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The article observes 19 hybrid regimes in sub-Saharan from 2005 to 2014 and examines the influence of each country's level of economic development, short-term macroeconomic performance, and ratio of Chinese to Western official financing on the trajectory of its political development, with some regimes making improvements in the quality of democratic governance, others backsliding into greater authoritarianism, and still others remaining largely stable. The study suggests that while Western leverage might have been influential in the democratic development of observed hybrid regimes, it could have been counterbalanced by the presence of alternative Chinese foreign assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses about international leverage and democratic backsliding in hybrid regime in Turkey. Topics discussed include progressive expansion of democratic institutions; Turkey's transition into more liberal and democratic regime; and rising influence of nondemocratic states, particularly China and Russia, combined with the declining influence and leverage of democratizing powers such as the U.S. and European Union.

In this article the authors conduct focused case studies on Zambia and Ghana to investigate the increasingly diverse popular reactions to Chinese engagement throughout the region of sub-Saharan Africa. In this effort they challenge the existing binary exploitation/opportunity paradigm through which growing Chinese engagement in sub-Saharan Africa is often analyzed. Instead, they propose an alternative framework, which centers less on the positive or nefarious nature of Chinese involvement and more on the institutional structures of African regimes. As opposed to closed autocracies and consolidated multiparty democracies, fluid transitional states create opportunities for the appearance of anti-Chinese populist movements akin to Michael Sata and the Patriotic Front in Zambia. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]