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Infolge der Neuen Leipzig Charta 2020 und des allgemeinen Wandels hin zur Dienstleistungsgesellschaft gewinnt die kleingewerbliche Wirtschaftsstruktur in Städten wieder deutlich an Relevanz. Unter dem Konzept der "Produktiven Stadt" soll das Kleingewerbe in die bestehenden verschiedenen Quartiere einer Stadt stärker integriert werden. Um das Konzept der Produktiven Stadt in die Praxis umzusetzen, bedarf es zunächst einer Typologie mit quantitativen Faktoren, die zum Ziel hat, Stadtentwicklungsprojekte der Produktiven Stadt zuzuordnen. As a result of the New Leipzig Charter 2020 and the general shift towards a service society, the small business economic structure in cities is once again becoming signifi cantly more relevant. Under the concept of the "Productive City", small businesses are to be integrated more strongly into the existing various neighborhoods of a city. In order to implement the concept of the Productive City in practice, a typology with quantitative factors is needed to assign completed, ongoing and future urban development projects to the Productive City

The number of new apprenticeship training contracts has been declining for years. The decline can be explained by a variety of factors. It can initially be assumed that the economic development due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated loss of training places offer an explanation. However, the trend is of a longer nature. This article examines proposed solutions, such as the training fund allocation that is currently in discussion, seem more like an expression of futile politics.

The creative sector is frequently regarded as one of the driving forces of total employment growth. Empirical studies suggest that the clustering of human capital might result in the polarization of employment growth. Since the creative sector's definition is motivated from the insights of the economics of human capital, this effect might also be relevant to the creative sector. Following these ideas, the objective of the present paper is to analyze the impact of the creative sector on total employment and on creative sector's employment growth in Western Germany's regions from 1977 to 2004. For the analysis, the definitions of the creative sector follow a technologically and culturally oriented definition and, alternatively, Florida's creative class (2002). These approaches focusing on human capital are contrasted with a skill-based approach. Using a fixed-effects panel model with time lags, I find evidence that the creative sector fosters the regional growth rate of total employment. The results show, moreover, that an initially large share of regional creative professionals pushes further the regional concentration of those professions in agglomerated regions. Driving force for the concentration of creative professionals are local amenities, measured by bohemians, and it is assumed that knowledge spillovers - possibly accelerated by the diversified composition of employment - contribute to this polarization. These results are as well confirmed for the high-skilled agents.

Global economic development in the past decades has been characterized by a rapidly progressing intensification in world trade and international division of labor. In recent decades, as a result of the expansive development of international merchandise trade, cargo shipping has been one of the fastest growing economic sectors. The progressive global integration processes, the future reduction in trade barriers, and the expected increase in prosperity in numerous regions of the world will also call for a marked expansion in world trade and cargo shipping. This designates maritime logistics as an economic sector with favorable perspectives for development. The present study - using as a starting point a forecast of the development of world trade up to the year 2030 - deals with development trends in cargo shipping and the related impact on ports in the European trade areas.