1. The solar flare of the 14th of July 2000 : L3+C detector results
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Achard, P., Adriani, O., Aguilar-Benitez, M., Van Den Akker, M., Alcaraz, J., Alemanni, G., Allaby, J., Aloisio, A., Alviggi, M.G., Anderhub, H., Andreev, V.P., Anselmo, F., Arefiev, A., Azemoon, T., Aziz, T., Bagnaia, P., Bajo, A., Baksay, G., Baksay, L., Bähr, J., Baldew, S.V., Banerjee, S., Banerjee, Sw., Barczyk, A., Barillère, R., Bartalini, P., Basile, M., Batalova, N., Battiston, R., Bay, A., Becattini, F., Becker, U., Behner, F., Bellucci, L., Berbeco, R., Berdugo, J., Berges, P., Bertucci, B., Betev, B.L., Biasini, M., Biglietti, M., Biland, A., Blaising, J.J., Blyth, S.C., Bobbink, G.J., Böhm, A., Boldizsar, L., Borgia, B., Bottai, S., Bourilkov, D., Bourquin, M., Braccini, S., Branson, J.G., Brochu, F., Burger, J.D., Burger, W.J., Cai, X.D., Capell, M., Cara Romeo, G., Carlino, G., Cartacci, A., Casaus, J., Cavallari, F., Cavallo, N., Cecchi, C., Cerrada, M., Chamizo, M., Chang, Y.H., Chemarin, M., Chen, A., Chen, G., Chen, G.M., Chen, H.F., Chen, H.S., Chiarusi, T., Chiefari, G., Cifarelli, L., Cindolo, F., Clare, I., Clare, R., Coignet, G., Colino, N., Costantini, S., De La Cruz, B., Cucciarelli, S., De Asmundis, R., Déglon, P., Debreczeni, J., Degré, A., Dehmelt, K., Deiters, K., Della Volpe, D., Delmeire, E., Denes, P., DeNotaristefani, F., De Salvo, A., Diemoz, M., Dierckxsens, M., Ding, L.K., Dionisi, C., Dittmar, M., Doria, A., Dova, M.T., Duchesneau, D., Duda, M., Duran, I., Echenard, B., Eline, A., El Hage, A., El Mamouni, H., Engler, A., Eppling, F.J., Extermann, P., Faber, G., Falagan, M.A., Falciano, S., Favara, A., Fay, J., Fedin, O., Felcini, M., Ferguson, T., Fesefeldt, H., Fiandrini, E., Field, J.H., Filthaut, F., Fisher, P.H., Fisher, W., Fisk, I., Forconi, G., Freudenreich, K., Furetta, C., Galaktionov, Yu., Ganguli, S.N., Garcia-Abia, P., Gataullin, M., Gentile, S., Giagu, S., Gong, Z.F., Grabosch, H.J., Grenier, G., Grimm, O., Groenstege, H., Gruenewald, M.W., Guida, M., Guo, Y.N., Gupta, S.K., Gupta, V.K., Gurtu, A., Gutay, L.J., Haas, D., Haller, Ch., Hatzifotiadou, D., Hayashi, Y., He, Z.X., Hebbeker, T., Hervé, A., Hirschfelder, J., Hofer, H., Hofer Jr., H., Hohlmann, M., Holzner, G., Hou, S.R., Huo, A.X., Ito, N., Jin, B.N., Jindal, P., Jing, C.L., Jones, L.W., De Jong, P., Josa-Mutuberría, I., Kantserov, V., Kaur, M., Kawakami, S., Kienzle-Focacci, M.N., Kim, J.K., Kirkby, J., Kittel, W., Klimentov, A., König, A.C., Kok, E., Korn, A., Kopal, M., Koutsenko, V., Kräber, M., Kuang, H.H., Kraemer, R.W., Krüger, A., Kuijpers, J., Kunin, A., Ladron De Guevara, P., Laktineh, I., Landi, G., Lebeau, M., Lebedev, A., Lebrun, P., Lecomte, P., Lecoq, P., Le Coultre, P., Le Goff, J.M., Lei, Y., Leich, H., Leiste, R., Levtchenko, M., Levtchenko, P., Li, C., Li, L., Li, Z.C., Likhoded, S., Lin, C.H., Lin, W.T., Linde, F.L., Lista, L., Liu, Z.A., Lohmann, W., Longo, E., Lu, Y.S., Luci, C., Luminari, L., Lustermann, W., Ma, W.G., Ma, X.H., Ma, Y.Q., Malgeri, L., Malinin, A., Maña, C., Mans, J., Martin, J.-P., Marzano, F., Mazumdar, K., McNeil, R.R., Mele, S., Meng, X.W., Merola, L., Meschini, M., Metzger, W.J., Mihul, A., Van Mil, A., Milcent, H., Mirabelli, G., Mnich, J., Mohanty, G.B., Monteleoni, B., Muanza, G.-S., Muijs, A.J.M., Musicar, B., Musy, M., Nagy, S., Nahnhauer, R., Naumov, V.A., Natale, S., Napolitano, M., Nessi-Tedaldi, F., Newman, H., Nisati, A., Novak, T., Nowak, H., Ofierzynski, R., Organtini, G., Pal, I., Palomares, C., Paolucci, P., Paramatti, R., Parriaud, J.-F., Passaleva, G., Patricelli, S., Paul, T., Pauluzzi, M., Paus, C., Pauss, F., Pedace, M., Pensotti, S., Perret-Gallix, D., Petersen, B., Piccolo, D., Pierella, F., Pieri, M., Pioppi, M., Piroué, P.A., Pistolesi, E., Plyaskin, V., Pohl, M., Pojidaev, V., Pothier, J., Prokofiev, D., Quartieri, J., Qing, C.R., Rahal-Callot, G., Rahaman, M.A., Raics, P., Raja, N., Ramelli, R., Rancoita, P.G., Ranieri, R., Raspereza, A., Ravindran, K.C., Razis, P., Ren, D., Rescigno, M., Reucroft, S., Rewiersma, P., Riemann, S., Riles, K., Roe, B.P., Rojkov, A., Romero, L., Rosca, A., Rosemann, C., Rosenbleck, C., Rosier-Lees, S., Roth, S., Rubio, J.A., Ruggiero, G., Rykaczewski, H., Saidi, R., Sakharov, A., Saremi, S., Sarkar, S., Salicio, J., Sanchez, E., Schäfer, C., Schegelsky, V., Schmitt, Vivien, Schoeneich, B., Schopper, H., Schotanus, D.J., Sciacca, C., Servoli, L., Shen, C.Q., Shevchenko, S., Shivarov, N., Shoutko, V., Shumilov, E., Shvorob, A., Son, D., Souga, C., Spillantini, P., Steuer, M., Stickland, D.P., Stoyanov, B., Straessner, A., Sudhakar, K., Sulanke, H., Sultanov, G., Sun, L.Z., Sushkov, S., Suter, H., Swain, J.D., Szillasi, Z., Tang, X.W., Tarjan, P., Tauscher, L., Taylor, L., Tellili, B., Teyssier, D., Timmermans, C., C.C. Ting, Samuel, Ting, S.M., Tonwar, S.C., Tóth, J., Trowitzsch, G., Tully, C., Tung, K.L., Ulbricht, J., Unger, M., Valente, E., Verkooijen, H., Van De Walle, R.T., Vasquez, R., Veszpremi, V., Vesztergombi, G., Vetlitsky, I., Vicinanza, D., Viertel, G., Villa, S., Vivargent, M., Vlachos, S., Vodopianov, I., Vogel, H., Vogt, H., Vorobiev, I., Vorobyov, A.A., Wadhwa, M., Wang, R.G., Wang, Q., Wang, X.L., Wang, X.W., Wang, Z.M., Weber, M., Van Wijk, R., Wijnen, T.A.M., Wilkens, H., Wynhoff, S., Xia, L., Xu, Y.P., Xu, J.S., Xu, Z.Z., Yang, B.Z., Yang, C.G., Yang, H.J., Yang, M., Yang, X.F., Yao, Z.G., Yeh, S.C., Yu, Z.Q., Zalite, An., Zalite, Yu., Zhang, C., Zhang, F., Zhang, J., Zhang, S., Zhang, Z.P., Zhao, J., Zhou, S.J., Zhu, G.Y., Zhu, R.Y., Zhu, Q.Q., Zhuang, H.L., Zichichi, A., Zimmermann, B., Zöller, M., Zwart, A.N.M., Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), CMS, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I Lyon), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L3, P. ACHARD, O. ADRIANI, M. AGUILAR-BENITEZ, M. VAN DEN AKKER, J. ALCARAZ, G. ALEMANNI, J. ALLABY, A. ALOISIO, M.G. ALVIGGI, H. ANDERHUB, V.P. ANDREEV, F. ANSELMO, A. AREFIEV, T. AZEMOON, T. AZIZ, P. BAGNAIA, A. BAJO, G. BAKSAY, L. BAKSAY, S.V. BALDEW, S. BANERJEE, SW. BANERJEE, A. BARCZYK, R. BARILLÈRE, P. BARTALINI, M. BASILE, N. BATALOVA, R. BATTISTON, A. BAY, F. BECATTINI, U. BECKER, F. BEHNER, L. BELLUCCI, R. BERBECO, J. BERDUGO, P. BERGES, B. BERTUCCI, B.L. BETEV, M. BIASINI, M. BIGLIETTI, A. BILAND, J.J. BLAISING, S.C. BLYTH, G.J. BOBBINK, A. BÖHM, L. BOLDIZSAR, B. BORGIA, S. BOTTAI, D. BOURILKOV, M. BOURQUIN, S. BRACCINI, J.G. BRANSON, F. BROCHU, J.D. BURGER, W.J. BURGER, X.D. CAI, M. CAPELL, G. CARA ROMEO, G. CARLINO, A. CARTACCI, J. CASAUS, F. CAVALLARI, N. CAVALLO, C. CECCHI, M. CERRADA, M. CHAMIZO, Y.H. CHANG, M. CHEMARIN, A. CHEN, G. CHEN, G.M. CHEN, H.F. CHEN, H.S. CHEN, G. CHIEFARI, L. CIFARELLI, F. CINDOLO, I. CLARE, R. CLARE, G. COIGNET, N. COLINO, S. COSTANTINI, B. DE LA CRUZ, S. CUCCIARELLI, R. DE ASMUNDIS, P. DÉGLON, J. DEBRECZENI, A. DEGRÉ, K. DEHMELT, K. DEITERS, D. DELLA VOLPE, E. DELMEIRE, P. DENES, F. DE NOTARISTEFANI, A. DE SALVO, M. DIEMOZ, M. DIERCKXSENS, C. DIONISI, M. DITTMAR, A. DORIA, M.T. DOVA, D. DUCHESNEAU, M. DUDA, B. ECHENARD, A. ELINE, A. EL HAGE, H. EL MAMOUNI, A. ENGLER, F.J. EPPLING, P. EXTERMANN, M.A. FALAGAN, S. FALCIANO, A. FAVARA, J. FAY, O. FEDIN, M. FELCINI, T. FERGUSON, H. FESEFELDT, E. FIANDRINI, J.H. FIELD, F. FILTHAUT, P.H. FISHER, W. FISHER, G. FORCONI, K. FREUDENREICH, C. FURETTA, YU. GALAKTIONOV, S.N. GANGULI, P. GARCIA-ABIA, M. GATAULLIN, S. GENTILE, S. GIAGU, Z.F. GONG, G. GRENIER, O. GRIMM, M.W. GRUENEWALD, M. GUIDA, V.K. GUPTA, A. GURTU, L.J. GUTAY, D. HAAS, D. HATZIFOTIADOU, T. HEBBEKER, A. HERVÉ, J. HIRSCHFELDER, H. HOFER, M. HOHLMANN, G. HOLZNER, S.R. HOU, B.N. JIN, P. JINDAL, L.W. JONES, P. DE JONG, I. JOSA-MUTUBERRÍA, M. KAUR, M.N. KIENZLE-FOCACCI, J.K. KIM, J. KIRKBY, W. KITTEL, A. KLIMENTOV, A.C. KÖNIG, M. KOPAL, V. KOUTSENKO, M. KRÄBER, R.W. KRAEMER, A. KRÜGER, A. KUNIN, P. LADRON DE GUEVARA, I. LAKTINEH, G. LANDI, M. LEBEAU, A. LEBEDEV, P. LEBRUN, P. LECOMTE, P. LECOQ, P. LE COULTRE, J.M. LE GOFF, R. LEISTEA, M. LEVTCHENKO, P. LEVTCHENKO, C. LI, S. LIKHODED, C.H. LIN, W.T. LIN, F.L. LINDE, L. LISTA, Z.A. LIU, W. LOHMANN, E. LONGO, Y.S. LU, C. LUCI, L. LUMINARI, W. LUSTERMANN, W.G. MA, L. MALGERI, A. MALININ, C. MAÑA, J. MANS, J.P. MARTIN, F. MARZANO, K. MAZUMDAR, R.R. MCNEIL, S. MELE, L. MEROLA, M. MESCHINI, W.J. METZGER, A. MIHUL, H. MILCENT, G. MIRABELLI, J. MNICH, G.B. MOHANTY, G.S. MUANZA, A.J.M. MUIJS, M. MUSY, S. NAGY, S. NATALE, M. NAPOLITANO, F. NESSI-TEDALDI, S. NESTEROV, H. NEWMAN, A. NISATI, T. NOVAK, H. NOWAK, R. OFIERZYNSKI, G. ORGANTINI, I. PAL, C. PALOMARES, P. PAOLUCCI, R. PARAMATTI, G. PASSALEVA, S. PATRICELLI, T. PAUL, M. PAULUZZI, C. PAUS, F. PAUSS, M. PEDACE, S. PENSOTTI, D. PERRET-GALLIX, D. PICCOLO, F. PIERELLA, M. PIERI, M. PIOPPI, P.A. PIROUÉ, E. PISTOLESI, V. PLYASKIN, M. POHL, V. POJIDAEV, J. POTHIER, D. PROKOFIEV, G. RAHAL-CALLOT, M.A. RAHAMAN, P. RAICS, N. RAJA, R. RAMELLI, P.G. RANCOITA, R. RANIERI, A. RASPEREZA, P. RAZIS, S. REMBECZKI, D. REN, M. RESCIGNO, S. REUCROFT, S. RIEMANN, K. RILES, B.P. ROE, L. ROMERO, A. ROSCA, C. ROSEMANN, C. ROSENBLECK, S. ROSIER-LEES, S. ROTH, J.A. RUBIO, G. RUGGIERO, H. RYKACZEWSKI, A. SAKHAROV, S. SAREMI, S. SARKAR, J. SALICIO, E. SANCHEZ, C. SCHÄFER, H. SCHOPPER, D.J. SCHOTANUS, C. SCIACCA, L. SERVOLI, S. SHEVCHENKO, N. SHIVAROV, V. SHOUTKO, E. SHUMILOV, A. SHVOROB, D. SON, C. SOUGA, P. SPILLANTINI, M. STEUER, D.P. STICKLAND, B. STOYANOV, A. STRAESSNER, K. SUDHAKAR, G. SULTANOV, L.Z. SUN, S. SUSHKOV, H. SUTER, J.D. SWAIN, Z. SZILLASI, X.W. TANG, P. TARJAN, L. TAUSCHER, L. TAYLOR, B. TELLILI, D. TEYSSIER, C. TIMMERMANS, SAMUEL C.C. TING, S.M. TING, S.C. TONWAR, J. TÓTH, C. TULLY, K.L. TUNG, J. ULBRICHT, E. VALENTE, R.T. VAN DE WALLE, R. VASQUEZ, G. VESZTERGOMBI, I. VETLITSKY, G. VIERTEL, M. VIVARGENT, S. VLACHOS, I. VODOPIANOV, H. VOGEL, H. VOGT, I. VOROBIEV, A.A. VOROBYOV, M. WADHWA, Q. WANG, X.L. WANG, Z.M. WANG, M. WEBER, S. WYNHOFF, L. XIA, Z.Z. XU, J. YAMAMOTO, B.Z. YANG, C.G. YANG, H.J. YANG, M. YANG, S.C. YEH, AN. ZALITE, YU. ZALITE, Z.P. ZHANG, J. ZHAO, G.Y. ZHU, R.Y. ZHU, H.L. ZHUANG, A. ZICHICHI, B. ZIMMERMANN, M. ZÖLLER, A.N.M. ZWART, Achard, Pablo, Bourquin, Maurice, Braccini, Saverio, Chamizo Llatas, Maria, Deglon, Patrick, Delmeire, Evelyne, Echenard, Bertrand, Extermann, Pierre, Field, John, Kienzle, Maria-Novella, Natale, Sonia, Pohl, Martin, Straessner, Arno, Achard, P, Adrian, O, Aguilar Benitez, M, van den Akker, M, Alcaraz, J, Alemanni, G, Allaby, J, Aloisio, A, Alviggi, M, Anderhub, H, Andreev, V, Anselmo, F, Arefiev, A, Azemoon, T, Aziz, T, Bagnaia, P, Bajo, A, Baksay, G, Baksay, L, Bähr, J, Baldew, S, Banerjee, S, Barczyk, A, Barillère, R, Bartalini, P, Basile, M, Batalova, N, Battiston, R, Bay, A, Becattini, F, Becker, U, Behner, F, Bellucci, L, Berbeco, R, Berdugo, J, Berges, P, Bertucci, B, Betev, B, Biasini, M, Biglietti, M, Biland, A, Blaising, J, Blyth, S, Bobbink, G, Böhm, A, Boldizsar, L, Borgia, B, Bottai, S, Bourilkov, D, Bourquin, M, Braccini, S, Branson, J, Brochu, F, Burger, J, Burger, W, Cai, X, Capell, M, Cara Romeo, G, Carlino, G, Cartacci, A, Casaus, J, Cavallari, F, Cavallo, N, Cecchi, C, Cerrada, M, Chamizo, M, Chiarusi, T, Chang, Y, Chemarin, M, Chen, A, Chen, G, Chen, H, Chiefari, G, Cifarelli, L, Cindolo, F, Clare, I, Clare, R, Coignet, G, Colino, N, Costantini, S, de la Cruz, B, Cucciarelli, S, de Asmundis, R, Déglon, P, Debreczeni, J, Degré, A, Dehmelt, K, Deiters, K, della Volpe, D, Delmeire, E, Denes, P, Denotaristefani, F, De Salvo, A, Diemoz, M, Dierckxsens, M, Ding, L, Dionisi, C, Dittmar, M, Doria, A, Dova, M, Duchesneau, D, Duda, M, Duran, I, Echenard, B, Eline, A, El Hage, A, El Mamouni, H, Engler, A, Eppling, F, Extermann, P, Faber, G, Falagan, M, Falciano, S, Favara, A, Fay, J, Fedin, O, Felcini, M, Ferguson, T, Fesefeldt, H, Fiandrini, E, Field, J, Filthaut, F, Fisher, W, Forconi, G, Freudenreich, K, Furetta, C, Galaktionov, Y, Ganguli, S, Garcia Abia, P, Gataullin, M, Gentile, S, Giagu, S, Gong, Z, Grabosch, H, Grenier, G, Grimm, O, Groenstege, H, Gruenewald, M, Guida, M, Guo, Y, Gupta, S, Gupta, V, Gurtu, A, Gutay, L, Haas, D, Haller, C, Hatzifotiadou, D, Hayashi, Y, He, Z, Hebbeker, T, Hervé, A, Hirschfelder, J, Hofer, H, Hohlmann, M, Holzner, A, Hou, S, Huo, A, Ito, N, Jin, B, Jindal, P, Jing, C, Jones, L, de Jong, P, Josa Mutuberría, I, Kantserov, V, Kaur, M, Kawakami, S, Kienzle Focacci, M, Kim, J, Kirkby, J, Kittel, W, Klimentov, A, König, A, Kok, E, Korn, A, Kopal, M, Koutsenko, V, Kräber, M, Kuang, H, Kraemer, R, Krüger, A, Kuijpers, J, Kunin, A, Ladron de Guevara, P, Laktineh, I, Landi, G, Lebeau, M, Lebedev, A, Lebrun, P, Lecomte, P, Lecoq, P, Le Coultre, P, Le Goff, J, Lei, Y, Leich, H, Leiste, R, Levtchenko, M, Levtchenko, P, Li, C, Li, L, Li, Z, Likhoded, S, Lin, C, Lin, W, Linde, F, Lista, L, Liu, Z, Lohmann, W, Longo, E, Lu, Y, Luci, C, Luminari, L, Lustermann, W, Ma, W, Ma, X, Ma, Y, Malgeri, L, Malinin, A, Maña, C, Mans, J, Martin, J, Marzano, F, Mazumdar, K, Mcneil, R, Meng, X, Merola, L, Meschini, M, Metzger, W, Mihul, A, van Mil, A, Milcent, H, Mirabelli, G, Mnich, J, Mohanty, G, Monteleoni, B, Muanza, G, Muijs, A, Musy, M, Nagy, S, Nahnhauer, R, Naumov, V, Natale, S, Napolitano, M, Nessi Tedaldi, F, Newman, H, Nisati, A, Novak, T, Nowak, H, Ofierzynski, R, Organtini, G, Pal, I, Palomares, C, Paolucci, P, Paramatti, R, Parriaud, J, Passaleva, G, Patricelli, S, Paul, T, Pauluzzi, M, Paus, C, Pauss, F, Pedace, M, Pensotti, S, Perret Gallix, D, Petersen, B, Piccolo, D, Pierella, F, Pieri, M, Pioppi, M, Piroué, P, Pistolesi, E, Plyaskin, V, Pohl, M, Pojidaev, V, Pothier, J, Prokofiev, D, Qing, C, Rahal Callot, G, Rahaman, M, Raics, P, Raja, N, Ramelli, R, Rancoita, P, Ranieri, R, Raspereza, A, Ravindran, K, Razis, P, Rembeczki, S, Ren, D, Rescigno, M, Reucroft, S, Rewiersma, P, Riemann, S, Rojkov, A, Romero, L, Rosca, A, Rosemann, C, Rosenbleck, C, Rosier Lees, S, Roth, S, Rubio, J, Ruggiero, G, Rykaczewski, H, Sakharov, A, Saremi, S, Sarkar, S, Salicio, J, Sanchez, E, Schäfer, C, Schegelsky, V, Schoeneich, B, Schotanus, D, Sciacca, C, Servoli, L, Shen, C, Shevchenko, S, Shivarov, N, Shoutko, V, Shumilov, E, Shvorob, A, Son, D, Souga, C, Spillantini, P, Steuer, M, Stickland, D, Stoyanov, B, Straessner, A, Sudhakar, K, Sultanov, G, Sun, L, Sushkov, S, Suter, H, Swain, J, Szillasi, Z, Tang, X, Tarjan, P, Tauscher, L, Taylor, L, Tellili, B, Teyssier, D, Timmermans, C, Ting, S, Tonwar, S, Tóth, J, Trowitzsch, G, Tully, C, Tung, K, Ulbricht, J, Unger, M, Valente, E, Verkooijen, H, Van de Walle, R, Vasquez, R, Vesztergombi, G, Vetlitsky, I, Viertel, G, Vivargent, M, Vlachos, S, Vodopianov, I, Vogel, H, Vogt, H, Vorobiev, I, Vorobyov, A, Wadhwa, M, Wang, R, Wang, Q, Wang, X, Wang, Z, Weber, M, van Wijk, R, Wijnen, T, Wilkens, H, Wynhoff, S, Xia, L, Xu, Y, Xu, Z, Yang, B, Yang, C, Yang, H, Yang, M, Yang, X, Yao, Z, Yeh, S, Yu, Z, Zalite, A, Zalite, Y, Zhang, C, Zhang, F, Zhang, J, Zhang, S, Zhang, Z, Zhao, J, Zhou, S, Zhu, G, Zhu, R, Zhu, Q, Zhuang, H, Zichichi, A, Zimmermann, B, Zöller, M, and Zwart, A
- Subjects
L3+C,Sun flares ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Proton ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Flux ,ddc:500.2 ,Astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,Ion ,FIS/05 - ASTRONOMIA E ASTROFISICA ,Acceleration ,Coincident ,Coronal mass ejections(CMEs) ,0103 physical sciences ,[PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex] ,Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,high energy muons ,GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries) ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Physics ,Muon ,Solar flare ,Flares ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,solar flare ,LEP ,13. Climate action ,Space and Planetary Science ,Experimental High Energy Physics ,Physics::Space Physics ,Physics::Accelerator Physics ,High Energy Physics::Experiment ,FIS/04 - FISICA NUCLEARE E SUBNUCLEARE ,Heliosphere ,Particle Physics - Experiment - Abstract
Aims. Several experiments have reported observations on possible correlations between the flux of high energy muons and intense solar flares. If confirmed, these observations would have significant implications for acceleration processes in the heliosphere able to accelerate protons and other ions to energies of at least tens of GeV. Methods. The solar flare of the 14 of July 2000 offered a unique opportunity for the L3+C experiment to search for a correlated enhancement in the flux of muons using the L3 precision muon spectrometer. Its capabilities for observing a directional excess in the flux of muons above 15 GeV (corresponding to primary proton energies above 40 GeV) are presented along with observations made on the 14th of July 2000. Results. We report an excess which appeared at a time coincident with the peak increase of solar protons observed at lower energies. The probability that the excess is a background fluctuation is estimated to be 1 %. No similar excess of the muon flux was observed up to 1.5 h after the solar flare time. © ESO 2006.
- Published
- 2006
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