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Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where "decent" jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid aging of populations around the world presents an unprecedented set of challenges: shifting disease burden, increased expenditure on health and long-term care, labor-force shortages, dissaving, and potential problems with old-age income security. We view longer life spans, particularly longer healthy life spans, as an enormous gain for human welfare. The challenges come from the fact that our current institutional and social arrangements are unsuited for aging populations and shifting demographics; our proposed solution is therefore to change our institutions and social arrangements. The first section of this essay provides a statistical overview of global population aging and its contributing factors. The second section outlines some of the major challenges associated with widespread population aging. Finally, the third section of the essay describes various responses to these challenges, both current and prospective, facing individuals, businesses, institutions, and governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study which examined the microeconomic consequences of the Russian mortality crisis. Life expectancy in Russia during 1990-1995; Demographic structure of the crisis; Cost of illness (COI) in Russia; Theoretical issues associated with the COI method; Economic growth calculation.

Presents information on a study which assessed the demographic implications of the Russian mortality crisis of 1990-1995. Estimation of premature deaths due to mortality crisis; Information on the proposed alternative mortality schedules based on expectations of life at birth during 1959-1985; Number of person-years lost due to mortality crisis; Impact of mortality crisis on the sex ratio in Russia.

Focuses on demographic forecasting. Art and science of demographic forecasting; Demographic perspective on the future; Challenges.

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