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A groundbreaking comparative analysis of three understudied cases of intelligence democratization revealing new insights into main barriers to reform when states transition from authoritarianismReforming the intelligence services is essential when a state transitions from authoritarianism to democracy. But which areas should be reformed, how do we know when there has been real transformation, and how and where do authoritarian legacies persist? Intelligence in Democratic Transitions is a comparative examination of the democratic transitions of Portugal, Greece, and Spain starting in the 1970s. Although these three countries began their transitions around the same time, they present significantly different results. Sofia Tzamarelou discovers that main barriers to reform are legacies of the past and legacy personnel. She does this through the lens of five Security Sector Reform (SSR) indicators: Lustration, Control and Oversight, Recruitment, Targeting and Civil Society. Tzamarelou uses primary sources throughout the study, including governmental documents and legal statutes–such as draft laws, bills and presidential decrees–paired with “outside” primary source reporting, such as analysis reporting by the CIA. She complements this rich primary source material with secondary sources from authors in each country and internationally who specialize in intelligence or who provide historical context.Tzamarelou's unique comparative analysis of intelligence democratization using a common framework–SSR–applied to each country contributes to readers'understanding of why and how some reforms fail and others succeed and how the SSR framework can be used in the intelligence arena.

This edited collection explores the ways in which the 2008/2009 social and economic crisis in Southern Europe affected the interpretation of the transitional past in Spain, Greece and Portugal. Discussing topics such as public memory, Europeanism and uses of the past by grassroots movements, the volume showcases how the crisis challenged consolidated perceptions of the transitions as ‘success stories'. It revisits the dominant historical narratives around Southern European transitions to democracy more than forty years since the demise of authoritarian regimes, bringing together contributors from history, cultural studies, political science and sociology.

El interés de un trabajo como éste radica en la combinación de los tres elementos que se ponen en juego: la instancia histórica, decisiva para entender bien los diferentes procesos de naturaleza constitucional, la instancia comparada, que, en nuestro caso se centra en las relaciones e influencias mutuas entre los dos países vecinos: España y Portugal, y, fi nalmente, la instancia jurídico-constitucional, mediante la cual abrimos una puerta a la contemplación de la historia desde la perspectiva de las diferentes Constituciones. La utilización de estos tres factores nos ayudará a tener una visión integral tanto de la historia constitucional de cada país como de la configuración actual de los dos Estados Constitucionales que son objeto de este estudio. La pluralidad de factores y elementos que se tienen en cuenta considera el Derecho positivo desde una perspectiva abierta que incluye también la referencia a otros aspectos: historia, sustrato ideológico, intereses sociales, políticos y económicos, etcLa historia del constitucionalismo de Portugal y España presenta muchos rasgos comunes y no pocas similitudes. Tanto es así que hay momentos en los que parece que a los dos países les ocurren casi exactamente las mismas cosas. Cambian los nombres, las fechas, los lugares y las circunstancias, pero, más allá del relato histórico concreto, que, naturalmente, es distinto, resulta relativamente fácil identificar algunas líneas de fondo de carácter convergente.