1. Urine color as an indicator of urine concentration in pregnant and lactating women.
- Author
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McKenzie AL, Muñoz CX, Ellis LA, Perrier ET, Guelinckx I, Klein A, Kavouras SA, and Armstrong LE
- Subjects
- Adult, Biomarkers urine, Body Mass Index, Case-Control Studies, Color, Drinking, Female, Humans, Osmolar Concentration, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Specific Gravity, Urinalysis, Water-Electrolyte Balance, Dehydration diagnosis, Dehydration urine, Lactation, Pregnancy
- Abstract
Aim: Urine concentration measured via osmolality (U
OSM ) and specific gravity (USG ) reflects the adequacy of daily fluid intake, which has important relationships to health in pregnant (PREG) and lactating (LACT) women. Urine color (UCOL ) may be a practical, surrogate marker for whole-body hydration status., Purpose: To determine whether UCOL was a valid measure of urine concentration in PREG and LACT, and pair-matched non-pregnant, non-lactating control women (CON)., Methods: Eighteen PREG/LACT (age 31 ± 1 years, pre-pregnancy BMI 24.3 ± 5.9 kg m-2 ) and eighteen CON (age 29 ± 4 years, BMI 24.1 ± 3.7 kg m-2 ) collected 24-h and single-urine samples on specified daily voids at five time points (15 ± 2, 26 ± 1, and 37 ± 1 weeks gestation, 3 ± 1 and 9 ± 1 weeks postpartum during lactation; CON visits were separated by similar time intervals) for measurement of 24-h UOSM , USG , and UCOL and single-sample UOSM and UCOL ., Results: Twenty-four-hour UCOL was significantly correlated with 24-h UOSM (r = 0.6085-0.8390, P < 0.0001) and 24-h USG (r = 0.6213-0.8985, P < 0.0001) in all groups. A 24-h UCOL ≥ 4 (AUC = 0.6848-0.9513, P < 0.05) and single-sample UCOL ≥ 4 (AUC = 0.9094-0.9216, P < 0.0001) indicated 24-h UOSM ≥ 500 mOsm kg-1 (representing inadequate fluid intake) in PREG, LACT, and CON., Conclusions: Urine color was a valid marker of urine concentration in all groups. Thus, PREG, LACT, and CON can utilize UCOL to monitor their daily fluid balance. Women who present with a UCOL ≥ 4 likely have a UOSM ≥ 500 mOsm kg-1 and should increase fluid consumption to improve overall hydration status., Competing Interests: On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.- Published
- 2017
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