16 results on '"Magalhães, Pedro C."'
Search Results
2. Economic Evaluations, Procedural Fairness, and Satisfaction with Democracy
- Author
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Magalhães, Pedro C.
- Published
- 2016
3. Public Support for Democracy in the United States Has Declined Generationally.
- Author
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Claassen, Christopher and Magalhães, Pedro C
- Subjects
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PUBLIC support , *DEMOCRACY , *GENERATION gap , *YOUTH , *OLDER people , *HUMAN life cycle - Abstract
Support for democracy in the United States, once thought to be solid, has now been shown to be somewhat shaky. One of the most concerning aspects of this declining attachment to democracy is a marked age gap, with younger Americans less supportive of democracy than their older compatriots. Using age-period-cohort analysis of 12 national surveys collected between 1995 and 2019, we show that this age gap is largely a function of a long-term generational decline in support for democracy, with little evidence of an independent life-cycle effect apparent. The combination of generational decline without a positive and counterbalancing life-cycle effect offers a sober prognosis of how support for democracy in the United States might look in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Effective government and evaluations of democracy
- Author
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Claassen, Christopher, Magalhães, Pedro C., and Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa
- Subjects
Government ,Sociology and Political Science ,Corporate governance ,media_common.quotation_subject ,support for democracy ,Violent crime ,healthcare quality ,Democracy ,performance legitimacy ,effective government ,economic performance ,Political economy ,Political science ,Democratic system ,violent crime ,satisfaction with democracy ,media_common - Abstract
Ineffective governance is known to weaken support for governments and leaders. However, it is less clear whether these effects spill over to the regime and erode support for the democratic system. This article returns to this classic question, now using time-series, cross-sectional data to test whether the effectiveness of governments in sustaining economic growth, providing quality healthcare, and tackling violent crime affects popular attitudes to democracy. We find that satisfaction with democracy is driven by fluctuations in economic performance and violent crime (but not healthcare quality). Diffuse support for democracy, in contrast, remains relatively impervious to changes in government effectiveness. Violent crime is the only indicator of effectiveness which has an impact on democratic support, and does so indirectly, via its influence on democratic satisfaction. These findings confirm that democratic support—which, unlike democratic satisfaction, is thought to help sustain democracy—is mostly immune to crises of performance.
- Published
- 2022
5. Do the Rich and the Poor Have Different Conceptions of Democracy? Socioeconomic Status, Inequality, and the Political Status Quo
- Author
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Ceka, Besir, Magalhães, Pedro C., and Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa
- Subjects
Sociology and Political Science ,Inequality ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Political science ,Development economics ,Political status ,Socioeconomic status ,Democracy ,media_common - Abstract
In this study, we investigate how socioeconomic status is related to people's commitment to liberal democracy. Based on sociological and psychological theories of social conflict and dominance, we argue that those who enjoy a more privileged position in the social hierarchy tend to develop stronger preferences for the existing social and political order. Conversely, people in underprivileged positions tend to be less supportive of that order. Hence, we expect the relationship between socioeconomic status and commitment to liberal democracy to be context-specific: positive in liberal democracies but negative in autocracies. Furthermore, we argue that income inequality amplifies these dynamics, widening the gap between low and high status individuals. We test our hypotheses using the fifth wave of the World Value Surveys.
- Published
- 2020
6. Referendum design, quorum rules and turnout
- Author
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Aguiar-Conraria, Luís and Magalhães, Pedro C.
- Published
- 2010
7. Ideological extremism, perceived party system polarization, and support for democracy.
- Author
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Torcal, Mariano and Magalhães, Pedro C.
- Subjects
RADICALISM ,POLARIZATION (Social sciences) ,DEMOCRACY ,PARTISANSHIP - Abstract
Does ideological polarization undermine or strengthen people's principled support for democracy? In this study, we suggest that different manifestations of ideological polarization have different implications in this respect. Using data from 11 surveys conducted with representative samples of the adult populations of a group of liberal democratic countries, part of the Comparative National Elections Project, we look at how people's level of ideological extremism and their perceptions of ideological polarization in their countries' party systems are related with their support for democracy. We show that citizens who hold more extreme ideological positions are indeed less supportive of democracy and that such a negative relationship is strengthened as citizens' extremism increases. However, we also show that the citizens who display higher levels of principled support for democracy are those who perceive parties to be neither too distant nor too close to each other in ideological terms. In other words, while a very polarized partisan supply seems to undermine popular commitment with democracy, very low polarization may have similar consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Portugal’s Leftist Government: From Sick Man to Poster Boy?
- Author
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Fernandes, Jorge, Magalhães, Pedro C., Afonso Santana Pereira Santucci, José António, and Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa
- Subjects
Contract parliamentarism ,021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,Government ,Radical left ,Sociology and Political Science ,Minority governments ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,computer.file_format ,language.human_language ,Democracy ,0506 political science ,Political science ,Cabinet (file format) ,050602 political science & public administration ,language ,Economic history ,Left-wing politics ,Portuguese ,computer ,media_common - Abstract
In 2015, for the first time in the history of Portuguese democracy, radical left parties relinquished their status as outsiders and lent their support to a Socialist Party cabinet. Defying the expectations of many, this government survived its first years. In fact, it did more than survive: while largely fulfilling the interparty agreements that originated it, the government has presided over positive economic developments and even managed to abide by EU budgetary rules. How was this possible? We show that the political solution found, as well as the policies and practices that sustain it, involve a form of a ‘contract parliamentarism’. This solution has allowed the parties to the left of the Socialists to obtain policy benefits without compromising their core identity or significantly hindering the support of their constituents.
- Published
- 2018
9. What are the best quorum rules? A laboratory investigation.
- Author
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Aguiar-Conraria, Luís, Magalhães, Pedro C., and Vanberg, Christoph A.
- Subjects
ELECTIONS ,REFERENDUM ,DEMOCRACY ,DIRECT democracy ,POPULAR vote ,EXPERIMENTS - Abstract
Many political systems with direct democracy mechanisms have adopted rules preventing decisions from being made by simple majority rule. The device added most commonly to majority rule in national referendums is a quorum requirement. The two most common are participation and approval quorums. Such rules are responses to three major concerns: the legitimacy of the referendum outcome, its representativeness, and protection of minorities regarding issues that should demand a broad consensus. Guided by a pivotal voter model, we conduct a laboratory experiment to investigate the performances of different quorums in attaining such goals. We introduce two main innovations in relation to previous work on the topic. First, part of the electorate goes to the polls out of a sense of civic duty. Second, we test the performances of a different quorum, the rejection quorum, recently proposed in the literature. We conclude that, depending on the preferred criterion, either the approval or the rejection quorum is the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. The 2019 Portuguese general elections.
- Author
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Fernandes, Jorge M. and Magalhães, Pedro C.
- Subjects
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ELECTIONS , *SOCIALISTS , *POLITICAL parties , *DEMOCRACY , *POPULIST parties (Politics) - Abstract
The 2019 Portuguese general elections have led to the formation of another minority government of the Socialist Party. Right-wing parties suffered a resounding defeat. The election had two key consequences. First, after four years of contract parliamentarism with an extreme-left party, the Socialists returned to their historical position of pivotal party in the system. Socialist leader Costa refused to replicate alliances with parties to his left. Second, the 2019 election witnessed the emergence of three new parties, Chega, Iniciativa Liberal and Livre. The election of Chega marks a watershed moment in Portuguese democratic history, as for the first time an extreme-right populist party has gained representation in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Procedural Fairness, the Economy, and Support for Political Authorities.
- Author
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Magalhães, Pedro C. and Aguiar‐Conraria, Luís
- Subjects
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DECISION making , *POLITICAL participation , *DEMOCRACY , *FAIRNESS - Abstract
A vast literature in social and organizational psychology suggests that support for authorities is driven both by the outcomes they deliver to people and by the extent to which they employ fair decision making processes. Furthermore, some of that literature describes a process‐outcome interaction, through which the effect of outcome favorability is reduced as process fairness increases. However, very few studies have been conducted to determine whether such interaction is also present in the explanation of support for political authorities. Here, we start by analyzing whether individual perceptions of the political system's procedural fairness moderate the well‐known individual‐level relationship between perceived economic performance and government approval. Then, we explore the implications of such process‐outcome interaction to the phenomenon of "economic voting," testing whether impartiality in governance moderates the effect of objective economic performance on aggregate incumbent parties' support. In both cases, we show that the interaction between processes and outcomes seems to extend beyond the organizational contexts where it has been previously observed, with important implications for the study of political support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Government survival in semi-presidential regimes.
- Author
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FERNANDES, JORGE M. and MAGALHÃES, PEDRO C.
- Subjects
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DEMOCRACY , *SEMI-presidential system , *REPRESENTATIVE government , *EXECUTIVE power , *LEGISLATIVE bodies , *CABINET system - Abstract
As semi-presidentialism has become increasingly common in European democracies, so have the debates about the consequences of several of its political and institutional features. In particular, in those regimes, cohabitation between presidents and cabinets of different parties and cabinet dismissal powers on the part of presidents are thought to be a source of inter-branch conflict and government instability. However, so far, most empirical work on government survival has failed to confirm any of these expectations. This article addresses this disjuncture between theory and empirical results by making a twofold contribution. First, it takes into account the internal diversity within semi-presidentialism, modeling the implications for government survival of different configurations between presidential powers' of cabinet dismissal, parliament dissolution and cohabitation in European semi-presidential systems. Second, it reconsiders traditional government survival using the competing risks framework by adding a distinction between two different types of non-electoral replacement: those where replacements imply a change in the party of the prime minister and those where they do not. Once such an approach is adopted, that presidential powers of parliamentary dissolution and cabinet dismissal indeed emerge as highly relevant for explaining government survival in these regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Sovereign Debt and Governance Failures: Portuguese Democracy and the Financial Crisis.
- Author
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de Sousa, Luís, Magalhães, Pedro C., and Amaral, Luciano
- Subjects
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PUBLIC opinion , *DEMOCRACY , *AUSTERITY , *PORTUGUESE people , *EUROPEAN Sovereign Debt Crisis, 2009-2018 , *POLITICAL participation , *TWENTIETH century , *ECONOMIC policy ,PORTUGUESE economy ,PORTUGUESE politics & government - Abstract
International economic crises are critical periods for any political regime. The 2008 global financial crisis brought to the surface several weak spots in the institutional performance of various southern European democracies. Portugal was no exception. Government attempts to tackle its negative externalities through a series of austerity measures did not prove successful on various grounds. Poor scoring in the economy generated social unrest. This article tries to assess the reaction of the Portuguese citizenry to the symptoms of failure in economic governance, particularly in what concerns their attitudes vis-à-vis the political realm by using different survey data sets. The analysis reveals that the decline in economic performance and in quality of governance is clearly reflected in citizens’ rising discontent with the performance of democracy and suggests even negative spillover effects for regime support. The available data also suggest that any expectations that the economic crisis might have ignited in citizens’ engagement in political issues seem only partially fulfilled. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Government effectiveness and support for democracy.
- Author
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Magalhães, Pedro C.
- Subjects
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ORGANIZATIONAL effectiveness , *DEMOCRACY , *LEGITIMACY of governments , *SOCIAL learning theory , *SOCIALIZATION , *POLITICAL attitudes , *DATA analysis , *STATISTICAL correlation - Abstract
Diffuse support for democracy, as captured in mass surveys, tends to be treated as impervious to regime performance. Such a finding is often presented as confirmation of the basic distinction between 'diffuse' and 'specific' support as proposed by David Easton. This study argues that this line of argument stems from an incomplete reading of important aspects of Easton's theorisation about the relationship between system outputs and diffuse support. Using multilevel models, evidence from more than 100 surveys in close to 80 countries, and different measures of democratic support, it is shown that government effectiveness is the strongest macro-level predictor of such support. In democratic regimes, government effectiveness, understood as the quality of policy-making formulation and implementation, is linked to higher levels of support for democracy. Furthermore, in non-democracies, effectiveness and support for democracy are, under some model specifications, negatively related. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Disaffected democrats: Political attitudes and political action in Portugal.
- Author
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Magalhães, Pedro C.
- Subjects
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DEMOCRACY , *POLITICAL participation , *POLITICAL attitudes , *SOCIAL participation , *COMMUNITY relations , *PRACTICAL politics ,PORTUGUESE politics & government - Abstract
Three decades after the fall of the Portuguese authoritarian regime, support for democracy has become widespread among the mass public. However, similarities between Portugal and other more established democracies should not be overestimated. In most of the latter, several studies have found increasing political and civic activism on the part of pro-democratic and politically sophisticated citizens, who are nevertheless increasingly dissatisfied with democratic performance. However, the most prevalent and consequential attitudinal-behavioural syndrome in Portugal is less one of ‘democratic dissatisfaction’ than one of ‘democratic disaffection’, entailing low levels of political engagement and participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. The Oxford Handbook of Portuguese Politics
- Author
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Fernandes, Jorge M., editor, Magalhães, Pedro C., editor, and Pinto, António Costa, editor
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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