carolina construction. • Tree rings show no evidence of a historically recorded pluvial extreme in 793 CE. • A 1500-year hydroclimate reconstruction is performed on the basis of regional oaks. • Hydroclimatic extreme years from Late Antiquity to the recent period are detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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21. World's oldest dendrochronologically dated archaeological wood construction.
- Author
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Rybníček, Michal, Kočár, Petr, Muigg, Bernhard, Peška, Jaroslav, Sedláček, Radko, Tegel, Willy, and Kolář, Tomáš
- Subjects
- *
ARCHAEOLOGICAL dating , *WOODEN building , *NEOLITHIC Period , *WELL water , *TREE felling - Abstract
In 2018, during the construction of a motorway in the East Bohemian Region near the town of Ostrov (Czech Republic), archaeologists excavated a structure of a wooden water well lining with a square base area of 80 × 80 cm and 140 cm in height. Due to the excellent conservation of the oak timbers, studies of technological details and precise tree-ring dating were possible. The used trees were felled in the years 5256/55 BC, which makes this well the oldest dendrochronologically dated archaeological wooden construction worldwide. It is the third well from the Early Neolithic period that has been discovered in the Czech Republic within the last four years. The design consists of grooved corner posts with inserted planks. This type of construction reveals advanced technical know-how and, till now, is the only known type from this region and time period. Thanks to the combination of annually resolved and absolutely dated tree-ring widths (TRWs), the Czech oak TRW chronology has been significantly extended back to 5481 BC. Wood anatomical identification of fragments from the well filling show mainly oak (Quercus spp.) and hazel (Corylus spp.), indicating a local forest composition dominated by these taxa. The shape of the individual structural elements and tool marks preserved on their surface confirm sophisticated carpentry skills. Based on these observations, we established a model for the "chaîne opératoire" from forest utilization to the final artefact at the beginning of the Early Neolithic period. • The well is the oldest dendrochronologically dated wooden construction in the world (5256/55 BC). • This unique structure of a well is unknown across Europe for the Neolithic period. • The Czech oak TRW chronology has been significantly extended back to 5481 BC. • This study shows that early Neolithic people were very skilled carpenters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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