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The coordination of multiple coupled regulation methods in Internet data centers (IDCs) is proposed in this article to make a full use of IDCs’ spatial and temporal load regulation potentials for demand response (DR). A concise and analytical IDC load model is proposed to facilitate the DR in IDCs. First, the unified IDC load considering multiple coupled regulation methods is modeled represented by workloads and servers. The extra power consumption in IT equipment due to redundancy requirements in computing resources is separated to obtain an explicit mathematical relationship among geo-distributed IDCs. Second, the compatible IDC load model is derived based on a bottom-up approach, where electrical decision variables representing the regulation are introduced to replace non-electrical variables and demonstrate the coupling among multiple regulation methods. Last, a hierarchical control design is deduced to reveal the potentials of the compatible IDC load model in power system applications. Simulations show that the joint implementation of coupled methods can enhance IDC DR capabilities. Simulation results also verify the efficiency of compatible IDC load model in DR and reveal its advantages in load characteristic analyses, computational efficiency, and sensitive information protection of IDCs.

A two-stage Internet data center (IDC)-considered framework in generation and transmission expansion planning (GTEP) (referred to as IGTEP) is proposed to make full use of IDCs’ spatial and chronological load regulation potentials for demand response. Stage one aggregates the data network (DN) to match a transmission network structure. First, IDC load is modeled based on the DN configuration. Second, the aggregated DN (ADN) is proposed to model DN with aggregated front-end servers (FSs) and data flows, where an intuitively accurate mathematical relationship among IDCs is developed. Third, the virtual power network (VPN) is proposed to provide a model for ADN with electrical variables, where the coupling of DN and power network (PN) is proposed to develop a linear aggregated IDC load model. Stage two coordinates IDC DR and GTEP, in which the load coupling among multiple IDCs is managed by VPN and the corresponding IDC load model is compatible with the conventional GTEP load. Simulation results verify the efficiency of the proposed VPN and IDC load model. Simulation results also show that IDC DR may reduce the total IGTEP cost significantly, which implies that DN can play a role equivalent to power lines and generators in power system planning and operations.

The fluctuation of high penetration of new energy has brought great challenges to the frequency stability control of power grid. In order to solve this difficulty of frequency stability control in the future, the demand response based on high energy consumption industrial load has great prospects. This paper proposes an emergency frequency control method for power grid based on the coordination of submerged arc furnace load and energy storage. Firstly, the system frequency deviation is introduced into the load of submerged arc furnace and energy storage so that their active power can quickly respond to frequency variation to provide fast power support for the power grid and ensure the system frequency stability. Secondly, considering the state constraints of the submerged arc furnace and the energy storage and caculating the adjustable capacity, the ratio of the adjustable capacity is used to determine the active power regulation of each when participating in the emergency frequency control of the power grid. Finally, IEEE 3-generators 9-buses system is built on RTDS platform to verify effectiveness of the proposed control method.

Industrial power has a large load base and considerable adjustment potential. Enterprises with a high degree of automation and adjustable potential can automatically adjust the production status according to the peak load, frequency of the power grid and the demand of new energy consumption, so as to realize automatic demand response. This paper analyzes the opportunities and challenges of industrial demand response under the integration of Industrial Internet and Energy Internet. At the same time, the development direction of industrial demand response under the new situation, such as comprehensive demand response, adjustable load resources and other technical and policy aspects are prospected.

As a typical energy-intensive load, electrolytic aluminum load has the advantages of large installed capacity, large thermal inertia and small peak valley difference between day and night. It is the good target of demand response (DR) and playing a significant role in the absorption of new energy. This paper summarizes the process flow and industrial characteristics of electrolytic aluminum production. Then the characteristics and peak shaving modeling of electrolytic aluminum load are analyzed in detail. Furthermore, the potential of electrolytic aluminum load participating in DR is fully analyzed. The methods of electrolytic aluminum load participating in DR to absorb new energy are summarized, and relevant suggestions are put forward based on the research results in this field, so as to further improve the enthusiasm of electrolytic aluminum enterprises participating in DR and the efficiency of new energy consumption.

The participation of industrial load cluster in demand response can improve the power consumption structure and solve the problem of insufficient regulable capacity of generation side. However, in the current interaction between the demand response regulation center and industrial load cluster, both sides lack the understanding of industrial load cluster regulable potential, which leads to industrial users make decisions divorced from the actual industrial production and have poor economic benefits. This paper summarizes the definition of industrial load cluster regulable potential and the research status of regulable potential evaluation from three aspects of region, industry and user. By analyzing the application scenarios of industrial load cluster regulation, this paper can guide industrial users to carry out energy planning, implement energy management, and formulate economic and feasible load dispatching scheme, which can promote industrial users to participate in demand response.

As an important basic industry supporting the national economy, iron and steel industry is the industrial sector with the largest power consumption. As one of the top ten energy consumption industries, energy saving and consumption reduction has become an urgent problem in the production process of iron and steel industry. In the past, the regulation mode of iron and steel enterprises to participate in the demand response is limited, inefficient and restricted by external factors. This paper designs a method for calculating the steel demand response potential based on the AOE network. It aims to use the no-load gap in the steel process to adjust the steel load, realize the energy saving and consumption reduction of the steel enterprise itself, and reduce the fluctuation impact of the internal impact load on the power system.

The scheduling of flexible load is an effective measure to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand. It is of great significance to bring the flexible load into the normal operation scheduling of power system. The direct load control in incentive demand response is implemented for generalized energy storage loads such as electric vehicles (EVs) and air conditioners. The joint dispatching mode of electric vehicles and air conditioners is studied with the goal of maximizing the interests of the power grid and minimizing the electricity costs of users, and the dispatching mode is applied to the new energy system. The calculation example shows that the combined dispatching of EV and air conditioning load can realize complementary effect, reduce the dispatch cost by 13.5%, and make the distribution transformer not loaded while ensuring the interests of the power grid and users and have the ability of coordinated dispatching with PV.

In recent years, the number of flexible loads on the demand side is increasing rapidly. Adjustable loads participate in the flexible interaction of the power grid, which not only improves the overall energy efficiency of the power grid, but also reduces the electricity cost of users. In this paper, the optimal dispatching strategy of the adjustable load resources participating in the power grid interaction is studied. Firstly, the optimal regulation model of adjustable load is constructed, which takes the minimum operation cost of the system as the objective and considers the constraints of power balance and adjustable load regulation. Then, the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to calculate the model, and the optimal scheduling scheme of each group of devices in the scene is obtained. Finally, a microgrid with captive power plant and energy storage system is taken as an example to verify the effectiveness of the proposed optimization model.

With the rapid development of renewable distributed generation, the traditional optimized scheduling is facing some uncertain challenges. Based on the operation framework of virtual power plant (VPP) in power market environment, a source-load-storage coordinated optimal scheduling of VPP participating demand response (DR) is proposed in the paper. Taking the smooth fluctuation in VPP and the balance between supply and demand as the constraints, the proposed method distributes and coordinates the "full resource pool" in VPP, and realizes the active response of VPP in power system operation. The implementation scheme of DR based on electricity price and incentive of VPP is provided, and the solution method based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm is used. Finally, some cases are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Power communication systems have long been at the heart of modern power systems and have a key role to play. The demand response prompts the power user to change its inherent custom electricity mode to reduce or shift the power load for a certain period of time, and ensure the stability of the power system. It is one of the important contents of the development of the power system, and its development requires the support of relevant communication technologies. Based on the brief introduction of the reliability and timeliness of power Integrated demand response information exchange and the analysis of the application requirements of Integrated demand response system, this paper puts forward the interconnection framework of Integrated demand response system and the interconnection model between systems under the Internet of Things, and analyzes the applicability of the key technology of DDS Integrated demand response system interconnection.

The paper firstly gives the definition and status quo of the demand response, and then, points out the lack of business model that restricts the sustainable development of demand response business. Secondly, it analyzes the development status and main application scenarios of domestic demand response business. Then, for each type of application scenario, the direct benefit subject and indirect beneficiary subject of the demand response service are analyzed, which leads to the customer of the demand response service and the solution to the problem. Finally, based on how to solve the customer problem, the business model of demand response business under the three scenarios of peak-cutting, emergency load-cutting and auxiliary service transactions are designed. We also analyze the sellers, purchasers, and sources of purchase funds involved in each type of service.

In order to summarize the development achievements of demand response (DR) in domestic in recent years and to promote the sustainable development of demand response business, the implementation modes of DR between China and American are compared based on the comparative analysis of relevant policies, documents, work reports and demonstration projects. The implementation modes of DR between China and American are compared around the types, time scales of America, as well as the start-up conditions, advanced notification time at home. The implementation scale between China and America is compared by analyzing the number of participant users, implementation effects such as load reduction, the scale of subsidies or incentives. The policy advantages and urgent technical requirements of developing DR business at present is analyzed, and the key problem to be solved about development of DR in the future is pointed out. We hope to provide some references for the development of domestic DR business, especially for the research of key t

Demand response business is becoming more and more complicated under the opening of retail side. It involves a large number of capital flow operations in subsidy settlement, penalty for breach of contract and so on. It needs a kind of technical means for effective management and protection. Based on the possible problems of multi-agent participation in demand response business, this paper analyzes the matching point between blockchain technology and demand response business, and finally designs a multi-agent participation demand response mechanism. Finally, the prospect of future research is proposed.

In order to effectively promote energy clean production and near consumption, improve the comprehensive energy utilization, economy and stability of the energy system in the whole region, in order to achieve energy conservation and environmental protection, this paper proposes a blockchain integrated energy system framework. Here, the two-way interaction problem between the user and the load aggregator's demand response is introduced, which exists in the process of interoperability of the integrated energy management system. The application model of blockchain technology for integrated energy interaction is analyzed and discussed to solve the interoperability problem in integrated energy systems.

With the rapid development of power grid technology in China, the residential power load, as one of the most important load, is gradually penetrated by demand response. In this paper, residential users in low-voltage area are taken as the research object. Based on the classification of demand-side power load and the optimization objective of minimizing the comprehensive cost of residential users, a real-time demand response scheduling strategy is proposed, which is suitable for load aggregation and improves the participation of residential users. Under the condition that the user satisfaction is not affected as far as possible, the power consumption habit of the user is positively affected, and the expected load reduction target is achieved at the same time. The comprehensive power consumption cost of the user is effectively reduced, and the purpose of energy saving and peak and valley filling is achieved, so as to achieve the orderly power consumption of household energy.

Demand response is an important part of smart grid construction and an important way to link demand side management. The research on the hardware-in-the-loop simulation of demand response is conducive to guiding the development of demand response from the theoretical level and solving the problem of insufficient experience in the pilot application. Under the situation of open-loop power supply, new business and service modes of automatic demand response have emerged. The application of automatic demand response simulation system has important guiding significance for practical engineering.

The uncertainty of renewable energy generation makes the decision making for demand side resources to participate in demand response scenarios becomes more complicated. In this paper, the modes of renewable energy generation and load are introduced. Then the probability models of typical demand response scenarios, namely peak regulation, renewable energy generation fluctuation elimination and peak load shifting, are proposed. Finally, in the case studies, considering different levels of credibility and different renewable energy penetration rates, demand response participating these three typical scenarios are analyzed.

Demand response(DR) utilizes the resources of demand side as an alternative of power supply, it has gained more and more application in the open power market. Firstly this paper analyzes the position of power retailers in the electricity market, and the concept of demand side aggregator was proposed. The model of incentive demand side was built. Compared with the conventional power plant(CPP), the demand response aggregator cost model is established. Considering the optional constraints of DR, the system scheduling model is established including demand response aggregator, power retailers and traditional generators to maximize the efficiency of a day-ahead scheduling strategy. Simulation results demonstrated that the demand response aggregator can replace part of the traditional power generation resources, reduce the operation cost, and reduce the wind and solar curtailment and avoid load shedding.

As the rapidly expanding of Demand Response and some other intelligent power usage business, the types of related equipment and systems increase sharply. The problem of connectivity between diversified systems needed to be solved urgently, and the vast need of consistency test in domestic was motivated. Started from the bottom logic of consistency test, combined with consistency test model of protocol specified in ISO/IEC-9646, as well as the black box test and some other specific test methods, overall design scheme about consistency test system was presented in this paper, with the characteristics of well universality. Meanwhile, the development tendency about consistency test was analyzed. This paper could provide some references for the consistency test of Demand Response technology field, and play a basic support role in the Demand Response business and some other relevant energy technology fields.

Internet data centers (IDCs), which have the potential of spatial and temporal load regulation, are excellent demand response (DR) resources. IDCs participating in DR has recently become a popular topic as it is economical and efficiently helps improve power systems. However, there remain abundant opportunities to improve this interdisciplinary domain when considering the lack of applicability of IDC load models for power systems, exploitation regarding the potential of IDC load regulation, and DR mechanisms for spatial-coupling loads. Therefore, a review summarizing the state-of-art studies around the theme of IDCs participating in DR is warranted. A comprehensive survey covering the major parts of the DR in IDCs, along with the order load modeling, load regulation operations, economic considerations, and IDCs participating in DR programs, is presented in this paper. Furthermore, the challenges and future research issues are also discussed for further participation of DR in IDCs.

Home energy management system is an extension of the smart grid in residential sector. It is a hot topic in smart grid. This paper proposed a home energy management strategy. It uses data mining techniques to obtain useful information when analyzing the load characteristics. The home energy management system is composed of home gateways, interactive terminals, smart socket and smart appliances with a variety of sensors and automated demand response controllers. It can achieve the goal of energy saving and emission reduction.